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The cell is the basic unitof life.
Biologist learned aboutcellular structure by using
light and electron
microscope.
INTRODUCTION
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ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
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NUCLEUS
CELL MEMBRANE GOLGI APPARATUS
ENDOPLASMARETICULUM
MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
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VACUOLE
CHLOROPLAST
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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Also known as the cell membrane
A thin membrane around the cytoplasm of
a cellA selective permeable or semi-permeable
Is made up of two lipid layers
Separates a cell from its externalenvironment
Holds the cell content together
Controls the exchange of moleculesbetween the cell and its externalenvironment
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CELL WALL
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Is a rigid cellulose layer surroundingthe plasma membrane of plant cells
Permeable to all fluids because it hastiny pores that allow substance tomove freely into and out of the cell
Provides support and protection forthe cell
Protects the plant cell from rupturing
due to the excessive intake of water
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CYTOPLASM
Refers to region between the nucleus andplasma membrane
A continuous aqueous solution containingorganelles (except nucleus), salts, dissolved
gases, nutrients, enzymes and other organicmolecules
Gives shapes to the cell
Provides a medium for all cellular biochemicalreactions
Provides substance obtained from theexternal environment to the organelles
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NUCLEUS
Nuclearmembrane
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An organelle bounded by the nuclear
membrane (two layers), containing anucleolus, chromosomes, and
nucleoplasm
Controls all the cells activitiesSeparate the genetic material
(chromosomes) from the cytoplasm
Chromosomes carry genetic in its DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
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VACUOLE
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A small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell,
bound a single and semi permeable
membrane (tonoplast)
The fluid contained in the vacuole called cell
sap
Its contains water, organic acids, sugars,
amino acids, mineral salts, waste substances,
pigments and metabolic by product
Generally for storage, digestion and waste
removal
Central vacuole in plant cell for storage and
cell expansion
Food vacuoles in amoebafor phagocytosis
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MITHOCHONDRIA
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A small spherical or cylindrical-shaped
organelles
Has two membranes; an inner
membrane and an outer membrane
Forms the cells powerhouse
Produces adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), which is an energy source for the
cell
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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Connected to the nuclear membrane
Exists as Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER) and Smooth EndoplasmicReticulum (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its
surfaceSmooth ER does not have ribosomes attach
to its surface
Rough ER synthesises and transportsproteins made by ribosomes
Smooth ER synthesises and transports lipids
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RIBOSOMESAre compact spherical organelles found in
large numbers in all cells
Are either attached to the ER or occur
freely in the cytoplasm
Consists of two sub-units, one small and
one large
Are small protein factories for protein
synthesis
Use information carried by the
chromosomes to make these proteins
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GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi complex isdistribution and shipping
of cell's chemical
products.
It modifies proteinsand fats built in
endoplasmic reticulum andprepares them for exportto outside of cell.
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LYSOSOMES
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Membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive
enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes)
Digest or break down complex organicmolecules such as proteins, lipids,
polysaccharides and nucleic acids
Also eliminate worn out mitochondria andother damaged organelles to enable a cell to
renew itself
Lysosomes also digest bacteria by breakingdown the bacteria cell wall
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CENTRIOLES
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Are paired cylindrical organelles just outside
the nucleus
Lie at right angles to each otherEach centriole consists of nine tubes, each
tubes with three tubules
Are found only in animal cellsInvolved in cell division (mitosis and
meiosis)
Migrate to opposite poles of the cell (duringcell division)
Produce spindle to assist the movements of
chromosomes
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CHLOROPLAST
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Lensshaped organelles
Have an inner and outer membrane
Contain the green pigment (chlorophyll) in
the granum/ grana
Chlorophyll traps sunlight and converts
light energy into chemical energy during
photosynthesis
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A cell can be thought as a factory, with differentdepartment each performing specialized task
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS ANDPLANT CELLS
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
Both has;nucleus, cytoplasm,
mithochondrion, ribosome, cell
membrane, endoplasmic reticulumand golgi apparatus
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS AND
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS ANDPLANT CELLS
ANIMAL CELL FEATURE PLANT CELL
Generally smaller SIZE Generally larger
Do not have fixedshape
SHAPE Fixed and regularshaped
Absent CELL WALL Thick, hardcellulose
Usually notpresent
VACUOLE Present
Absent CHLOROPLAST present
Present CENTRIOLE Absent
Glycogen FOOD STORAGE Starch
THE DENSITY OF ORGANELLES IN
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THE DENSITY OF ORGANELLES INSPECIFIC CELLS
The density of an organelle refers to thetotal number of that particular organelle
within the cell
Some cells have high densities of certainorganelles
Each organelles in a cell carries out a
specific functionLike organelles, cells are specialised in their
respective functions
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For a cell to perform its specialised function
well, it needs high densities of certainorganelles to coordinate and carry out that
specialised function
For example, cells that are specialised inproducing enzymesgenerally have more
endoplasmic reticulumand ribosomes to
synthesise proteins, and manymitochondriato supply enough energyfor
its activities
Types of cell Functions Organelles found
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Types of cell Functions Organelles found
abundantly or which occur
in high density
Sperm cells Require energy to propel
through the uterus towards the
Fallopian tubes, so that
fertilsation can take place
MitochondriaMuscle cell,
for example flight
muscle cells ininsects and birds
Contract and relax to enable
movement and flight
Meristematic cell Require large amount of energy
during active cell division to
produce new cells
Palisade mesophyll
cells
Absorb sunlight during
photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Pancreatic cells Synthesis and secrete
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Pancreatic cells Synthesis and secrete
enzymes and hormones
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum and golgi
apparatus
Cells in the salivaryglands Synthesise and secreteenzymes
Intestinal and stomach
epithelium
Secrete digestive enzymes
Liver cells Carbohydrate metabolism and
detoxification of drugs and
poisons
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Cells in the root cap Secrete a slimy lubricant that
helps the movement of roots
between soils particles
Golgi apparatus
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CELLORGANISATION
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LIVING PROCESS INUNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Unicellular organisms are single-cellorganisms capable of carrying out thefollowing basic life processes:
FeedingReproductionRespiration
ExcretionLocomotionSensitivity
Grow
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Amoeba sp
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General features
Free-living in freshwater environments aswell as in soil water
Has irregular shape
Its plasma membrane encloses the
cytoplasm; the outer layer (ectoplasm)and
the inner layer (endoplasm)Other cellular structures are a nucleus,
food vacuoles and a contractile vacuoles
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LOCOMOTION
It moves by flowing its cytoplasm forward,forming a pseudopodium that helps it to
move forward slowlyA pseudopodium means a false foot
This is also known as the amoeboidmovement
FEEDING
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FEEDINGIs an holozoic and eats algae, bacteria, plant
cells and other microscopic organismIt feeds by engulfing tiny food particleswith its pseudopodia, forming a bubble-likefood vacuole to contain the foodThe food vacuoles fuses with the lysosomeand the food is digested by a hydrolyticenzyme called lysozyme.
The resulting nutrient are absorbed into thecytoplasmIndigestible material is expelled
This is called phagocytosis
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OSMOREGULATION
Water continually moves into the amoebaby osmosis
To prevent the organism from bursting,
the contractile vacuole collects all theexcess water
When the vacuoles is full, it expel thewater outside the cell
The exchange of gases, nutrients andwaste substance occur through the plasmamembrane by diffusion
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REPRODUCTION
An amoeba sp reproduces asexually by;binary fission and formation of spores
Binary fission takes place (in favourableconditions and sufficient food supply) bymitotic division of a single parent cell
Formation of spores;
Its takes place when the conditions are dryand there is insufficient food
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CELL SPECIALIZATION IN MULTICELLULAR
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CELL SPECIALIZATION IN MULTICELLULARORGANISMS
TISSUES
CELLS
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
ORGANISM
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CELL ORGANISATION INANIMALS
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CELLS
Are the basic units of structure andfunction in living organisms
May serve a specific function within theorganism
Examples :
Red blood cells transport oxygen
Nerve cells transmit nerve impulses
TISSUE
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TISSUE
Made up of cells which are similar instructure and function and all are workingtogether to perform a specific activity
Can be classified into four main types;Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissueNerve tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
It is made up of cells closely packedandranged in one or more layers.Epithelial tissue covers the whole surfaceof the body(skin and mouth area) andinner linings of cavities (digestive tractand lung)Some undergo changes to form exocrine
and endocrine glandsFunction ; protective barrier againstinfections, mechanical injuries anddehydration (skin)
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Simple squamous epithelium
Epithelial tissue at the lining of lungs, body
cavities, heart and blood vessels
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Stratified epithelium
Epithelial tissue at the surface of the skin and
lining of the mouth and esophagus
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Epithelial tissue at the lining kidney tubules,
glands and ducts
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Simple columnar epithelium
Epithelial at the lining of the small intestine
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Ciliated columnar epithelium
Epithelial tissue at the lining of the trachea
M l ti
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Muscle tissue
Muscles can be divided into three maingroups according to their structure, e.g.:Are the basic units of structure andfunction in living organisms
Smooth muscle tissue (intestine, blood
vessels, urinary, reproductive tract)
Skeletal muscle tissue (arms and legs)
Cardiac muscle tissue (walls of the
heart)
Nerve tissue
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Nerve tissue
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Composed of neurons or nerve cells
Each neurons consists of cell body andnerve fibres called dendritesand axons
Specialised to detect stimuli and
transmit electric signals called nerveimpulse to muscles or glands
Nerve tissues control and coordinate
activity of the body
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Connective tissue
Consists of various types of cell andfibers separated by an extracellularmatrix
Loose connective tissue (bindsepithelia to underlying tissue andholds organ in place)
Dense fibrous connective tissue (canbe found in tendons and ligaments)
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Cartilage
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Cartilage
A strong and flexible connective tissue
The skeletons of sharks and humanembryos are composed of cartilage.
Provides flexible support for certain
structures in adult humans including thenose, trachea and ears.
AdiposeA form of loose connective tissue that
stores fat.
Bl d
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Blood
Produced in the bone marrow, located at
the end of long bonesHas regulating, transporting and protectivefunctions
Bone
Consists of cells embedded in a matrix ofcollagen which are hardened by mineraldeposits such as calcium.
Provides protection to organ and supportbody
TISSUE
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Epithelial
tissue
Muscle
tissue
Nerve
tissue
Connective
tissue
Stratifiedepithelium
Simple cuboidal
epithelium
Simple columnar
epithelium
Ciliated columnar
epithelium
Simple squamous
epithelium Smooth muscle
tissue
Skeletal muscle
tissue
Cardiac muscle
tissue
Bones
Blood
Adiposetissue
Cartilage
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
Loose connective
tissue
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ORGANS
Made up of two or more types of tissuesthat work together to perform a particularfunction
Some organs perform than one functionExamples:
The heart pumps blood around in the
bodyThe stomach digests food
The kidney get rid of waste substances
and control the amount of water in body
SKIN
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SKIN
SYSTEM
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SYSTEMAre group of two organs or more that work together to
perform a specific function for the organism
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
CELL ORGANISATION IN
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CELL ORGANISATION INPLANT
PLANT TISSUE
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PLANT TISSUE
MERISTEMIC
TISSUE
PERMANENT
TISSUE
EPIDERMAL
TISSUE
GROUND
TISSUE
VASCULAR
TISSUE
PHLOEMXYLEM
SCHELRENCHYMA
TISSUE
COLLENCHYMA
TISSUE
PARENCHYMA
TISSUE
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ORGANS AND SYSTEMS IN
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ORGANS AND SYSTEMS INPLANTS
Leaf, stem, root and flower are someexample of organs in plant
Flowering plant consists of two mainsystem;
Root system (all the root of the plant)
Shoot system (stems, leaves, buds,flowers and fruits)
REGULATING THE INTERNAL
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REGULATING THE INTERNALENVIRONMENT
Internal environmentthe interstitial
fluid and blood plasma
Interstitial fluid- fills the space between
the cells and constantly bathes the cellsExchanges the nutrients and wastesubstance with the blood plasma contained
in blood capillaries
FACTORS AFFECTING THE
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FACTORS AFFECTING THEINTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Physical factors
Temperature
Blood pressure
Osmotic pressure
Chemical factors
SaltSugar content
PH value
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HOMEOSTASIS
The maintenance of a relatively constantinternal environment for the cells to functionoptimally
In a homeostatic control, there must be amechanism thats consists of a;
Stimulus which is a change in the internalenvironment
Receptor to detect the stimulus
Corrective mechanism to bring about anegative feedback
BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
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BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
Normal
Sugar Level
Normal
Sugar Level
Blood sugar
level falls
Pancreas secretes
insulin
Blood sugar
level rises
Blood sugar
level falls
Blood sugar
level rises
Pancreas secretes
glucagon
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
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MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Consists of small cell which havethin walls, large nuclei, dense
cytoplasm and no vacuolesYoung actively dividing cells whichhave not undergo differentiation
Located at the tips of roots andbuds of shoots
PERMENANT TISSUE
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PERMENANT TISSUE
Mature tissue that have
undergone differentiation or arestill undergoing differentiation
EPIDERMAL TISSUE
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EPIDERMAL TISSUEThe outermost layer
Covers the stems, leaves and root ofyoung plants
Most epidermal cells are flat and have
large vacuolesCuticle is a cell which are exposed to theair which are covered with a waxy
waterproof coatingMinimises water loss, protects frommechanical injury and prevents invasion of
diseases
PARENCHYMA TISSUE
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Least specialised
Found in all the organs of a plant
Thin primary walls and largevacuoles
Store sugar and starch
Give support and shaped toherbaceous plants (turgid)
PARENCHYMA TISSUE
COLLENCHYMA TISSUE
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COLLENCHYMA TISSUE
Have unevenly thickness cell wall
Support non-woody (herbaceous) plant,young stems and petioles
SCLERENCHYMA TISSUE
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SCLERENCHYMA TISSUE
Have cell walls which areuniformly thickened by lignin andmay be dead
Give support and mechanicalstrength to mature regions of a
plant
XYLEM
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XYLEM
Consists mainly of xylem vesselsjoined together end to end (fromthe roots right up to the leaves)
Transport water and dissolvedmineral salts from the roots to
another parts of the plant
PHLOEM
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PHLOEM
Consists of sieve tubes which arearranged end to end to form longcontinuous tube-like structure
Transport organic compound (newsynthesised carbohydrates and aminoacids) from leaves to other part of
plants
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