4 ‰ INITIATIVESoils for food security and climate
H. Saint Macary (Cirad)D. Pot (Cirad)J. F. Soussana (Inra)J. L. Chotte (IRD)
4 ‰ INITIATIVE : MULTIPLE ROLES OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM)
PHYSICALQUALITY
CHEMICALQUALITY
SOIL ORGANICMATTER
(SOM)
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL
QUALITY
BIOLOGICALQUALITY
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
UNCCD
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
A PERFORMING AGRICULTURE
QUALITÉPHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU
E
Matière organique des sols (mos)
SOMBetteruse of
nutriments,conservation
of water
> Produce as much or more, with limited renewable resources
QUALITÉPHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU
E
Matière organique des sols (mos)
SOMBuffering effects on
temperatures,reduction of
erosion
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
A RESILIENT AND ADAPTATIVE TO CC AGRICULTURE
QUALITÉPHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU
E
Matière organique des sols (mos)
> Reduce pollutions
A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AGRICULTURE
SOMBiological activity and
depollution
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
QUALITÉPHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU
E
Matière organique des sols (mos)
> Today, agriculture releases 14 % of GHG
SOMIt is carbon (as in CO2)
The more carbon in soils, the less in the
atmosphere
A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AGRICULTURE
8,9
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
12.5
4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION
3 200 GT CO2
12.5
3 200= 4‰
AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME
> Mecanisms and potentials
> Cropping systems performances evaluation
> Appropriate policies
> Monitoring and verification
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
4 ‰ INITIATIVETWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION
… and others : OSU, WUR, ARC…
A MULTIPARTNER PROGRAM OF ACTIONS
> Integration in the LPAA (Lima Paris Agenda for Action)
> Encourage stakeholders to get involved in a coordinated effort
> Official launch in Paris COP 21 on 1st december
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
4 ‰ INITIATIVETWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION
> Develop agroecological practices
Conservation agriculture,
improvement of pastures
Agroforestry Recycling of organic residues
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
HOW ?
> Preserve and restore soils
> Support innovation with appropriate policies
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
HOW ?
and…what about biotechnologies ?
8,9
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION
10.6 10.6Net biome
productivity
INITIATIVE 4 POUR 1 000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary Productivity231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic Respiration
Exportations194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem Productivity37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net BiomeProductivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Sorghum : a good model to improve Carbon sequestration
INITIATIVE 4 POUR 1 000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary Productivity231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic Respiration
Exportations194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem Productivity37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net BiomeProductivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Increase the Gross Primary
Production (GPP)
Improve tolerance to heat, water stress, nutrient deficit is a key to maximize Carbon sequestration in the soil
Tin gene in Wheat : Shoot / root ratio impacts on water uptkake efficiency and drought tolerance
Optimize Productivity under biotic and abiotic stress
Change annual crops to perennial : genes identification in grain sorghum Ratoon sorghum : stay in the field over season + take advantage of early precipitations
Perennial plants : decrease management and soil disturbance . Optimize Carbon sequestration !
Wild sorghum relatives are perennial (Sorghum propinqum) : understand genetic determinism of perenniality and rhizome development
Washburn et al 2013 Molecular breeding
Transcriptome sequencing of rhizomes and aerial shoots of S Propinquum (Zhang et al 2014)
Optimizing light interception : genetically optimizing leaf angle represents a promising way to sustainably increase sorghum productivity (Truong et al 2015 Genetics)
K= Light extinction coefficientSmall K => less PAR intercepted by Upper leaves and more PAR available at lower levels of canopy
Dwarf3 gene affects Leaf Angle, it encodes a P-Glycoprotein, that regulates polar auxin transport
A potential tool to monitor leaf angle in Sorghum breeding
INITIATIVE 4 POUR 1 000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary Productivity231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic Respiration
Exportations194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem Productivity37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net BiomeProductivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Reduce respiration
Sorry…no obvious gains demonstrated until now
Reduce / optimize plant respiration (C02 production)
INITIATIVE 4 POUR 1 000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary Productivity231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic Respiration
Exportations194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem Productivity37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net BiomeProductivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Modify ratios :- Shoot / root
Monitor :- Soil & Rhizosphere
Allocation of C to the root systems : Impacts on Soil C sequestration
• Soil deposition of C through allocation to deep roots=> long term C sequestration (Direct positive effect)
• C loss through root exudates boosts soil respiration and negatively affects both C sequestration (…but soil improvement has to be taken into account)
=> Need to unravel the genes involved in carbon partitioning and exudation
Control the Shoot-Root ratio
SOIL FUNCTIONS MONITORING:THE METAGENOMICS PROCESS
DETERMINE WHO IS THERE(Sequence-based metagenomics)• Identify organisms, genes and metabolic pathways• Compare to other communities• Compare treatments and cultural practices
DETERMINE WHAT THEY ARE DOING(Function-based metagenomics)• Screen to identify functions of interest,
such as nitrate reduction, or carbone fixation
• Find the genes that code to functions of interests
Extract all DNA from microbial community insampled environment
DNA sequencing
INITIATIVE 4 POUR 1 000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary Productivity231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic Respiration
Exportations194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem Productivity37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net BiomeProductivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Monitorplant quality
Sorghum for biofuels : increasing cell wall digestibility, and reducing lignin in the aboveground biomass are favorable traits
But reduced recalcitrance is not an advantage for C sequestration
The more recalcitrant the soil organic C, the longer it will escape to microbial respiration and reentry in atmosphere
=> Need to be able to modulate C allocation, and C use differentially to roots and stem
Monitor biomass quality
Optimization of the plant compartment through biotechnologies :The targets
Reduce plant respiration Modify Shoot-
Root ratio
Biochar
Productivity under biotic and
abiotic stress
Optimize their use as bioenergy / biomaterials
Increase Plant Photosynthetic
efficiency
Increase Phytoliths
Monitor biomass qualityPerenniality / optimize plant to new crop
management
Ecosystemic services : reduce soil erosion
With Soil Organic Matter increase, food security and combating climate change (adaptation + mitigation) are complementary
http://www.4p1000.org/
Agriculture is already part of the solution : local agroecological practices, public policies, funding mechanisms
Biotechnologies will helpINITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
4 ‰ INITIATIVE
4 ‰ INITIATIVESoils for food security and climate
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