1. Benefits, risks, or possible problems ARTIFICIAL METHOD AND
NATURAL METHOD
2. BEHAVIORAL/ NATURAL METHOD Natural Family Planning:
techniques, including checking body temperature or cervical mucus
daily or recording menstrual cycles on a calendar, to determine the
days when body is most fertile; typical use effectiveness: 81%
BENEFITS No medical or hormonal side effects Inexpensive Accepted
by most religions Not effective against STD Requires strict record
keeping Illness or lack of sleep may affect body temperature
Vaginal infections may affect cervical mucus Requires abstinence
from sexual intercourse or alternative contraception during fertile
days
3. Fertility Awareness Methods Also called natural family
planning, fertility awareness means avoiding sex when the woman is
most fertile. Pros: No drugs or devices, inexpensive. Religions and
cultures that do not approve of other methods of contraception
permit the use of periodic abstinence.
4. The basal body temperature method Normally, body temperature
decreases slightly just before ovulation and begins to rise for
several days afterward. The temperature remains slightly elevated
until menstruation begins. This method may be unreliable because
lack of sleep and illness can change a womans body temperature
5. The cervical mucus method Requires a woman to examine the
mucus from her cervix (opening of the uterus) to determine her
fertile period. Just after the menstrual period, little or no mucus
is discharged for three to four days. Discharged mucus may be
thick, sticky, and yellow or white for two to three days and
becomes progressively clear, wet, slippery, and stretchy over a
period of eight to ten days, Ovulation occurs sometime in the two
days before or up to two days after the peak day of this clear,
wet, stretchy mucus. The consistency of cervical mucus can be
affected by medications such as antihistamines that change mucus
production throughout the body, and by spermicides, sexual
intercourse, vaginal infections, or the use of douches.
6. In the calendar charting method
7. Coitus interruptus (literally "interrupted sex"), also known
as the withdrawal method, is the practice of ending sexual
intercourse ("pulling out") before ejaculation. Although concern
has been raised about the risk of pregnancy from sperm in pre-
ejaculate, several small studies have failed to find any viable
sperm in the fluid.
8. Sexualabstinence Abstinence at a Glance * A behavior that
prevents pregnancy * Prevents sexually transmitted infection *
Safe, easy, and convenient HOW EFFECTIVE? Used continuously,
abstinence is 100 percent effective in preventing pregnancy. It
also prevents STDs. Abstinence is one of the safest ways to prevent
pregnancy there are no side effects.
9. Barrier Method place a physical impediment to the movement
of sperm into the female reproductive tract Male condom, a latex or
polyurethane sheath placed over the penis
10. Barrier Method The Female condom has a flexible ring at
each end one secures behind the pubic bone to hold the condom in
place, while the other ring stays outside the vagina. * A pouch
inserted into the vagina to prevent pregnancy
11. typical use effectiveness: 84% (male) 79% (female) Benefits
Prevents STD Available over the counter Can be used with other
methods to further protect against pregnancy Risks Possible
allergies to latex or spermicide May break during intercourse
12. Cervical barriers
13. Cervical barriers Contraceptive sponge How Does The Sponge
Method Work? 1. The nonoxynol 9 contained in the sponge kills sperm
before they can reach the egg 2. The sponge blocks the cervix
opening to the uterus so the sperm cannot enter 3. The sponge traps
and absorbs the sperm
14. Diaphragm shallow latex cup with flexible rim inserted into
vagina over cervix to prevent sperm from entering uterus Benefits
used with spermicide - typical use effectiveness: 82% Risks Not
effective against STD Needs to be fitted by a health care
professional Increased risk of bladder infection Possible allergies
to latex or spermicide
15. Diaphragm
16. Cervical Cap: thimble-shaped latex cap inserted into vagina
over cervix to prevent sperm from entering uterus; used with
spermicide; typical use effectiveness: 82% Benefits Reusable Can
stay in place for 48 hours, inexpensive. Risks Not effective
against STD Needs to be fitted by a health care professional
Difficult to fit women with an unusual cervix size Difficult for
some women to insert
17. Spermicides Chemicals in the form of foams, creams,
jellies, films, or suppositories that kills sperm before they can
enter the uterus Typical use effectiveness: 70% Pros Can be used
with other methods to improve effectiveness Risks Only partially
effective against sexually transmitted disease (STD) Possible
allergies or irritation
18. Intrauterine Device (IUD): Risks Not effective against STD
May cause spotting between periods and longer, heavier periods
Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disorder within first four
months after insertion Rare risk of uterine perforation - Small,
"T-shaped" device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy -
long lasting - Must be inserted by a health care provider
19. Intrauterine Device (IUD):
20. HORMONAL METHOD Hormonal Methods The Combined Oral
Contraceptive Pill contains two hormones - estrogen and
progesterone the hormones in the Pill stops the ovaries from
releasing eggs, - Advantages: Effective if taken properly (every
day at roughly the same time) Disadvantages: - interferes with the
females natural hormonal system - if taken for long periods of time
it can affect fertility - it can take a long time for your natural
cycle to re- establish after coming off the pill - nausea,
bloating, spotting and breakthrough bleeding, irritability, weight
gain does not protect against STD's
21. Birth Control Pill: prescription drug containing female
hormones; one pill taken daily prevents ovaries from releasing eggs
and/or thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching egg;
typical use effectiveness: 94% Benefits More regular periods No
action required prior to sexual intercourse Risks Not effective
against STD Rare but dangerous complications, including blood
clotting and hypertension, particularly in women over 35 years who
smoke Must be taken daily
22. Birth Control Patch Women who have trouble remembering a
daily pill may consider the birth control patch. The (Ortho Evra)
patch is worn on the skin and changed only once a week for three
weeks with a fourth week that is patch- free. Pros: More regular,
lighter periods with less cramping, no need to remember a daily
pill. Cons: Cost ($15-$50 per month), may cause skin irritation or
other side effects similar to birth control pills. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
23. Birth Control Shot The birth control shot, known as Depo-
Provera, is a hormonal injection that protects against pregnancy
for three months. Pros: Only injected four times per year, highly
effective. Cons: Cost (about $240 per year), may cause spotting and
other side effects. Doesn't protect against STDs.
24. Hormonal Implant (Implanon): A matchstick-sized rod that is
placed under the skin of the upper arm. It releases the same
hormone that's in the birth control shot, but the implant protects
against pregnancy for 3 years. The failure rate is less than 1%.
Pros: Lasts three years, highly effective. Cons: More expensive
upfront ($400- $800 for exam, implant, and insertion), may cause
side effects, including irregular bleeding. Doesn't protect against
STDs.
25. Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal
ligation for women and vasectomy for men. In women, the process may
be referred to as "tying the tubes," but the fallopian tubes may be
tied, cut, clamped, or blocked. This serves to prevent sperm from
joining the unfertilized egg. Sterilization should be considered
permanent.
26. Tubal Ligation :surgical procedure to permanently block
woman's Fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from reaching sperm;
typical use effectiveness: 99% Benefits Permanent protection from
pregnancy No action required prior to sexual intercourse, permits
sexual spontaneity Risks Not effective against STD Reactions to
surgery may include infection, bleeding, injury to intestine,
reaction to anesthesia Increased chance of ectopic pregnancy
Irreversible
27. Salpingectomy Clips Silicone rings Electrocoagulation or
cauterization
28. There are mainly four occlusion methods for tubal ligation,
typically carried out on the isthmic portion of the fallopian tube,
that is, the thin portion of the tube closest to the uterus
29. Tubal Implants A newer procedure makes it possible to block
the fallopian tubes without surgery. Small implants of metal or
silicone are placed inside each tube. Scar tissue eventually grows
around the implants and blocks the tubes. Pros: Permanent, no
surgery, almost 100% effective. Cons: Takes a few months to become
effective. May raise the risk of pelvic infections, irreversible,
expensive.
30. Vasectomy
31. Vasectomy: surgical procedure to permanently block the
male's vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching eggs; typical
use effectiveness: 99% Benefits Permanent protection from pregnancy
Risks Not effective against STD Reactions to surgery may include
infection, blood clot near testes, bruising, swelling, or
tenderness of scrotum Irreversible