CadmiumLacey Brandt
Cadmium properties
•No reaction with water•Malleable•Ductile
•Transition metal•Solid•Silvery grey•Oxidation state- +2, +1•Atomic weight- 112.4g/mol•Density-8.65g/cm³
Freidrich StromeyerGerman chemist
•1817- Cd discovered- impure ZnCo3- color and heat•1850- Cadmium pigments- yellow, red•1899- NiCd rechargeable battery•1907- production in the united states•1900’s- corrosion-protection steel coating•After 1945- wide spread use
History and production
•stabilizer- PVC•alloys•pesticides
current use
•Ni-Cd batteries•protective coatings•pigments
Cadmium isotopesisotope Natural abundance ½ Life106Cd 1.25% 9.5×1017 years107Cd synthetic 6.5 hours108Cd 0.89% 6.7×1017 years109Cd synthetic 462.2 days110Cd 12.49% stable
111Cd 12.8% stable112Cd 24.13% stable113Cd 12.22% 7.7×1015 years113mCd synthetic 14.1 years114Cd 28.73% >9.3×1017 years115Cd synthetic 53.46 hours116Cd 7.49% 2.9×1019 years
CADMIUM SALTS- different solubility, toxic levels
•CdH₂•CdF₂•CdCl₂ •CdBr₂ •CdI₂•CdO •CdS•CdSe•CdTe•Cd₃N₂
CADMIUM ENTRY INTO ENVIRONMENT
•weathering•erosion•river runoff•diatom deposition•occurs naturally
•Food consumption•Respiration•Filtration
Cadmium enters and accumulates in many marine organisms
TOXICITY TO MARINE ANIMALS
Salinity and Cd toxicity •Inversely proportional •Cl binds with Cd•Free Cd toxic
Toxicity Category LC50 (ug/L)
Very highly toxic <100
Highly toxic 100-1,000
Moderately toxic 1,000-10,000
Slightly toxic 10,000-100,000
Not acutely toxic >100,000
Summary of Acute Toxicity for Organism GroupOrganism group
Average Acute Toxicity
Amphibians Very Highly Toxic
Annelids Slightly Toxic
Crustaceans Moderately Toxic
Fish Moderately Toxic
Insects Slightly Toxic Marine benthic community Highly Toxic
Molluscs Moderately Toxic
Nematodes/Flatworms Slightly Toxic
Phytoplankton Not Acutely Toxic
Zooplankton Highly Toxic
All Toxic Effects for Organism Group Organism Group Effects Noted
Amphibians Accumulation, Biochemistry, Mortality
Annelida Accumulation, Biochemistry, Genetics, Growth, Mortality, Reproduction
AquaticPlants Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Growth, Physiology, Population, Reproduction
Crustaceans Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Histology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction
Echinoderms Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Genetics, Reproduction
Fish Accumulation, Avoidance, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Histology, Hormone(s), Immunological, Injury, Intoxication, Morphology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction
Insects Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Feeding Behavior, Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction
MarineBenthicCommunity
Mortality
Molluscs Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Histology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction
NematodesandFlatworms Accumulation, Histology, Mortality
Phytoplankton Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Ecosystem Process, Enzyme(s), Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population
Zooplankton Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Intoxication, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction
Trophic transfer
•[Cd ]of the water is not indication of food safety
•Fish growth affected
Penaeid shrimp Penaeu japonicusIncreased tolerance with development
nauplii48h LC50=124ug/L
Zoea96 LC50=10-30ug/L
Post-larvae96 LC50= 200-3500ug/L
Juvenile96LC50=5500ug/L
Decreased osmoregulation
Chronic protracted toxicity test
•Mysidopsis bahia•17 day life cycle test•10.6 ug/L @ 20 ⁰/₀₀•Δ Breeding cycle •Δ # of young released •Sensitive crustacean LC50 ~ 15
Eastern oyster- Crassostrea virginica
Physiological effects • intracellular localization• Gills- mitochondria-> Respiration-> metabolism• Hepatopancreas- lysosomes -> lysosome damage
A DEEPER LOOK…..
Mutagenic - DNAClastogenic- chromosomesCarcinogenic-cancerTeratogenic-birth defects
Cd •Break DNA directly•Break DNA indirectly•Oxidative stress- free radicals•Inhibits glutathione ROS scavenger•Response= DNA breakage/ recovery•Cd impairs DNA repair- compete with zinc
GENOTOXICITY
MECHANISMS OF DETOXIFICATION
Metallothioneins (MT)• low mw proteins•cytosol•saturation- bind to critical sites
Sequestering- •Vesicles- lysosomes, other structures•Saturation-> lysosome damage
FOUNDRY COVE/ SOUTH COVE STUDY• oligochaete Limnodrilus sp. Used both mechanisms
•MTs transfer to lysosomes
Bambang, Y., Charmantier, G., Thuet, P., and Trilles, J.P. (September 1995). Effects of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation on various developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (crustacea: Decapoda). Marine Biology, 123 (3), 443-450.
Binary compounds. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/comp.htmlCadmium. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.cadmium.org Engel, D.W., Fowler, B.A. (February 1979). Factors influencing Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity to
marine organisms. Environmental health perspectives, 28, 81-88Mechanisms of Metal Detoxification. Retrieved May 3, 2008,
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estuarine mysid. Mysidopsis bahia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19(1) 80-85.
Pan Pesticides database. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33703#Ecotoxicology
Pruski, A.M., Dixon, D.R. (2002). Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 127-137.
Risso-de Faverney, C., Devaux, A., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P., Bailly, B., and Rahmani, R.(2001) Cadmium induces apoptosis and genotoxicity in rainbow trout hepatocytes through generation of reactive oxygen species. Aquatic Toxicology, 53, 65-76.
Ruangsomboon, S., Wongrat, L. (June 2006). Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain involving phytoplankton(Chlorella vulgaris), zooplankton (Moina macrocopa), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus. Aquatic Toxicology, 78 (1), 15-20.
Sokolova, I.M., Ringwood, A.H., and Johnson, C. (September 2005). Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 74 (3), 218-228.
Wikipedia. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org