Microsoft PowerPoint - Brain and
Memory-1NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive NetworksNetworks
Recent advances in basic and cognitive Recent advances in basic and
cognitive neurosciences now allow a more detailed neurosciences now
allow a more detailed analysis of networksanalysis of
networks
Memory and Learning can be dissociated into Memory and Learning can
be dissociated into several behavioral components: registration
several behavioral components: registration storage (encoding),
retention and retrieval storage (encoding), retention and
retrieval
Memory can also be classified according to Memory can also be
classified according to modality (visual and auditory) or material
modality (visual and auditory) or material (verbal and nonverbal)
that is being (verbal and nonverbal) that is being processed.
processed.
MesulamMesulam M.D.,MM.D.,M--MarselMarsel, (1990), , (1990),
““Large Scale Large Scale NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive Networks and
Distributed Networks and Distributed Processing for Attention,
Language, and MemoryProcessing for Attention, Language, and
Memory””, Annual Neurology, 28, 597, Annual Neurology, 28,
597--613.613.
Cognitive NeuroscienceCognitive Neuroscience……..
……of memory is based on observations of brain of memory is based on
observations of brain damaged patients with various kinds of memory
loss, damaged patients with various kinds of memory loss,
experiments with healthy volunteers, studies using experiments with
healthy volunteers, studies using brain imaging techniquesbrain
imaging techniques
The fractionation of memory into component The fractionation of
memory into component systems and subsystems has been a major theme
in systems and subsystems has been a major theme in the cognitive
neuroscience of memory for the past the cognitive neuroscience of
memory for the past 1010--15 years15 years
Brain imaging techniques are now providing new Brain imaging
techniques are now providing new perspectives on various forms of
memoryperspectives on various forms of memory
Schater,PH.D.,DanielSchater,PH.D.,Daniel (2002), (2002), ““The
Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryThe Cognitive Neuroscience of
Memory”” Harvard University Conference, Harvard University
Conference, Neurology of Behavior.Neurology of Behavior.
Seven Sins of MemorySeven Sins of Memory……..
Transience: forgetting information over timeTransience: forgetting
information over time AbsentAbsent--mindedness: lapses in attention
that produce mindedness: lapses in attention that produce
forgettingforgetting Blocking: temporary inability to retrieve
informationBlocking: temporary inability to retrieve information
Misattribution: confusing the source of a memoryMisattribution:
confusing the source of a memory Suggestibility: incorporating
misleading information into Suggestibility: incorporating
misleading information into
memorymemory Bias: influence of present knowledge and beliefs on
Bias: influence of present knowledge and beliefs on
recollections of the pastrecollections of the past
PersistancePersistance: unwanted memories: unwanted memories
Schater,PH.D.,DanielSchater,PH.D.,Daniel (2002), (2002), ““The
Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryThe Cognitive Neuroscience of
Memory”” Harvard University Conference, Neurology of
Behavior.Harvard University Conference, Neurology of
Behavior.
Memory TypesMemory Types……..
Retrieval Retrieval –– can be declarativecan be declarative-- the
the verbal report of conscious memoriesverbal report of conscious
memories
Procedural Procedural –– the learning of a motor the learning of a
motor skillskill
Autonomic Autonomic –– the visceral response the visceral response
associated with the experienceassociated with the experience
Memory SystemsMemory Systems……....
Defined as: specific neural networks Defined as: specific neural
networks that support specific mnemonic that support specific
mnemonic processesprocesses
Which brain regions mediate specific Which brain regions mediate
specific kinds of memory functions?kinds of memory functions?
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive
Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human
Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology,
49,87--115.115.
EvidenceEvidence……..
MedialMedial--temporal activations are temporal activations are
observed during intentional memory observed during intentional
memory retrieval and is noted to activate retrieval and is noted to
activate during encoding of memoriesduring encoding of
memories
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive
Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human
Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology,
49,87--115.115.
RegionsRegions……..
MedialMedial--temporal or temporal or diencephalicdiencephalic
lesions spare lesions spare remote memories this has encouraged the
view that remote memories this has encouraged the view that the the
neocortexneocortex is the ultimate repository of is the ultimate
repository of consolidated longconsolidated long--term memoryterm
memory
NeocortexNeocortex contributes to the encoding, storage and
contributes to the encoding, storage and retrieval of declarative
memoriesretrieval of declarative memories
DeclaritiveDeclaritive MemoryMemory……
Seems to dependent on the integrity of parts of the Seems to
dependent on the integrity of parts of the limbic network and their
interconnectivitieslimbic network and their
interconnectivities
Noted by patients with the amnesic state can Noted by patients with
the amnesic state can acquire new motor skills although they may
have no acquire new motor skills although they may have no
conscious knowledge of having learned the skillsconscious knowledge
of having learned the skills
Of all the stages of declarative memory, Of all the stages of
declarative memory, registration (shortregistration (short--term or
immediate memory) is term or immediate memory) is the least
dependent on the limbic system and most the least dependent on the
limbic system and most closely associated with vigilance and
concentration closely associated with vigilance and concentration
*amnesic patients can have a normal concentration *amnesic patients
can have a normal concentration spanspan
MesulamMesulam M.D.,MM.D.,M--MarselMarsel, (1990), , (1990),
““Large Scale Large Scale NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive Networks and
Distributed Processing for Networks and Distributed Processing for
Attention, Language, and MemoryAttention, Language, and Memory””,
Annual Neurology, 28, 597, Annual Neurology, 28,
597--613.613.
Declarative MemoryDeclarative Memory……..
Encompasses the acquisition, retention, Encompasses the
acquisition, retention, and and retreivalretreival of knowledge
that can be of knowledge that can be consciously and intentionally
consciously and intentionally recollectedrecollected
This includes memory for events This includes memory for events
(episodic memory) or facts (semantic (episodic memory) or facts
(semantic memory)memory)
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive
Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human
Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology,
49,87--115.115.
Episodic memoryEpisodic memory……..
Measured by direct or explicit test of Measured by direct or
explicit test of memory, such as free recall, cued memory, such as
free recall, cued recall, or recognition, that refer to a recall,
or recognition, that refer to a prior episodeprior episode
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive
Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human
Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology,
49,87--115.115.
Intentional retrievalIntentional retrieval……
A consistent by poorly understood activation occurs A consistent by
poorly understood activation occurs in right frontal cortex during
intentional declarative in right frontal cortex during intentional
declarative or episodic retrieval of memory for wordsor episodic
retrieval of memory for words
This activation are unexpected because they apply This activation
are unexpected because they apply to verbal and nonverbal memories
and because right to verbal and nonverbal memories and because
right frontal lesions have modest effect on declarative frontal
lesions have modest effect on declarative memory.memory.
One speculative interpretation is rightOne speculative
interpretation is right--frontal frontal retrieval activations
reflect working memory retrieval activations reflect working memory
processes that guide or evaluate the products of processes that
guide or evaluate the products of episodic retrievalepisodic
retrieval
NondeclarativeNondeclarative or proceduralor procedural
memorymemory……..
Encompass the acquisition, retention, and retrieval Encompass the
acquisition, retention, and retrieval of knowledge expressed
through experience induced of knowledge expressed through
experience induced changes in performance. changes in
performance.
Measured by indirect or implicit tests where no Measured by
indirect or implicit tests where no reference is made to that
experiencereference is made to that experience
Skill learning, repetition priming, and conditioning Skill
learning, repetition priming, and conditioning are classes of
implicit tests that often reveal are classes of implicit tests that
often reveal procedural memory processes dissociable from
procedural memory processes dissociable from declarative
memorydeclarative memory
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive
Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human
Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology,
49,87--115.115.
Memory systemsMemory systems……..
Nyberg and Nyberg and TulvingTulving discuss memory discuss memory
systems as 4 major human memory systems as 4 major human memory
systemssystems
Episodic, semantic, perceptual Episodic, semantic, perceptual
representation (PRS), and proceduralrepresentation (PRS), and
procedural
Nyberg and Nyberg and TulvingTulving, (1996), , (1996),
““Classifying Human LongClassifying Human Long--Term Memory:
Evidence from Converging Term Memory: Evidence from Converging
DissociationsDissociations””, European Journal of Cognitive
Psychology, 8(2), 163, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,
8(2), 163--183.183.
Dissociations Dissociations ……....
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving hypothesize hypothesize
dissociations yielded by task dissociations yielded by task
comparisons as partial evidence for comparisons as partial evidence
for multiple memory systemsmultiple memory systems
Memory processes differ with respect Memory processes differ with
respect to rules of operation and component to rules of operation
and component processesprocesses
4 kinds of dissociations4 kinds of dissociations……..
1. Functional dissociations: different 1. Functional dissociations:
different values of independent variablesvalues of independent
variables
2. Developmental dissociations: 2. Developmental dissociations:
stages of ontological developmentstages of ontological
development
3. Pharmacological dissociations: 3. Pharmacological dissociations:
drugdrug--induced brain statesinduced brain states
4. Brain4. Brain--damage dissociations: the damage dissociations:
the presence or absence of brain damagepresence or absence of brain
damage
Studies Studies …………
Many studies were reviewed and it was Many studies were reviewed
and it was found to demonstrate existence of found to demonstrate
existence of dissociations as well as contributing to dissociations
as well as contributing to the the neuroanatomicalneuroanatomical
localization of localization of memory functionsmemory
functions
LocalizationsLocalizations……..
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving review suggest the two
declarative systems review suggest the two declarative systems
(episodic and semantic) seem to depend on integrity of medial
(episodic and semantic) seem to depend on integrity of medial
temporal lobe structurestemporal lobe structures
Frontal lobe structures have been found to be critical for Frontal
lobe structures have been found to be critical for both episodic
and semantic memory, but different frontal both episodic and
semantic memory, but different frontal regions seem to be important
for the 2 systemsregions seem to be important for the 2
systems
Frontal regions in the left hemisphere are more involved in Frontal
regions in the left hemisphere are more involved in semantic and
right hemisphere for episodicsemantic and right hemisphere for
episodic
PET studies suggest cerebellum plays an important role in PET
studies suggest cerebellum plays an important role in these 2
systemsthese 2 systems
Occipital brain structures are critical for visual subsystem of
Occipital brain structures are critical for visual subsystem of
perceptual representation perceptual representation
Midbrain structures in procedural memory has been confirmed
Midbrain structures in procedural memory has been confirmed by
several PET studiesby several PET studies
FindingsFindings……..
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving concluded that the
concluded that the survey of survey of exisitingexisiting
dissociations can be dissociations can be
encouragingencouraging
And these studies can play an And these studies can play an
important role in shaping our ideas important role in shaping our
ideas about classifying memoriesabout classifying memories
More researchMore research……
There is a lot of evidence to support There is a lot of evidence to
support memory localization and systems which leads memory
localization and systems which leads the way to studying recovery
and plasticity the way to studying recovery and plasticity of the
brainof the brain
If memory systems are in fact located in If memory systems are in
fact located in more than one place in the brain and is more more
than one place in the brain and is more of a network, why canof a
network, why can’’t the brain plasticity t the brain plasticity aid
in recovery of functions?aid in recovery of functions?