Head of biochemistry department
Presented by :
Under supervision of :
Research Title
Page 01
Contents
Page 02
Acknowledgemen
tFirst and foremost , thanks to ALLAH who guide us to the straight
path and pave the way for all good works .
We would like to express our sincere thanks and deepest gratitude to our supervisor Prof .Dr / Laila Eissa , professor of Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Mansoura University for her supervision , choosing the subject of the research , valuable advices and continuous support during the course of this study .
We would like to express sincere gratitude to our family for their unlimited support and continual encouragement .
Finally , We hope that this research will be the beginning in our
way to benefit our country with our study .
Page 03
OVERVIEWThe first sign of breast cancer often is a
breast lump or an abnormal mammogram.
Breast cancer stages range from early, curable
breast cancer to metastatic breast cancer,
with a variety of breast cancer treatments.
Not occur only in Females, but males are
also susceptible to breast and it's 99 % Fatal in
man.
Page 04
Page 05
General information
Breast cancer Today
Breast cancer
Symptoms
Breast Cancer:
Why Me?
Breast Cancer
TodayBreast cancer today is not what it was 20
years ago. Survival rates are climbing, thanks to
greater awareness, more early detection, and
advances in treatment. For roughly 200,000
Americans who are diagnosed with breast
cancer each year, there are plenty of reasons to
be hopeful.
Page 06
Breast Cancer
SymptomsThere are often no symptoms of breast
cancer, but sometimes women may discover a
breast problem on their own. Signs and
symptoms to be aware of may include:A painless lump in the breast.
Changes in breast size or shape.
Swelling in the armpit.
Page 07
Breast Cancer
Page 08
!!Why Me?
The most obvious risk factor for
breast cancer is being a woman. Men
get the disease, too, but it is about 100
times more common in women. Other
top risk factors include being over age
55 or having a close relative who has
had the disease. But keep in mind that
up to 80% of women with breast cancer
have no family history of the illness.
10 Page 09
Breast Self-
ExamsIt was once widely recommended
that women check their own breasts
once a month. But studies suggest
these breast self-exams play a very
small role in finding cancer. The current
thinking is that it’s more important
to know your breasts and be aware
of any changes, rather than checking
them on a regular schedule. If you
want to do breast self-exams, be sure
to go over the technique with your
doctor.
Page 10
What If You Find a Lump?
First, don't panic. Eighty percent
of breast lumps are not cancerous.
Lumps often turn out to be harmless
cysts or tissue changes related to
your menstrual cycle. But you should
let your doctor know right away if you
find anything unusual in your breast.
If it is cancer, the earlier it's found the
better. And if it's not, testing can give
you peace of mind.
Page 11
Breast Biopsy
The only sure way to
determine whether a lump is
cancer is to do a biopsy. This
involves taking a tissue sample
for further examination in the
lab, sometimes through a small
needle. Sometimes surgery is
done to take part of or the
entire lump for testing. The
results will show whether the
lump is cancer, and if so,
what type. There are several
forms of breast cancer, and
treatments are carefully
matched to the type of cancer.Page 12
Page 13
Radiation Therapy
Targeted Drugs
Hormone Therapy
Chemo Therapy
Page 14
Simple Mastectomy
Modified Radical
Mastectomy
Sentinel node Biopsy
Radical Mastectomy
Surgery
Surgical removal of the tumor is a common
treatment for breast cancer.
There are many types of breast cancer
surgery, from taking out the area around
the lump (lumpectomy or breast-
conservation surgery) to removing the
entire breast (mastectomy.) It's best to
discuss the pros and cons of each of these
procedures with your doctor before deciding
what's right for you.Page 15
Before procedure:
1.Intravenous line will be started.
2.To give a sedative to help patient
relaxation.
3.It usually requires general anesthesia.
4.A breathing tube will be inserted
through mouth into his/her throat.
5.To give medications to put patient to sleep
for the duration of the procedure.
Page 16
The main surgical procedures are:
Page 17
Lumpectomy.
Quadrantectomy.
Mastectomy.
Lumpectomy
Preserves the appearance at the breast
The tumor along with a margin of surrounding
tissue is removed in this procedure the surgeon
will make an incision in the skin and
separate the tumor and a margin of healthy
tissue from the breast with a scalpel then the
surgeon will remove the mass with forceps send
it to the pathology lab for examination and close
the wound with sutures.
Page 18
Page 19
1 2 3
Page 20
1 2
Quadrantectomy
Quadrantectomy is a surgical procedure in which a
"quadrant" (approximately one-fourth) of the breast,
including tissue surrounding a cancerous tumor, is
removed. It is also called a partial or segmental
mastectomy.
During quadrantectomy, a margin of normal breast
tissue, skin, and muscle lining is removed around the
periphery of the tumor. This decreases the risk of any
abnormal cells being left behind and spreading locally or
to other parts of the body (a process called metastasis).
Page 21
The amount removed is generally about
one-fourth of the size of the breast (hence,
the "quadrant" in quadrantectomy). The
remaining tissue is then reconstructed to
minimize any cosmetic defects, and then
sutured closed. Temporary drains may be
placed through the skin to remove excess
fluid from the surgical site. Some patients
may have the lymph nodes removed from
under the arm (called the axillary lymph
nodes) on the same side as the tumor.
Page 22
Lymph nodes are small, oval- or bean-shaped
masses found throughout the body that act as filters
against foreign materials and cancer cells. If cancer
cells break away from their primary site of growth,
they can travel to and begin to grow in the lymph
nodes first, before traveling to other parts of the body.
MastectomyThe entire breast is removed
This is usually indicated when the tumor is too large
for a lumpectomy.
Page 23
In simple
mastectomyOnly breast tissue is removed
the surgeon will begin by making an
incision around nipple. here, surgeon
will then separate the breast tissue
from the muscle underneath and
remove it for examination.
Finally, the surgeon will insert
drains to prevent fluid collection
before closing the wound.
Page 24
Modified radical
mastectomyThe most common
type of mastectomy is
modified radical
mastectomy in which the
entire breast and some or
although the lymph nodes
under arm are removed.
In this procedure, the
surgeon will make an
incision along the length
of breast, separate breast
tissue from the muscle
underneath, and remove
it for examination. Page 25
Sentinel node biopsy
To remove the lymph nodes under your arm,
Many surgeons use a technique called sentinel
node biopsy .
In this procedure, dye is injected into breast
to determine which lymph nodes drain fluid.
First, it is these lymph nodes that are most
likely to contain cancer. Surgeon will remove
one to three of lymph nodes for examination
insert drains and close the wound with sutures.
Page 26
Page 27
1
2
3
Radical mastectomy
The breast, underlying tissue, muscle
beneath the breast, and all visible lymph nodes
are all removed. The surgeon will begin by
making an incision along the length of the
breast. Next, surgeon will separate all of the
breast tissue, muscle from the chest wall and
visible lymph nodes and remove them for
examination.
finally, Surgeon will insert drains before
closing the wound.
Page 28
Page 29
1
2
3
4
56
7
After breast surgery, patient will be taken to
the recovery area for monitoring lumpectomies
are often done as outpatient procedures. in this
case, you'll be able to leave the hospital after
several hours. if your surgery is done isn't
inpatient, doctor will generally have the patient
to remain in the hospital for one to two days to
monitor patient recovery.
Page 30
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy
rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used
after breast cancer surgery to wipe out any
cancer cells that remain near the tumor
site. It can also be used along with
chemotherapy for treatment of cancer that
has spread to other parts of the body. Side
effects can include fatigue and swelling or
a sunburn- like feeling in the treated area.
Page 31
Page 32
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer
cells anywhere in the body. The drugs are often
given by IV, but are sometimes taken by mouth
or shot. Chemotherapy may be done after
surgery to lower the odds of the cancer
coming back. In women with advanced breast
cancer, chemotherapy can help control the
cancer's growth. Side effects may include hair
loss, nausea, fatigue, and a higher risk of
infection.
Page 33
Hormone Therapy
Hormone therapy is an effective
treatment for women with ER-positive or PR-
positive breast cancer. These are cancers
that grow more rapidly in response to
the hormones estrogen or progesterone.
Hormone therapy can block this effect. It
is most often used after breast cancer surgery
to help keep the cancer from coming
back. It may also be used to reduce the
chance of breast cancer developing in women
who are at high risk. Page 34
Targeted Drugs
Targeted therapies are newer drugs that
target specific properties within cancer cells. For
example, women with HER2-positive breast
cancer have too much of a protein called
HER2. Targeted therapies can stop this
protein from promoting the growth of cancer
cells. These drugs are often used in
combination with chemotherapy. They tend
to have milder side effects compared with
chemotherapy.
Page 35
Breast
ReconstructionMany women who have a breast removed
choose to undergo reconstructive surgery. This
replaces the skin, nipple, and breast tissue
that are lost during a mastectomy.
Reconstruction can be done with a breast
implant or with tissue from somewhere else in
your body, such as the tummy. Some
women opt to begin reconstruction at the
same time as their mastectomy. But it's also
possible to have reconstructive surgery months
or years later.
Page 36
Page 37
1 2 3
Breast Forms
An alternative to breast reconstruction is
to be fitted for a breast form. This is a breast-
shaped prosthesis that fits inside your bra.
Wearing a breast form allows you to have a
balanced look when you are dressed without
undergoing additional surgery. Like
reconstructive surgery, breast forms are often
covered by insurance.
Page 38
Thank you
Page 38