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Complementary Nutri6on: Func6onal Foods and Dietary
Supplements BIOL 103, Chapter 3
Today’s Topics • Func6onal Foods
– Phytochemicals • Food Addi6ves
– Types & Regula6ons • Dietary Supplements:
– Vitamins and Minerals – Natural Health Products – Regula6ons and Claims
• Complementary and Alterna6ve Medicine
Func6onal Foods
• What is it? – Func%onal foods: a food that may provide a health benefit ________________ basic nutri6on.
• Foods can be classified as func6onal foods if they contain: – naturally-‐occurring phytochemicals – “vitamins, ________________, _______________, etc.” -‐ for6fica6on
Phytochemicals
• Phytochemicals are substances that have health benefits, but they may not be essen6al to life – makes food func6onal – act as ____________________________
• Neutralize free radicals • Reduce heart disease and cancer risk
– Found naturally in fruits, vegetable, whole grain, legumes, and wine
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Examples and Benefits of Phytochemicals
• Table 3.1: Examples of Func6onal Components 1. Lycopene (prostate health) 2. Omega-‐3 fa>y acids (heart, mental and visual
func6on) 3. Isoflavones/soy products (bone, brain, immune
system, menopause) 4. Probio%cs (gut health, immune system) 5. Flavonoids (cellular an6oxidants defenses)
Foods Enhanced with Func6onal Ingredients
• Foods can be enhanced with func6onal ingredients during ___________________
What is a free radical and what does it do?
– While the body metabolizes oxygen, 1-‐2% of cells will get damaged in the process à turn into ________________________ (“ac6ve oxidants”)
– Normally, free radicals oxidize/damage; this may lead to chronic diseases:
• DNA, cell structures à cancer and cell aging • Lipids à heart disease
Forma%on of Free Radicals
• Cellular and environmental factors can cause free radicals to form
• Free radicals can DNA damage
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How do phytochemicals work to prevent chronic disease?
• Phytochemicals such as flavonoids are an6oxidants that can ___________________ free radicals.
How do phytochemicals work to prevent chronic disease?
Phytoestrogens either modify estrogen metabolism or block effect of estrogen on cell growth
Regulatory Issues for Func6onal Foods
• To monitor the products, FDA categorizes into the following:
1. [Conven%onal] Food include: 1. the product that we eat/drink 2. components that make up the product.
2. Drug: substance intended to diagnose, cure, mi6gate, treat, prevent disease
3. Dietary Supplements: products meant to supplement a diet, but are not conven6onal foods.
4. “Food Addi%ves”
Food Addi6ves
• Addi%ves: substances added to food for various func6ons
• 2 types of addi6ves: 1. Direct 2. Indirect
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5 Purposes of Direct Addi6ves
1. Maintain product consistency
2. Improve or __________ nutri6onal value
3. Keep food appe6zing and wholesome
4. Provide leavening or control acidity and alkalinity
5. Enhance flavor or _____________
Vitamins as Food Addi6ves in Alcohol?
Alcohol Metabolism
Regula6on of Food Addi6ves by the FDA
• Addi6ves fall into 4 Regulatory Categories: 1. Food Addi6ves 2. Color Addi6ves 3. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substances 4. Prior-‐sanc6oned substances
Regula6on of Food Addi6ves by the FDA
1. Food Addi6ves • Must have FDA approval • ________________________ must prove safety
2. Color Addi%ves: any dye/pigment or other substance that can impact color when added to a food, drug, cosme6c, or to a human body.
• Cer6fied color addi6ves used in foods are man-‐made.
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Who loves Orange Juice? Regula6on of Food Addi6ves by the FDA
3. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS): substances that can be added to foods by manufacturers without establishing rigorous scien6fic tests.
4. Prior-‐sanc6oned Substances: substances that FDA and/or USDA determined were safe to use in specific foods before Sept 1958.
MSG Delaney Clause
• Delaney Clause: food and color addi6ves cannot be approved if they cause cancer in humans or animals. – Agree or Disagree?
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Strategies for Func6onal Food Use
• S6ck with science – Eat fruit and vegetables – Eat nutri6on-‐for6fied products as needed – Read, read, read (scien6fic ar6cles) – Be cri6cal of adver6sing and hype
• “if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is!”
Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals
• Various forms of dietary supplements: – Examples: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, glandular extracts, enzymes, etc.
• 2 levels of vitamin and mineral supplementa6on: 1. Moderate doses: ___________ the range of the
Daily Values (DVs) 2. Megadoses: high levels _________________ DVs
Who should seek moderate supplementa6on?
• Those with increased nutrient needs and/or poor intake include: 1. Women of childbearing
age who may become pregnant
2. Pregnant and breasneeding women
3. Women with heavy menstrual losses
4. Children (picky eaters)
Who should seek moderate supplementa6on?
6. People with severe food restric6on
7. Strict vegetarians who do not eat animal foods and dairy products
8. Elderly
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When looking for moderate supplementa6on…
• If you are looking for moderate supplementa6on: 1. Look for brands that
contain at least _______ vitamins and minerals
2. No more than ______% of your DV
Megadoses in Conven6onal Medical Management
• Situa6ons in which doctors are likely to prescribe megadoses: – Treatment of severe deficiencies – Malabsorp%on syndromes: when individual cannot absorb enough nutrients in their gut.
– Drug interac6ons • A vitamin at megadose levels can have “drug-‐like effects,” thus, pa6ents may suffer serious side-‐effects.
Megadosing Beyond Conven6onal Medicine: Orthomolecular Nutri6on
• Orthomolecular medicine: the preven6ve or therapeu6c use of high-‐dose vitamins to treat a disease. – Linus Pauling, 1968
• Q: Does consuming a lot of Vitamin C prevent cold?
Drawbacks of Megadoses
1. Can act as a drug 2. Can create deficits of other nutrients by
interfering with absorp6on of others 3. Can interfere with func6ons of other nutrients
• In general, more dangerous to megadose with minerals than vitamins
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Dietary Supplements: Natural Health Products
• Natural health products – Used in Herbal therapy (phytotherapy) – Liqle scien6fic evidence of efficacy, safety
• All foods are made up of _________ components – Adver6sements use “100% Natural” – The general American consumer believes that natural foods are more “wholesome, nutri6ous, and healthy.”
• Tradi6onal Herbalists vs. Conven6onal Medicine
Helpful Herbs, Harmful Herbs • NCCAM and NIH mission: to inves6gate using science to make sure herbs, herbal therapy and related prac6ces are safe and healthy
• Main idea: “if strong enough to help, strong enough to ____________” 1. Not all herbs are good for you 2. Poor quality 3. Too much herbs may cause nega6ve effects 4. Herbs may interact with doctor prescribed
medicines • Table 3.5 Herb-‐Drug Interac6ons
Dietary Supplement in the Marketplace
• Manufacturers have freedom of speech and press. • Thus, they are allowed to to a wide variety of claims for product effects without having to provide scien6fic evidence to support those claims.
FTC and Supplement Adver6sing
• FTC (Federal Trade Commission) is responsible for ensuring that adver6sements and commercials are truthful and do not mislead. – Depends on and encourages self-‐monitoring by the supplement industry
• FTC’s “Opera%on and Cure All” – online version
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FDA and Supplement Regula6on
• FDA has primary responsibility for regula6ng labeling and content of dietary supplements under 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Educa%on Act (DSHEA)
• So how do you know if it’s a dietary supplement?
The FDA and Supplement Regula6on
• Dietary supplements and their ingredients are NOT drugs and are NOT addi6ves. – Drugs require _____________ tests for safety, effec6veness, dosing, etc., BEFORE and AFTER marke6ng.
– Food addi6ves also require approval BEFORE marke6ng
• Supplement approval by FDA is not required – Thus, FDA must prove it isn’t safe AFTER it is on the market…
Supplement Labels • Mandatory requirements
are: 1. Name of Dietary
Supplement 2. Amount of dietary
supplement 3. Nutri6on Labeling 4. The Ingredient List 5. Name and place of
business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
Dietary Supplements and Claims
1. Health claims (associated with disease/health condi6on)
2. Structure/func6onal claims
– Must have “disclaimer” statement on label: “this statement has not been evaluated by the FDA.”
3. Nutrient content claims
– Consistent with defini6ons approved for foods
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Choosing Dietary Supplements
• Ask the following ques6ons: – Is the quan6ty enough to have an effect? – Is the product new to you?
– What is its bioavailability? • There is liqle data on bioavailability of herbal prepara6ons and other types of non-‐nutrient supplements.
Choosing Dietary Supplements
• Ask the following ques6ons (cont.): – Can it interact with any prescrip6on or other medica6ons you are taking?
– Does the product promise too much?
– Who is selling the product? • Mul%level marke%ng: system of selling in which each salesperson recruits assistants who then recruit others to help them. The person at each level collects a commission on sales made by later recruits.
Choosing Dietary Supplement • U.S. Pharmacopea (USP)
is a verifica6on mark that verifies: 1. Contains ingredients
declared on the label 2. Contains the amount or
strength of ingredients declared on the label
3. Meets requirements for limits on poten6al contaminants
4. Has been manufactured properly by complying with USP and FDA manufacturing standards
Fraudulent Products
• ~_____ of herbal supplements on the market may be outright fraudulent.
• Remember, dietary supplements, unlike foods and drugs, are not reviewed/tested to be effec6ve by the FDA.
• Examples of poten6al warning signs:
– Claim to be alterna6ves to FDA-‐approved drugs – Claim to be legal alterna6ve to steroids – Marketed primarily in a foreign language/mass emails
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Complementary and Alterna6ve Medicine (CAM)
• Complementary and Alterna6ve Medicine (CAM): therapies and treatment outside the medical mainstream. – Alterna6ve à prac6ces used in ___________ of conven6onal medicine.
– Complementary à prac6ces used in ___________ to conven6onal medicine.
• 40% adults and 12% children in America use some form of CAM therapy.
CAM and Nutri6on • Alterna6ve nutri6on prac6ces
include diets to prevent and treat diseases not shown to be ___________-‐related
• Usually alterna6ve nutri6on prac6ces are: – Overly restric6ve – Depart from established
guidelines (My Plate) – Lack rigorous scien6fic evidence – Reliance on raw foods, herbal/
botanical supplements, megadoses of vitamin/mineral supplements
CAM and Nutri6on
• Nutri6on in CAM 1. Vegetarian diets (alterna6ve)
• When individual go “meatless” to treat a disease
2. Macrobio%cs diet (alterna6ve) • Emphasizes fresh and unprocessed food, low-‐fat, whole grains, vegetables, and less fluids.
Food Restric6on and Food Prescrip6ons
• Many socie6es use dietary changes to treat or prevent illness – The treatments are ________________ à diets are based on cultural factors than science.
• Fad diets most oven eventually fail because they do not work. – The few that prove effec6ve and have a scien6fic basis become integrated into conven6onal nutri6on and diet therapy.