Carbon isotopic composition in tree-rings:a temperature record and
a tool for biomonitoring CO2 level
Sławomira Pawełczyk and Anna Pazdur
Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Department of Radioisotopes, Gliwice, Poland,
translocation
stem respiration
ground water
CO213C/12C
temperature
precipitation
assimilationrespiration
glucose13C/12C
starch13C/12C
tree-ring13C/12C
soil water
CO2
cellulose13C/12C
reserves
leaf water
transpiration
latewood13C/12C
earlywood13C/12C
evaporation
Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H 2O+solar energyC6H12O6+6O2
a
i
a
iap c
cb
c
caCC
11313
13Cp – isotopic composition of plant material,13Ca– isotopic composition of the air,a - discrimination against 13C due to diffusion ( 4.4 ‰),b - isotopic discrimination during carboxylation ( 27 ‰),ci - internal CO2 concentration,ca - atmospheric CO2 concentration CO2
stomata
water
sample collection site
BALTIC SEA
POLAND
Augustów
Cracow
Warsaw
LITHUANIA
BELARUS
UKRAINE
ChorzówRuda Śląska
Map of Poland with location of sample collection sites
Mass spectrometerMI - 1305
Liquid scintillation betaspectrometer
QUANTULUS 1220
extraction in Soxhlet’s apparatus
separation of latewood
benzene
-cellulose
14C13C
WOOD(cross-section of trunk)
separation of tree-rings represent successive growth years
carbon dioxide
a)
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Year
14 C
[‰
]
Augustów
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Year
14 C
[‰
]
b)
ChorzówRuda ŚląskaCracowSchauinsland
Annual changes of 14C in tree rings from Augustów (part a),Ruda Śląska, Chorzów and Cracow (part b)
C h a n g e s o f c o m p o n e n t v a l u e C f o s s i l f o r R u d a Ś l ą s k a , C h o r z ó w a n d C r a c o w
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
1 9 6 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 5
R u d a Ś l ą s k a
C h o r z ó w
C r a c o w
,%100
14
1414
backgr
backgrbackgrfossil
C
CCCC
w h e r e :
C b a c k g r , 1 4 C b a c k g r – C O 2 ( p p m v ) a n d 1 4 C ( p M C ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e “ c l e a n a i r ” , S c h a u i n s l a n d
( L e v i n e t . a l . , 1 9 9 5 , L e v i n a n d K r o m e r , 1 9 9 7 ) ,
1 4 C – r a d i o c a r b o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r t h e e x a m i n e d r e g i o n i n ( p M C ) .
Y e a r
Cfo
ssil
[ppm
v]
Warsaw (52°12’N, 21°10’E)Kaunas(54º88’N, 23º88’E)Vilnius (54º63’N, 25º28’E)Cracow (50°03’N, 19°03’E)
Augustów (53°51’N, 22°58’E)
PinePinus sylvestris
Shape of a pine crown
Needles, seedling,seed,cone
Cross - section fragment of trunk
Annual average temperature(according to IMGW)
Meteorological data:
Diposition of temperature in Europe
Augustów
Kowno
Wilno
1414
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 19600
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Year
Suns
pot N
umbe
rs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160A
a indices
oo
o1213
121313
1312141214
ooo
1214
121414
10001/
/
1000252
1//
10001/
/
PDB
norm
NBS
norm
CCCC
CCCCC
CC
CCC
Fig.1. Observed sunspot numbers and Aa indices
Fig.2. 14C in the 1861-954 tree-rings of pine from Augustów Wilderness, Poland
Sunspot numbersAa indices
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Year
Δ14
C [
‰]
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Year
14C
[‰
]
This work
Stuiver et al. (1998)
Fig.3. 14C in the 1861-954 tree-rings of pine from Augustów Wilderness. For comparison, the measurements by Stuiver et al. are also ploted
1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 -100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Year
14 C
[‰
]
C in tree rin g s o f tre e sp ec ie s fro m d iffe ren t s ite s :14
P in e (P in u s sy lv estris ) , A u g u stó w (5 3 5 1 'N , 2 2 5 8 'E ),
, M a ck e n z ie (6 8 N , 1 3 0 W ), K a iM ei i F an cy (1 9 8 6 ),
, C h in a (4 7 N , 1 2 9 E ), K a iM ei i F an cy (1 9 8 6 ),
, Yu n n a n (2 7 N , 1 0 0 E ) K a iM e i i F an c y (1 9 8 6 ),
(L ag aro stro b o s fran k lin ii) , Tasm an ia (4 1 S , 1 4 5 E ) H u a (2 0 0 0 ),
(P in u s k es iy a ), T h a ilan d (1 8 N , 9 8 E ) H u a (2 0 0 0 ).
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
S p ru ce
S p ru ce
S p ru ce
P in e
P in e
e t a l.
e t a l.
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 -100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Year
14
C [
‰]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Num
ber of sun spots
14C number of sun spots
Years 1861-1955 n = 95 r = -0 .03Years 1861-1930 n = 70 r = +0.15
Years 1858-1927 n = 70 r = -0.26
3 yea rs sh ift in C (tim e o f carbon exchange betw een stra tosphere and troposphere )
14
C o m p ariso n o f C in tree r in g s fro m A u g u s tó w w ith su n sp o ts n u m b er.
P inus sy lvestris14
Fig. 4. 14C in 1861 – 1898 tree-rings from Augustów Wilderness and sunspot numbers. The correlation coefficient, with 14C values delayed by 4 years is – 0.41 (n = 37, p < 0.02 )
Fig.5. 14C in 1861 – 1898 tree-rings from Augustów Wilderness and Aa indices. The correlation coefficient, with 14C values delayed by 4 years is – 0.27 (n = 37, p < 0.1)
1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Year
D14
C
14Csunspot number
1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 -50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Year
14 C
[‰
]
5
10
15
20
25
Aa indices
14CAa indices
S p ec tru m a n a ly s is o f C in th e p e r io d 1 8 6 1 -1 9 5 5 . 14
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Frequency [1/year]
Den
sity
of
pow
er s
pect
rum
31,3
8,5
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 -100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Year
14 C
[‰
]
0
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6 x 10
7
CO
2 emission [carbon tons /year]
a 14C CO2 emission
14C in wood as a tool for biomonitoring CO2 level
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10 7
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
CO2 emission [carbon tons/year]
14 C
[‰
]
14C = -410-7 e– 0,691 r = -0,23, n = 95, p<0,01
b
14C [‰] = a·e + b
relationship for years 1861 – 1955
Years
CH2
2 2 C
OHCuO
2. Latewood
Na ClO2
CH3COOH
holocellulose
NaOH
- cellulose
Cross - section fragment of pine trunk
1. Resin extraction in Soxhlet’s apparatus
The Soxhlet thimble usedin the extraction of - cellulose
3.
O HO O HO + CO Mass spectrometer OH n 450 18 h
- cellulose
Preparation of - cellulose and 13C measurements
Accuracy of measurement:0.05‰
ooo
1213
121313 10001
//
PDBCCCC
C
No 170 mm
20 mm
latewood
earlywood
tree-ring
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -26,5
-26
-25,5
-25
-24,5
-24
-23,5
-23
-22,5
Yearr
13 C
[‰
]
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 Average tem
perature VII – V
III [ C]
13C in -cellulose for latewood average temperatureVII - VIII
a
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 -26,5
-26
-25,5
-25
-24,5
-24
-23,5
-23
-22,5
Average temperature VII – VIII [ºC]
13 C
[‰
]
13C = 0,36 t– 31,40 r = 0,49, n = 70, p<0,001
b
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 -26
-25.5
-25
-24.5
-24
-23.5
-23
-22.5
Average temperature VII – VIII [ºC]
13 C
[‰
]
13C = 0,51 t - 34,01 r = 0,71, n =50, p<0,001
relationship for years 1899 –1948
relationship for years 1899 –1968
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Year
Ave
rage
tem
pera
ture
VII
, VII
I [
C]
Warsaw Kaunas Vilnius Cracow
d
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
V VI VII VIII IX
Month
r
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
VIII a IX a X a XI a XII a I a II a III a IV a V VI VII VIII
Month
r
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
Year
13 C
[‰
]
13C in -cellulose for latewood 13C in wholewood
a 13C in tree-rings as a temperature record
b
c
Correlation coefficient between 13C values for wholewood and average temperatures
Correlation coefficient between 13C in -cellulose from latewoodand average temperatures
13C in wholewood as a tool for biomonitoring CO2 level
13C in wholewood CO2 emission estimated by Marland at al. (2001)
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 -29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
Year
13 C
[‰
]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 x 10 7
CO
2 emission [carbon tons/year]
a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 10 7
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
CO2 emission [carbon ton/year]
13 C
[‰
]
13C = -910-9 e – 25,724 r = -0,2, n = 108, p<0,02
b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x 10 7
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
CO2 emission[carbon tons/year]
13 C
[‰
]
13C = -2·10-8e – 25,116 r = -0,54, n = 79, p<0,001 relationship for years 1861 - 1968
relationship for years 1890 - 1968
13C = a·e + b
Years
13C in late wood as a tool for biomonitoring CO2 level
13C in -cellulose from latewood CO2 emission
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -26,5
-26
-25.5
-25
-24,5
-24
-23,5
-23
-22,5
Year
13 C
[‰
]
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 x 10
CO
2 emission [carbon tons/year]
a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x 10 7
-26,5
-26
-25,5
-25
-24,5
-24
-23,5
-23
-22,5
CO2 emission [carbon tons/year]
13 C
[‰
]
13C = -710-9 e – 24,685 r = -0,15, n = 70, p<0,3
b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10 7
-26,5
-26
-25,5
-25
-24,5
-24
-23,5
-23
-22,5
CO2 emission[carbon tons /year]
13 C
[‰
]
13C = -210-8 e – 24,357 r = -0,36, n = 64, p<0,005 relationship for years 1899 -1968
relationship for years 1899 -1962
13C = a·e + b
Years
,,,,13 eptyfC
y
y
y
ye
e
C
y
yp
p
C
y
yt
t
C
y
eptyC
13131313 ,,,,
present climate (temperature and precipitation)
13C of air atmospheric trend
universal and local effect
13C tree ring
temporary and local effect
climate of past years
the tree’s ecosystem
potential for growth”
13C in -cellulose from latewoodand CO2 concentration in atmosphere
partial derivative of13C towards time (in years)
partial derivative of13C towards temperature
partial derivative of13C towards precipitation
partial derivative of13C towards CO2 emissionn
changes of temperature in time
changes of CO2 in time
changes of 13C under the influence of additional factors, for example: „potential for growth”,carbon flux from biosphere do atmosphere or error connected with establishment
changes of precipitation in time
, ,
yty C‰/º51,01
ypy mm-0,00217‰/2
yecarbon) of ‰/(ton102y3 8
RyyyyC 32113
Assuming:
the following relation is valid:
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -26,5
-26
-25,5
-25
-24,5
-24
-23,5
-23
-22,5
Year
13 C
[‰
]
13C 1 2 3
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -2
-1
0
1
2
3
Year
Fluctuation of measured 13C Fluctuation of determined 13C (1+2+3)
a
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Year
Fluctuation of measured 13C Fluctuation of determined 13C (1+2)
b
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5 x 10
8
Year
CO
2 em
issi
on
CO2 emission estimated on the basis of measured 13C
CO2 emission estimated by Marland et al. (2001)
Comparison between trends
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 -1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5 x 10
8
Year
CO
2 em
issi
on
CO2 emission estimated on the basis of measured 13C
CO2 emission estimated by Marland et al. (2001)
c
THE END
Thank you for attention