Direct Quotes Direct quotations involve incorporating another
person's exact words into your own writing.
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Indirect Quotes Indirect quotations are not exact wordings but
rather rephrasing or summaries of another person's words. In this
case, it is not necessary to use quotation marks. However, indirect
quotations still require proper citations, and you will be
committing plagiarism if you fail to do so.
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When to use Direct vs. Indirect Many writers struggle with when
to use direct quotations versus indirect quotations. Use the
following tips to guide you in your choice. Use direct quotations
when the source material uses language that is particularly
striking or notable. Do not rob such language of its power by
altering it.
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Example Martin Luther King Jr. believed that the end of slavery
was important and of great hope to millions of slaves done horribly
wrong. The above should never stand in for: Martin Luther King Jr.
said of the Emancipation Proclamation, "This momentous decree came
as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had
been seared in the flames of withering injustice."
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Use an indirect quotation (or paraphrase) when you merely need
to summarize key incidents or details of the text. Use direct
quotations when the author you are quoting has coined a term unique
to her or his research and relevant within your own paper. When to
use direct quotes versus indirect quotes is ultimately a choice
you'll learn a feeling for with experience. However, always try to
have a sense for why you've chosen your quote. In other words,
never put quotes in your paper simply because your teacher says,
"You must use quotes."
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General Rules A direct quotation begins with a capital letter.
If the quotation is only a fragment of a sentence, do not begin it
with a capital letter. If the quote is only a phrase, do not set it
off by commas: Jack is described as dog-like as he hunts for
pigs.
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General Rules Place punctuation marks according to the
following rules: a. Commas and periods always go before the
quotation marks. b. Semicolons and colons go after quotation marks
c. Question marks and exclamation points are place inside the
closing quotation marks if they belong with the quotation;
otherwise, they are placed outside.
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Wait, What? What are colons and semi-colons?
http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/semicolons.as px
http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/semicolons.as px
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General Rules Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation
within a quotation. Double quotation marks () always begin and end
a direct quote Example: Did you understand what the boss meant when
he said, Check the vendor number and class on all of these ? asked
Jim.
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General Rules Use an ellipsis ()in the place of words omitted
from a quote. Avoid an ellipsis at the beginning and end of a
sentence. Four periods are used to indicate the omission of a whole
sentence or more, or even a paragraph or more Example: I am really
above being a building superintendentCircumstances made me what I
am.
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General Rules Use brackets [ ] to enclose words you add within
a quoted passage Example: He [James Sullivan] was very fond of
saying I am really a cut above being a superintendent.
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General Rules The page number of quotations should always be
placed in parentheses AFTER the quotation. Place appropriate
punctuation AFTER the parentheses. He was extraordinarily fond of
saying Example: I am really a cut above being a building
superintendent (21).
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In-text Citations If you have more than one source in your
paper, then you must specify which one you are citing (if not
already done so in the sentence) MLA format follows the author-page
method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name
and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is
taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should
appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear
either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the
quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always
appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
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Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a
"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry
is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"
(Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of
emotion in the creative process (263).
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Citing Authors with Same Last Name Sometimes more information
is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is
taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last
name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors'
full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.
For example: Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning
will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the
advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A.
Miller 46).
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Citing a Work by Multiple Authors For a source with three or
fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the
parenthetical citation: Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher
gun control is not needed in the United States (76). The authors
state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second
Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).
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Citing a Work by 4 or more For a source with more than three
authors, use the work's bibliographic information as a guide for
your citation. Provide the first author's last name followed by et
al. or list all the last names. Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang,
and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun
violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4). Or
Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting
that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law
makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4).
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Block Quotations For quotations that extend to more than four
lines of verse or prose: place quotations in a free-standing block
of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new
line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin;
maintain double- spacing. Only indent the first line of the
quotation by a half inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs.
Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line
breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your
essay.)
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Example http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/03/
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How should I weave in quotes and commentary? The S-C-C-C Format
This is a very useful format for citations if you are not very
familiar with citations and need to practice a tried and true
method. As writers become experienced with citations, they can move
away from this format and mix elements up as they see fit.
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1. Set it up. Set up the context that the quote is from, so
that the reader knows when and where the quote is from and who is
doing the speaking/writing. 2. Citation. Write the quote out, in
quotation marks. 3. Commentary: Explain how the quote supports your
topic/thesis. (Commenting on the quote.) 4. Commentary: further
commenting on the quote
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Example In an effort to make Othello jealous, Iago uses reverse
psychology when he warns Othello, O Beware, my lord, of jealousy!
/It is the green-eyed monster ( III.iii.180-181). The master of
emotional manipulation, Iago controls Othello by warning him
unnecessarily against jealousy, thus planting the seeds of jealousy
in within Othellos heart. It also gives Iago the opportunity to
tell others that he warned Othello, thus absolving Iago of any
responsibility.
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Lead-Ins
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Somebody Said Lead In Even though the narrator feels that it is
not the boys responsibility to pay for the broken ax, the boy says,
Ill pay for it (65).
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Blended Lead-In The boy had integrity which is bedded on
courage, but it is more than brave. It is honest, but it is more
than honesty (65). The author says the word integrity is very
special to me, yet the boy Jerry had it (65).
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Sentence Lead-In The narrator tells of her definition of
integrity: It is bedded on courage, but it is more than brave. It
is honest, but it is more than honesty (65).
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Transitions Why are transitions important?
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They tell the reader where you are going and what to expect
next! They also explain how the information about to be given
relates to the information already given.
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Resource http://www.smart-words.org/transition-words.html *Make
sure that the transition that you use is accurate * Remember that
phrases are better than words, and sentences are better than
phrases. Consider reading the punctuation rules of transition words
on the website
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But Im tired of Punctuation! Dear John: I want a man who knows
what love is all about. You are generous, kind, thoughtful. People
who are not like you admit to being useless and inferior. You have
ruined me for other men. I yearn for you. I have no feelings
whatsoever when we're apart. I can be forever happy--will you let
me be yours?
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Dear John: I want a man who knows what love is. All about you
are generous, kind, thoughtful people, who are not like you. Admit
to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men, I
yearn. For you, I have no feelings whatsoever. When we're apart, I
can be forever happy. Will you let me be? Yours, Jane