Cardiovascular Cardiovascular ProblemsProblems
Chapter 11Chapter 11
External Heart External Heart AnatomyAnatomy
Left and right coronary arteries – delivers oxygen to the heart muscle
IschemiaIschemia
inadequate flow of blood to a part of the inadequate flow of blood to a part of the bodybody
caused by constriction or blockage of the caused by constriction or blockage of the blood vessels supplying it blood vessels supplying it
HypoxiaHypoxia where the whole body or a region of the where the whole body or a region of the
body is deprived of adequate oxygen body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply supply
Clubbing- The tips of the fingers enlarge
and the nails become extremely curved from front to back due chronic lack of
oxygen.
Causes of reduced Causes of reduced blood flowblood flow
blood clotsblood clots -blood -blood thickens and form thickens and form a clot of blood cells a clot of blood cells
can moves through can moves through blood vessels and blood vessels and block arteries block arteries leading to organsleading to organs
Causes of reduced Causes of reduced blood flowblood flow
Atherosclerotic Atherosclerotic PlaquesPlaques – causes a – causes a deposit of fat and deposit of fat and other substances other substances that accumulate in that accumulate in the lining of the the lining of the artery wall. artery wall.
Narrowing of Narrowing of vessel prevents vessel prevents blood flowblood flow
Angina PectorisAngina Pectoris medical term for chest pain or discomfort medical term for chest pain or discomfort
due to coronary heart disease. due to coronary heart disease.
associated with uncomfortable pressure, associated with uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest. The discomfort also may be felt the chest. The discomfort also may be felt in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.
caused by lack of oxygen from reduced caused by lack of oxygen from reduced blood flow. blood flow.
““Feels like a heart Feels like a heart attack”attack”
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Myocardial Infarction Infarction
HEART ATTACKHEART ATTACK a heart attack is the death of heart muscle a heart attack is the death of heart muscle
from the sudden blockage of a coronary from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot artery by a blood clot
Heart Heart MurmursMurmurs a heart murmur is an extra a heart murmur is an extra
or unusual sound heard or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. during a heartbeat.
two types of heart murmurs: two types of heart murmurs: innocentinnocent (harmless) and (harmless) and abnormalabnormal..
Abnormal murmurs usually Abnormal murmurs usually occurs because of a problem occurs because of a problem with one of the heart valves with one of the heart valves not closing properly not closing properly
“I have a heart murmur!”
Causes of Heart Causes of Heart MurmursMurmurs Mitral StenosisMitral Stenosis - a narrowing of the mitral - a narrowing of the mitral
valve opening that increases resistance to valve opening that increases resistance to blood flow from the left atrium to the left blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. ventricle.
Causes of Heart Causes of Heart MurmursMurmurs
Mitral InsufficiencyMitral Insufficiency - - incomplete closure of incomplete closure of the mitral value which the mitral value which causes backflow of causes backflow of blood from the left blood from the left ventricle to the left ventricle to the left atrium of the heart. atrium of the heart.
Also called mitral valve Also called mitral valve regurgitationregurgitation
ArrhythimiaArrhythimia arrhythimia is a term used to arrhythimia is a term used to
describe an abnormal electrical describe an abnormal electrical activity in the heart.activity in the heart.““An irregular rhythm of the heartAn irregular rhythm of the heart.”.”
Types of arrhythimias:Types of arrhythimias:• heart blockheart block• atrial flutteratrial flutter• atrial fibrilationatrial fibrilation• ventricular fibrillation ventricular fibrillation
Heart Block – one Heart Block – one arrhythimiaarrhythimia the signal from the heart's upper to the signal from the heart's upper to
lower chambers is slowed or doesn't lower chambers is slowed or doesn't transmit all.transmit all.
This is "heart block" or "AV block." This is "heart block" or "AV block." This does This does notnot mean that the blood mean that the blood flow or blood vessels are blocked. flow or blood vessels are blocked.
Can be mild and unnoticeable or Can be mild and unnoticeable or extreme which can cause death since extreme which can cause death since ventricles never receive signal to ventricles never receive signal to contractcontract
Atrial Flutter – another Atrial Flutter – another arhythimiaarhythimia
Atrial flutter occurs when electrical Atrial flutter occurs when electrical impulses take an abnormal path impulses take an abnormal path through the atriathrough the atria
Causes atria to contract faster Causes atria to contract faster resulting in less blood for the resulting in less blood for the ventricles to pump out during every ventricles to pump out during every beat.beat.
The heart beats in a regular rhythm, The heart beats in a regular rhythm, but it beats rapidly. but it beats rapidly.
Atrial Fibrillation – Atrial Fibrillation – another arrhythimiaanother arrhythimia
the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating effectively. Blood isn't pumped effectively. Blood isn't pumped completely out of them, so it may completely out of them, so it may pool and clot. pool and clot.
If a piece of a blood clot in the atria If a piece of a blood clot in the atria leaves the heart and becomes lodged leaves the heart and becomes lodged in an artery in the brain, a stroke in an artery in the brain, a stroke results. results.
Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular Fibrillation – –
the last arrhythimiathe last arrhythimia Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very rapid, ineffective contractions of the rapid, ineffective contractions of the ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical impulses. impulses.
Tachycardia vs. Tachycardia vs. BradycardiaBradycardia
Tachycardia – fast heart rateTachycardia – fast heart rate Bradycardia – slow heart rateBradycardia – slow heart rate
Regular beat
Slow beat
Fast beat
Congestive Heart Congestive Heart FailureFailure
Congestive heart failure occurs when Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood the heart can't pump enough blood to the body's other organs. to the body's other organs.
The "failing" heart keeps working but The "failing" heart keeps working but not as efficiently as it should not as efficiently as it should
As blood flow out of the heart slows, As blood flow out of the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing the veins backs up, causing congestion in the tissues congestion in the tissues
So, how healthy is So, how healthy is your heart?your heart?