BnlDEGllADABLE lPOLYHEltS AND SUSTAINAlLE
, " "
POLYMlltS (IIOPOL-
"LIS ífí G'í ífí
, ífí ífí ífí I
........... -.-.--.-l '~I!iiff~ o., Lt ífímm I , Lt íTí íTí íTí
oI, Lt m ifííTí
I, Lt ítí~-~
I
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
AND SUSTAINABLE POLYMERS
(BIOPOL-2009)
No par! of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed Dr implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors ar omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental ar consequential damages in connection with ar arising Qut of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medicai Dr any other professional services.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
AND SUSTAINABLE POLYMERS
(BIOPOL-2009)
ALFONSO JIMENEZ
AND
G.E.ZAIKOV
EDITORS
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York
COPYlight © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Ali rights r.s.rv.d. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmilted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostalic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the wrilten permission of the Publisher.
For permission to use material fram this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com
NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental ar consequential damages in connection with ar arising out Df information contained in this book. The Publisher shall nol be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers' use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on govemment reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applieable to compilations of such works.
Independent verification should be sought for any data, adviee or reeommendations eontained in this book. In addilion, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury aml/or damage to persons ar property arising from any methods, products. instructions, ideas ar otherwise contained in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subjeet malter eovered herein. lt is sold with the elear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any olher professional services. If legal or auy other expert assistance is required, the services of a competeut person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.
Additional color graphies may be available in the e-book version of this book.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
BIOPOL 2009 (2009) Biodegradable polymers and sustainable polymers (BIOPOL-2009) / [edited
by] Alfonso Jiminez, G.E. Zaikov. p.em.
Seleeted papers from BIOPOL 2009. Ineludes indexo ISBN 978-1-61942-701-3 (eBook) 1. Biodegradable plastics--Congresses. I. Jiminez, Alfonso, 1965- 11.
Zaikov, G. E. (Gennadii Efremovich), 1935- m. Title. TP 1180.B55B567 2009 620.1 '92323--dc22
2010049659
Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. t New York
CONTENTS
PreCace xi
Chapter 1 Biodegradation and MedicaI Application ofMicrobial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 1 A. P. Bonartsev, A . L. Iordanskii, G. A. Bonartseva and G. E. Zaikov
Chapter 2 Use ofHydroxytyrosol as Polypropylene Stabilizer and as a Potential Active Antioxidant 37 M. Peltzer, N. López, L. Matisová-Rychlá, J. Rychly and A. Jiménez
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid-based Polyamides Biocomposites 51 Elodie Hablot, Rodrigue Matadi, Said Ahzi and Luc Avérous
Chapter 4 Preparation and Properties of Three Layer Sheets Based on Gelatin and Poly(Lactic Acid) 67 J. F. Martucci and R. A. Ruseckaite
Chapter 5 Evaluation of the Use ofNatural Plasticizers in Commercial Lids for Food Packaging. Characterization and Migration in Food Simulants 83 C. Bueno-Ferrer, M. C. Garrigós and A. Jiménez
V11l Contents
Chapter 6 Evaluation of Parameters Essential for Efficiency in the Composting Process 93 J. Klein, M. Zen i, V. T. Cardoso, B. C. D. A . Zoppas,
A. M. C. Grisa and R. N. Brandalise
Chapter 7 Characterization ofPP Films with Carvacrol and Thymol as Active Additives 105 M. Ramos, M. A. Peltzer and M. C. Garrigós
Chapter 8 Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Biopolyester and Related Clay-based Nanohybrids 117 Rale Oztürk, Eric Pollet, Anne Rébraud
and Luc Avérous
Chapter 9 Characterization and Thermal Stability of Almonds by the Use ofThermal Analysis Techniques 137 Aranlzazll Valdés-García, Ana Beltrán-Sanahuja and M. Carmen Garrigós-Selva
Chapter 10 Chitosan as an Antimicrobial Agent for Footwear Leather Components 151 M. C. Barros, 1. P. Fernandes, V. Pinto,
M. J. Ferreira, M. F. Barreiro and J. S. Amaral
Chapter 11 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materiais by Morphological and Thermal Techniques 167 M. I. Rico, M. C. Garrigós, F. PmTes and J. López
Chapter 12 Effect of Processing Methods on Mechanical Prope11ies of Soya Protein Films 179 P. Guerrero, L. Martin, S. Cabezlldo
and K. de la Caba
Chapter 13 Development of a Biodegradability Evaluation Method for Leather Used in the Footwear Industry 191 M. A. de la Casa-Lillo, A. Diaz-Tahoces,
P. N. de Aza-Moya, P. Mazón-Canales,
V. Segarra-Orero, M. A. Martínez-Sanchez
and M. Bertazzo
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Index
Cootents
Cbromium Tanned Leather Waste Acid Extraction, Residue Recycling aod Anaerobic Biodegradation Tests 00 Extracts Maria 1. Ferreira, Manuel F. Almeida, Vem Pinto, Isabel Santos, José L. Rodrigues, Fernanda Freitas and Sílvia Pinho
How to Shift Toughness ofPLA ioto Non-break Area aod to Create High Impact Flax Fibre Reinforcements R. Forstne and W. Stadlbauer
IX
205
225
237
In: Biodegradable Polymers ... ISBN 978-1-61209-520-2 Editors: A. Jimenez and G. E. Zaikov © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 10
CHITOSAN AS AN ÁNTIMICROBIAL ÁGENT
FOR FOOTWEAR LEATHER COMPONENTS
M. C. Barroi'*, 1. P. Fernandei, V. Pinto2,f,
M. J. Ferreira2, M. F. Barreiro1 and J. S. Amaral,j:
lLSRE, Bragança Polytechnic Institute, Campus de Santa Apolónia Ap 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
2CTCP, Rua de Fundões - Devesa Velha, 3700-121 S. João da Madeira, Portugal
3REQUIMTE, Pharmacy Faculty, University ofPorto, Rua Aníbal Cunha,
164, Porto 4099-030, Portugal and Bragança Polytechnic Institute, Campus de Santa Apolónia Ap 1134,5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
ABSTRACT
Chitosan is being increasingly used in distinct areas such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics, food processing and agriculture. Among the interesting biological activities that have been ascribed to chitasan, the antimicrobial activity is probably the ane to generate the higher number of applications. Within this work the role af chitosan in diverse applications has been reviewed with particular emphasis for those
• E-mail: [email protected]@[email protected] t E-mail: [email protected]@ctcp.pt 1 E-mail: [email protected]
152 M. C. Barros, I. P. Fernandes, V. Pinto et aI.
exploring its antimicrobial power. Furthermore, the mechanism to explain the antimicrobial activity of this emerging biopolymer is also discussed. The viability of using chitosan to effectively provide a functional coatil1g for leather products was presented through an experimental case study. Results confirmed the potential of using this strategy to create antimicrobialleather products to be used, e.g., in the footwear il1dustry.
Keywords: Chitosan; antimicrobial activity; functional coating, leather; footwear
CHITOSAN: STRUCTURE AND ÁPLICATIONS
The use of biopolymers is currently attracting considerable attention for diverse applications due to their great potential, sometimes combining several properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and antimicrobial activity [1 ,2]. Examples of biopolymers are cellulose, starch, proteins, lignin and chitin. Biopolymers can be considered renewable since they are obtained fiom biomass which is available everywhere and in large amounts (by-products of agricultural, marine and forestry activities). The promotion of its use will contribute to create a more sustainable industry and society.
Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide discovered in 1859 by Rouget and it is mainly produced by N-deacetylation of chitin, which is widely distributed in nature, as the structural component of the exo-skeletons of arthropods, including crustaceans and insects, in marine diatoms and algae, as well as in some fungai cell walls [3]. Structurally, chitin is a linear homo-polysaccharide consisting of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine repeated units, linked by ,8-(1-4) glycosidic bonds. On the contrary, chitosan is a linear hetero-polysaccharide comprising both D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by ,8-(1-4) glycosidic bonds. In fact, chitosan is a terrn that describes a heterogeneous group of polymers since they can present various deacetylation degrees (DD), different distribution of the acetamide groups within the polymer chain and various molecular weights. These structural differences will influence properties such as solubility and viscosity, and consequently its processability having in view industrial applications.