Biological Biological ClassificationClassification
Group the following in any way Group the following in any way you would like, you would like,
but justify your grouping! but justify your grouping!
• Frogs• Bears• Ants• Spiders• Bacteria
• Humans• Dolphins• Sharks• Mushrooms• Pine Trees
Why do we Classify?Why do we Classify?
• To group organisms according to similarities
• Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
• Binomial Nomenclature - the formal system of naming species. (Bi = two, nomial = names)– Latin is the language in which scientific names are written.
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) a Swedish botanist , came up with the b.n. system.
• Aristotle was the first scientist to group organisms based on physical characteristics.
The 3 DomainsThe 3 Domains
Eubacteria Eukaryota
Archaea
The Five Kingdoms
The Three Domains
The 5 KingdomsThe 5 Kingdoms
Fungi
Animalia Plantae
Protista
Monera
The Five Kingdoms
Fungi
Animalia Plantae
Protista
Monera
The Five Kingdoms
7 Levels of Classification 7 Levels of Classification 1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest
7. Species
6. Genus
5. Family 4. Order
3. Class
2.Phylum
1. Kingdom
7 Levels of 7 Levels of ClassificationClassification
Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification
Common Pond Amoeba• KINGDOM: Protista • PHYLUM: Sarcomastigophora • CLASS: Sarcodina • ORDER: Granulopodea • FAMILY: Amoebidae• GENUS: Amoeba • SPECIES: Amoeba proteus
Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification
Humans• KINGDOM: Animalia • PHYLUM: Chordata• CLASS: Mammalia • ORDER: Primata • FAMILY: Hominidae • GENUS: Homo • SPECIES: Homo sapiens
Scientific NamesScientific Names
• The GENUS is the 1st word in the scientific name. Always capitalized
Example : Amoeba proteus
Homo sapiens
• The SPECIES is the 2nd word in the scientific name. Always lowercase
Example: Amoeba proteus
Homo sapiens
Phylogenetic TreePhylogenetic Tree• A Phylogenetic Tree is a way to organize living things
and show how they are related.
CladogramsCladograms
• Cladograms are a way to show shared or lost traits between related organisms
How do we know how to How do we know how to classify?classify?
• Similar Structures – The bones in a
bat’s wing are almost the same as the bones in a human hand
• Similar Behaviors– All mammals nurse
their young
• Similarities in genes (DNA sequence or proteins)– Human and
Primate DNA is 99% similar
Evidence for Evidence for Classification/EvolutionClassification/Evolution
• Homologous structures: similar bone structures in different organisms
• Fossil Record: Past organisms can be studied through fossils
• Gene similarities: matching DNA sequences
• Embryology: similar development patterns in unborn species of different species
• Hybridization: ability to successfully interbreed different species.
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures
EmbryologyEmbryology
HybridizationHybridization