By:
Datuk Ir. Abdul Kadir Mohd Din & Prof. Ir. Haniffa Hamid Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd
SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE &
EXHIBITION (SEM 2013)
23 October 2013
Kuala Lumpur
Introduction
Wastewater as an Alternative
Water Source for Non Potable
Use in Malaysia
Wastewater Reuse
Technology and Treatment
Challenges and Barriers
The Strategic Approach
Way Forward & Summary
PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
(C) IWK/PED/1013
Objectives
To present an overview of use of treated
wastewater effluent as an alternative
water source; potential to reduce water
footprint
To highlight the strategic approach
for water reuse initiatives in Malaysia
(C) IWK/PED/1013
Introduction
• Malaysia Vision to become a fully
developed country by the year 2020.
• Rapid development has taken place
in sectors like agriculture, industry,
tourism, manufacturing and
urbanisation.
• All these development would not
be possible without adequate
water resources.
• Despite the country’s wet humid
equatorial climate regime, many
parts of the country suffer from
periodic water stress, primarily due
to:
• Imbalance water demand in
varying locations and sectors.
• Changes in weather pattern
affect trends in precipitation &
temperature. (C) IWK/PED/1013
NEED TO REDUCE WATER ABUSE Potable water for Potable Uses
Reclaimed Water for Non-Potable Use
National Water Resources Study (2000-2050) – Water Stress States Penang, Melaka, Selangor , potentially N. Sembilan.
Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization. During Dry season, water shortage & rationing
To cope : Inter State supply; demand management; & efficient water use i.e. water recycling
Need Statement
(C) IWK/PED/0713
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Wat
er D
eman
d (
tho
usa
nd
M
LD)
Year
Potable
Irrigation
Other Crops
Livestock
Fisheries
WATER DEMAND IN MALAYSIA IS INCREASING
Raw Water Resources in Malaysia
– Current & Future Potentials
Direct Extraction from River
12,620 MLD
Storage Dams 2,274 MLD
Ground Water 204 MLD
Treated Wastewater
Rain Water Harvesting
Seawater (desalination)
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(4500 MLD)
KEDAH
PERLIS
PULAU PINANG
TERENGGANU
SELANGOR
KELANTAN
PERAK
MELAKA
NEGERI SEMBILAN
WP KUALA LUMPUR
JOHOR
PAHANG
LABUAN
Domestic Wastewater Dimensions and Network
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Many Regional STPs are
located at urban areas
i.e. the water demand
areas; potential
alternative water
resource
25% of National
Potable Water
Demand
“Indah” Water -
an Alternative
Water Resource
BIOSOLIDS N – 3%; P – 1%, K - <0.1% Organic Matter – 40-50% CV – 2000-3500 kCal/kg DS
BIOGAS Methane – 65% CV – 5000 kcal/m3
TREATED EFFLUENT BOD < 5 mg/l COD < 15 mg/l SS < 5 mg/l
ENERGY CONSUMPTION RM 0.10 to RM 0.50 per m3 of treated effluent
DISPOSE FLARE
HIGH CARBON FOOTPRINT GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION
The Present Situation
DISCHARGE
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Biofertiliser
Treated Effluent for Industries
Biogas
Biogas Engine
Electricity Supply
Composting
Nu
trie
nt
valu
e f
or
Fert
ilise
r A
pp
licat
ion
Tre
ate
d
effl
uen
t
Biosolids Biomethane
Kajian IWK-UPM:
Biopepejal sebagai
Baja utk Perhutanan
Kajian IWK-UPM:
Biopepejal sbg baja
Tanaman Getah
Kajian IWK-LGM:
Aplikasi biopepejal sebagai
Baja Tapak Semaian Getah Kajian IWK-UTM-JPP:
Aplikasi Membrane CMF
& RO pada Bioefluen
Kajian IWK-UTM:
Bioefluen untuk
Tumbuhan Landskap
Treated Effluent for Landscaping
Kajian AAIBE sedang
dilaksanakan dengan UNITEN
Bioeffluent
Potential Resource Recovery in Sewage Treatment
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AGRICULTURE REUSE
• Crop Irrigation
• Highest Demand in China, Mexico, India
• Reliable supply
• Low cost
• Nutrient rich
MUNICIPAL REUSE
• 2nd Grade WATER • Filling recreational parks
•Washing trucks and trains
•Public toilet flushing and cleaning
• Street washing and drain cleaning
•Park Irrigation
• Fire fighting
• HIGH QUALITY WATER • Drinking Water supply
INDUSTRIAL REUSE
• Private sector driven
• Well defined needs and requirements
• Cooling purpose
• Steam generation
• Process water
• Construction
• Concrete mixing
• Tunneling
• Cleaning
Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source
(C) IWK/PED/1013
RO Units
Note: the above data is based on values compiled from a pilot
project at Shah Alam STP in 2003. NA refers to Not
Applicable/Available
Effluent to Recycled Water - Pilot Projects
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Parameter Unit Average WHO Std MOH Std
Colour Hazen <5 15 15
Turbidity NTU <0.5 5 5
Aluminium mg/l <0.01 0.2 0.2
Chloride mg/l <1 250 250
Copper mg/l <0.01 2 1
H2S mg/l <0.01 0.05 0.05
Iron mg/l <0.01 0.3 0.3
Manganese mg/l <0.01 0.5 0.1
Sodium mg/l 5.58 200 200
Sulfate mg/l 1.75 400 400
TDS mg/l 12.9 1000 1000
Zinc mg/l 0.02 3 5
Flouride mg/l 0.07 1.5 0.9
Hardness mg/l <1 500 500
Silica mg/l 0.2 NA NA
- Joint Research: UTM-JPP-MWA-IWK (2003)
•Pilot Project – Effluent to Recycled Water • The final output meets WHO dan MOH standards
RO Units
Note: the above data is based on average values of the RO
product (reclaimed water quality) compiled from the on-
going study at Cyberjaya STP; NA refers to Not
Applicable/Available. *Conductivity and Silica are monitored
to assess the performance in % rejection achieved.
Effluent to Recycled Water - Pilot Projects Cont’
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Parameter Unit Average WHO
Std MOH Std
Colour Hazen <5 15 15
Turbidity NTU <0.1 5 5
Ammonia mg/l <1.5 1.5 1.5
NO3-N mg/l 0.7 10 10
NO2-N mg/l 0.1 NA NA
TDS mg/l 4.6 1000 1000
Alkalinity mg/l 10 500 500
*Conductivity uS/cm <100 NA NA
E.Coli CFU/
100mL Absent Absent Absent
Total Estrogen ug/l <2.5 NA NA
*Silica mg/l 4.6 NA NA
- Joint Research: IWK-UKM- SSENG at Cyberjaya (May 2011- presently on-going)
•Pilot Project –to study the potential of SSENG’s Pore Controlled Fiber Filter (PCF) technology for water reclamation from STPs.
• Proof of concept of PCF as a lower cost water reclamation technology.
•The output quality after RO meets MOH standards. Further improvements to optimize the is currently being investigated .
The Pilot Unit at Cyberjaya Regional
STP – consist of PFC Unit & RO
filtration compared against UF & RO
filtration technology
- Joint Research: IWK-UTM (2006)
i. Reduces dependency on potable water
ii. Contains nutrients for plant growth iii.Cheaper source of water
Advantages of Bioeffluent for Landscaping Plants :
After
Sebelum
Rate of leave growth increased by 2 fold
Rate of plant growth increased by 9 fold
Levels of pathogen in the bio fluent can be reduced by use of UV or chlorination
techniques
Before
- Pilot Project with MPPD (2012)
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Rank
Country Treated waste-water reused m3/d
Country Treated wastewater
reused m3/million
capita
Country Treated wastewater
reuse as % of the total
water extraction
1 USA 7,600,000 Qatar 170,323 Kuwait 35.2 2 S. Arabia 1,847,000 Israel 166,230 Israel 18.1 3 Egypt 1,780,821 Kuwait 163,330 Singapore 14.4 4 Syria 1,014,000 UAE 126,713 Qatar 13.3 5 Israel 1,014,000 Cyprus 88,952 Cyprus 10.4 6 Spain 821,920 S. Arabia 75,081 Jordon 8.1 7 Mexico 767,280 Bahrain 56,301 UAE 8.0 8 China 670,000 Syria 55,109 Malta 7.8 9 Japan 573,800 Tunisia 51,233 Tunisia 7.1 10 Tunisia 512,328 Jordan 40,179 S. Arabia 5.5 11 UAE 506,850 Malta 27,400 Namibia 4.3 12 Australia 456,100 Oman 27,385 Bahrain 4.2 13 Korea, Rep 430,000 USA 25,486 Oman 1.9 14 Kuwait 424,657 Egypt 24,395 Syria 1.9 15 Iran 420,000 Australia 22,805 Bolivia 1.1 16 Chile 320,000 Spain 20,436 Egypt 1.0 17 Peru 280,100 Chile 19,876 Libya 0.9 18 Jordan 225,000 Namibia 19,733 Chile 0.9 19 Turkey 136,986 Libya 18,966 Korea, Rep 0.8 20 Argentina (1) 129,600 Singapore 17,442 Spain 0.8 21 Italy 123,288 Peru 10,163 Australia 0.6 22 Libya 110,000 Korea, Rep 9,024 USA 0.6 23 Qatar 105,600 Mexico 7,259 Peru 0.5 24 Yemen 92,000 Iran 6,000 Yemen 0.5 25 Germany (1) 86,400 Bolivia 4,800 Mexico 0.4 26 SA (1) 82,195 Japan 4,479 SA (1) 0.2 27 Singapore 75,000 Yemen 4,444 Japan 0.2 28 Oman 71, 200 Argentina (1) 3,375 Iran 0.2 29 Cyprus 68,493 Palestine 2,734 Argentina (1) 0.2 30 Bolivia 43,200 Greece 2,624 UK (1) 0.2 31 Bahrain 41,100 Italy 2,163 Lebanon 0.1 32 UK (1) 40,000 Turkey 2,011 Turkey 0.1 33 Namibia 35,520 SA (1) 1,771 Greece 0.1 34 Greece 28,000 Lebanon 1,528 Italy 0.1 35 Brazil (1) 23,330 Germany (1) 1,048 Germany (1) 0.1 36 France 19,178 Belgium (1) 671 China 0.0 37 Malta 10,960 UK (1) 662 Belgium (1) 0.0 38 Palestine 8,750 China 510 Guatemala 0.0 39 Belgium (1) 6,950 France 320 Morocco 0.0 40 Morocco 6,600 Morocco 213 France 0.0 41 Lebanon 5,500 Brazil (1) 127 Brazil (1) 0.0 42 Poland 2,740 Guatemala 119 Poland 0.0 43 Guatemala 1,460 Poland 71
Water reclamation and reuse around the world Global Initiatives
A Wastewater
Reclamation facility in
Sydney Australia. Uses
Continuous MF & RO to
produce 20ML D of
reclaimed effluent for
industrial reuse by
BlueScope Steel.
Reduces potable water
use by 60%
A Wastewater
Reclamation facility in
Sulaibiya Kuwait.
375,000 m3/d ultra-
filtration and reverse
osmosis.
NeWater facility in
Singapore.
Uses Advanced dual-
membrane
(microfiltration
& reverse osmosis) and
ultraviolet disinfection
Santa Carla California - 10% wastewater (60MLD)
is recycled through South
Bay Water Recycling
pipelines for landscaping,
agricultural irrigation, and
industrial needs
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Microfiltration Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Type of Technology selected needs to suit the reuse application or demand for minimum
quality and criteria set by the user. • For example; electronic industry or boilers for refineries requires high quality reclaimed water
produced from membrane technology via Reverse Osmosis.
• Other types of industries/sectors/area requires only media filtration or disinfection for utility
washing and landscaping
Wastewater Recycling Technology
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TYPES OF APPLICATIONS
TREATMENT REQUIREMENT
Treated Wastewater
Effluent
Sand Filtration
Disinfection Tertiary
Treatment (MF or/and RO)
Process Specific (user
defined)
1. Municipal use
a) Street Cleaning/Construction
b) Drain Cleaning
c) Landscaping
d) Recreational Impoundment
e) Vehicle Washing
f) Indirect potable use – groundwater recharge/ environmental lake
2. Industrial Use
a) Process water
b) Cooling Purpose
c) Boiler
3. Agriculture Use
a) Irrigation for non-food crops
b) Aquaculture (ornamental)
Typical Treatment Requirement for Water Reuse Applications
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Wastewater
Treatment Plant
A Potential Non Potable Water Reuse Scheme in Malaysia
(C) IWK/PED/1013
Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for
Landscape Irrigation and Industrial Applications
Case Scenario 1: Damansara STP to the Factories and Golf Club
KLR 354
Golf Club
Effluent
KLR 354 - Damansara STP
Uses Oxidation Ditch –
Activated Sludge Systems
to produce high quality
treated effluent (Std A)
Currently : 15,907 m3/day
treated effluent is released
and not recycled
Potential Water Reuse
Application to Golf Course
Landscape and Industrial
Zone in Petaling Jaya.
Industrial Zone
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Bayan Baru STP
Treated Effluent
PEG 061 – Bayan
Baru STP
Uses Oxidation Ditch –
Activated Sludge
Systems to produce
high quality treated
effluent (Std A)
Currently 69, 376
m3/day treated effluent
is released and not
recycled
Potential Water Reuse
Application to Industrial
Zone in Bayan Lepas
Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for
Industrial Applications
Case Scenario 2: Bayan Baru Regional STP to the Bayan Lepas Industrial Park
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Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source
- The Benefits : Sustainability
Sustainable Water Resource Development
Sustainable water resources management looks at 2 aspects:
Use of Technology in alternative sources
Diminishing
margin for action Sustainability
Reduce dependence of Natural Resources
Natu
ral
reso
urc
es
Use o
f
tech
no
logy
• Reduces tensions and stress on potable water supply
• Reduces demand on potable water for non potable use
• Improve potable water demand management for the public/community.
• Lower cost for non potable use, particularly for municipal reuse.
• Improves national water supply efficiencies
(C) IWK/PED/1013
- Reduced stress on potable water supplies
-More potable water reserves
- Reduced Public complains
- Alternative sources of water
- Zero discharge
- Additional revenue
- Enhance image
- Satisfaction
- Better quality of service
- Increased production
- Attraction of FDI
- Zero discharge
- Promote Green Technologies
- Reduce pollution
- Promote resource recovery
- Supports economic growth and development
- Improve Malaysia Water Efficiencies via Bio-effluent
Recycling
-Showcase of Green Technology applications
Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source
– The Beneficiaries
(C) IWK/PED/1013
Challenges and Barriers
Issues & Challenges
Fragmented Institutional Framework
Legal and Policy
Aspects
Risk & Lack of Scientific & Technical
Data
Technology Stakeholder Acceptance
Funding & Tariff
Absence of Guidelines &
Standards
Multi sectorial
agencies are
involved
No National Policy
on Wastewater
Reuse
No Acts or
Regulations; land
issues, conflicts in
services provisions
Local
scientific
data and
information
to support
large scale
viable
applications
Various types of
technology is available,
largely foreign based,
lacks local specification
and standard
Public acceptance is
crucial – religious/ cultural
Public trust & confidence
Attitudes towards
environment
No tariff for
water reuse
pricing.
High funding
cost for capital
investment for
certain types
of applications
Local standards,
criteria, guidelines
for different types of
applications is not
available.
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WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE
WATER & SANITATION MANAGE WASTEWATER AS PART OF THE NATIONAL
WATER RESOURCE
Wastewater – A Threat to Water
Resources?
Wastewater – A Water
Resource to Meet the Demand?
The Strategic Approach
(C) IWK/PED/1013
• Technology, particularly membranes is changing the economies on the optimum size of treatment plant
• The trend should be away from big water transfer with a move to solutions within areas with integrated water, wastewater and re-use – see following diagrams
• Integration would facilitate this change of thinking
• Integration will facilitate the economies of scale and allow optimisation of environment and expenditure – eg improved wastewater treatment upstream of water intake
WATER DISTRICT WATER CATCHMENT & REUSE POTENTIAL via GT
(C) IWK/PED/1013
(C) IWK/PED/1013
National Policy Wastewater reuse practices should be an essential component of sustainable and
integrated water resource management. Key policies to be considered in planning
and undertaking wastewater reclamation.
1. Wastewater should be recognized as a resource – for sustainable water resource management with maximum usage /reuse
2. Sewerage catchment planning shall be strategically premised on the potential of wastewater as a resource.
3. Wastewater reclamation & reuse should be included into sustainable development, integrated water resources management strategies, climate change adaptation.
4. The various reuse option should be considered from the outset of the design in the STP, as well as in their operation with corresponding criteria and standard. Construction of new STP/CSTP should include the tertiary treatment for effluent water reuse or at least provision for it.
5. Guidelines & appropriate standards to suit with the appropriate and cost effective reuse application should be formulated and adopted.
6. Collective involvement of all stakeholders in water reuse plans should be facilitated through appropriate platforms and mechanisms – public acceptance is key.
7. Innovation and R&D on wastewater recycling need to be carried out and continued whereby relevant agencies should coordinate and support the initiatives with funding and other means
8. Financial sustainability of water reuse plans should be ensured - the producers and users of recycled water should be incentivized with an acceptable and reasonable tariff mechanism fairly considering an equitable apportionment of cost of producing recycled water.
• There exist untapped resources
within the water cycle
• Water Resources
• Energy
• Sustainable Environment
• Potential for economies of
environment
• Integrated operating plans ensure
quality of water resource for
treatment and consumption and
quality of effluents released back
to the water resource
• Way forward is to jointly work
towards a national agenda for
wastewater reclamation and
recycling.
THE
WATER
CYCLE
Water
Collection
Reservoirs/
dam
Water
treatment
Service
reservoirs Distribution to customers
and wastewater
collection
Waste water
treatment
Sludge
treatment
Clean
water
returned
to river
Evaporation
from sea
Potential Integration of Wastewater Reuse
and Water Supply
Water
Collection
Reservoirs/
dam
Water
treatment
Service
reservoirs Distribution to customers
and wastewater
collection
Waste water
treatment
Sludge
treatment
Clean
water
returned
to river
Evaporation
from sea
(C) IWK/PED/1013
Way Forward Institutional strengthening
National Policy & Guidelines
Incentives & Innovative Funding
Gain
government
support
Produce Guidelines and Standards On Reuse
Create Awareness and Understanding
Continue Intensified Scientific Research
Implement Demo/Pilot Projects
(C) IWK/PED/1013
• High level task force to drive water recycling
• Mechanisms to link agencies across the Ministries & Stakeholders(e.g. KeTTHA, KPKT, MOSTI, MNRE, MWA, MyWP, ENSEARCH, ASM)
• Government Grants for Pilot Projects at Existing Sites e.g. Regional STPs in urban areas facing water shortage during drought as well as located near industrial sites/ New developments can be implemented as show case under “Kejiranan Hijau”
• Recycled Water Grade
• Recycled Water Tariff
• Development Policy siting of Coolling Tower /Industrial area of Townships to be near to CSTP
• Import Tax Exemption for Recycled Water Technology Systems & Equipments
• Tax Deduction or Soft Loans for Project Proponents
• Low Carbon and Sustainable Index for Developments that Reuse Reclaimed Bioeffluent
• Recycled Water Systems &Technology Quality & Standards
• Dual Piping Systems for New Developments/Township
• Sustainability Index of a Township to reflect Water Recycling & Footprint as well as Carbon Foot print
• Recycled Water Systems &Technology Quality & Standards
• Dual Piping Systems for New Developments/Township
Formulate National Policy for Wastewater Reuse. Promote multi stakeholder collaboration. Intensify R&D, Demo Projects. Conduct Stakeholders engagement to Create Buy-in. Develop Guidelines.
Local Technology Development Incentives for Replication of Reuse of Treated Wastewater Establish GT /3R Fund
Further Growth in Reuse Demands, development of more advance recycling technology, sustainable environment and sewerage services
Summary & Recommendations
KeTTHA & ASM to
submit a position paper to
the Government to promote
water reuse and incentivise the initiative through a policy
directive for a sustainable water
demand management
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“Indah” Water -
an Alternative
Water Resource
For more info and queries please visit our website:
www.iwk.com.my
(C) IWK/PED/1013