Biological Control Strategies II
AugmentationAugmentation
Bio-control Strategies
• Classical Biological Control
• Augmentation
- Inundation
- Inoculation
• Conservation Biological Control
Augmentation Definition
It is the periodical introduction of natural enemies to achieve pest control. Natural enemies used in augmentation do not establish and need to be introduced each time pest populations reach the threshold level.
Augmentation
• Release of reared natural enemies• Temporary control• Natural enemy should be adapted to focus area• Easy to culture• Preference for pest species• Higher reproductive rate than pest• Good response to pest density• Nat.enem. Should not attack others Nat. enem.
Augmentation Begginings
• In England in 1895 the egg parasitoid Trichogramma became the first natural enemy to be reared and release to control arthropod pests.
• After this the techniques to rear natural enemies increase but it is only in the 1970s than mass rearing escalated correlating with the increase of their use in greenhouses.
When to use Augmentation?
• When natural enemies are absent or occur at low numbers
• When natural enemies appear late
Bio-control Strategies
• Classical Biological Control
• Augmentation
- Inundation
- Inoculation
• Conservation Biological Control
Inundative Biological Control
•For rapid biological control
• For low economic thresholds
•Control agents do not reproduce
Inoculation
•Control agents reproduce
•Agent persist longer than in inundative control
Bio-protectants
Products Used in Augmentation
• Macroorganisms
• Microorganisms
Why do you think pathogens are more common than parasitoids in
augmentative control?
Microorganism Mass Production
Microorganisms Release
Microorganism Storage and Transport
Macroorganism Mass Production
Macro organism Releases
Macroorganism Storage and Transport
Seasonal Inoculative Releases
• Greenhouses
• For natural
enemies that do
not tolerate cold weather
Steps for Augmentative Releases
• Identification of a market
• Identification of right strain
• Develop a method for mass production
• Develop of storage methods
• Develop of methods for transport
• Develop release methods and dosages
Macroorganism Strain
Microorganism Strain