BloodBlood
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
Artery
• Deliver O2
• Remove metabolic wastes
• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
• Protection from blood loss- platelets
• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
• Transport hormones
Function of Blood
plasma
formed elements
The BloodThe Blood
55%
45%
Blood Plasma Blood Plasma Components- 55%Components- 55%
90% Water8% Solutes: Proteins
Albumin (60 %)Alpha and Beta GlobulinsGamma Globulinsfibrinogens
Gas Electrolytes
Blood Plasma Blood Plasma ComponentsComponents
Organic NutrientsCarbohydratesAmino AcidsLipidsVitamins
Hormones Metabolic waste
CO2
Urea
Formed Elements of the Formed Elements of the Blood- 45%Blood- 45%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)Leukocytes (white blood cells)Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro
in red bone marrow Hematopoiesis- production of RBC Function- transport respiratory gases Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains
and 2 chains Lack mitochondria. Why? 1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin
molecules Men- 5 million cells/mm3
Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
HemoglobinHemoglobin
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency
RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases
Sickle-cell anemia-
• HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the chain in the globin molecule.
• Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
• Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.
RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases
Genetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
• Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, viscosity of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations
• Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics.
RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases
Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes
GranulocytesGranulocytesNeutrophils- 40-70%Neutrophils- 40-70%Eosinophils- 1-4%Eosinophils- 1-4%Basophils- <1%Basophils- <1%
AgranulocytesAgranulocytesMonocytes- 4-8%Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-45%Lymphocytes- 20-45%
Never let monkeys eat bananas
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Basophil Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
platelet
ID WBC’s
Blood Cell Production
Leukocyte Squeezing Through Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary WallCapillary Wall
Lukemia- too high WBC
Leukocytosis- suppresses normal bone marrow function; abnormally high WBC
Leukopenia- too few WBC; commonly induced by drugs, and anticancer agents
Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks
WBC DiseasesWBC Diseases
Hemostasis- stoppage of Hemostasis- stoppage of bleedingbleeding
Tissue Damage
Platelet Plug
Clotting Factors
Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Hemostasis:
4. Coagulation
1. Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
HemostasisHemostasis(+ feedback)(+ feedback)
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Clotting Factorsthromboplastin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin
Blood Blood ClotClot
Fibrin thread
Platelet
RBC
Type AType AType BType BType ABType ABType OType O
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and BBlood type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-BB B anti-A
A & B AB no anti bodyNeither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens.They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)
Blood TypingBlood Typing
Type AType A
b
bb
bb
b
b
Y
Y
YY
Y
YY
Type BType B
a
aa
aa
a
aY
Y
YY
YY
Y
Type OType O
b
b
ba
a
b
a
b
bb
a
a a aY
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
Type ABType AB
Rh Factor and PregnancyRh Factor and Pregnancy
RH- indicates no protein
RH+ indicates proteinRH+ indicates protein
Rh Factor Rh Factor and and
PregnancyPregnancy
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problemRh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problemRh- mother w/Rh- father– no problemRh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks
Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency
O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4%
O Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6%
A Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7%
A Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3%
B Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5%
B Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5%
AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4%
AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 .6%
INQUIRY1. What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?2. What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
cells?3. What dietary component is needed for the production
of red blood cells?4. The largest cells in the blood that leave the
bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.5. In an acute infection, the white cell count would show
as ______.6. Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic
newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses.
7. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?8. In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type
O person?