Transcript
Page 1: Biofertilizers An input less exploited

BiofertilizersAn input less exploited

A.K. YadavNational Centre of Organic Farming

Ghaziabad

Page 2: Biofertilizers An input less exploited

Types of BiofertilizersBiofertilizers covered under FCO

Other Biofertilizers not covered in FCO

RhizobiumAzotobacterAzospirillumPSBMycorrhiza

AcetobacterFraturia aurantiaPseudomonas as PGPRMixed culturesEffective microorganisms

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Advantages of Biofertilizer UseN-Biofertilizers can provide 25-30% of chemical fertilizer

equivalent NPSB biofertilizer can provide 12-20 kg P2O5/ha/seasonMycorrhiza can provide adequate, P, other micro nutrients

and help in increased water absorptionMixed biofertilizer give better impactKeep soils biologically activeHelp in soil health maintenance

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Economics of biofertilizer use (Liquid)

Biofertilizer/ crop Quantity required lit/ha

Cost of application (Rs/ha)

Amount of nutrient mobilized kg/ha

Rhizobium in legumes 0.2-1.0 lit 40 - 200 25 – 35 kg N

Azotobacter/ Azospirillum in non-legumes

0.5 – 2.0 lit 80 - 400 20 - 25 kg N

Azoto+Azosp+PSB 0.5 – 2.0 lit 80 - 400 20 kg N + 12 kg P

Mixed inoculants 0.5 – 2.0 lit 80 - 400 25 kg N +15 kg P

Mycorrhiza 2.00 – 5.00 kg

200-500 20-25 kg P + micronutrients+ moisture

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Quality Specifications under FCO(i) Base Carrier based* in form of moist/dry powder or granules, or liquid based

(ii) Viable cell count CFU minimum 5x107 cell/g of powder, granules or carrier material or 1x108 cell/ml of liquid.

(iii) Contamination level No contamination at 105 dilution

(iv) pH 6.5-7.5

(v) Particles size in case of carrier based material.

All material shall pass through 0.15-0.212mm IS sieve

(vi) Moisture percent by weight, maximum in case of carrier based.

30-40%

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Efficiency Requirement for Strains usedS. No.

Parameter Specification requirement

(vii) Efficiency charactera.For Rhizobium

b.For Azotobacter

c.For Azospirillum

a.For PSB

Should show effective nodulation on all the species listed on the packet.The strain should be capable of fixing at least 10 mg of nitrogen per g of sucrose consumedFormation of white pellicle in semisolid N-free bromothymol blue mediaThe strain should have phosphate solubilizing capacity in the range of minimum 30%, when tested spectrophotometrically. In terms of zone formation, minimum 5mm solubilization zone in prescribed media having at least 3mm thickness

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Specifications for Mycorrhizai. Form/base Fine Powder/ tablets/ granules/ root

biomass mixed with growing substrate

ii. Particle size for carrier based powder formulations

90% should pass through 250 micron IS sieve (60 BSS)

iii. Moisture content percent maximum

8 -12

iv. pH 6.0 to 7.5

v. Total viable propagules/ gm of product, minimum

100 /gm of finished product

V. Infectivity potential 80 infection points in test roots/gm of mycorrhizal inoculum used

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Quality control Issues for other Microbial formulationsStudies are being made to define minimum

standards and testing protocols for all biological and organic inputs at NCOF

5 biofertilizers and 3 organic fertilizers covered under FCO

Efforts are under way to define standards and quality methods for Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Mixed cultures, KMB and EM

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Production Scenario

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Important Biofertilizer Producing States

Above Six states account for 86% of total Biofertilizer production in the country

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Production Technology Biofertilizer

Carrier based Liquid basedAdvantages•Cheap•Easier to produce •Less investmentDisadvantages•Low shelf life•Temperature sensitive•Contamination prone•Low cell count•Less effective•Automation difficult

Advantages•Longer shelf life•Easier to produce•Temperature tolerant•High cell count•Contamination free•More effectiveDisadvantages•High cost•Higher investment for production unit

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Poor AcceptabilityPoor Acceptability among farmers may be

attributed to:a.Inconsistent responsesb.Poor quality of carrier based productsc.Sensitivity to temperature and short shelf lifed.Non-compatibility with chemical seed dressers/

fertilizerse.Poor organic carbon in soilsf. Dependence for supply on Government system

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Corrective measures needed at production stagePoor quality unsterile carrier is biggest constraintReplace lignite/ charcoal with other carriers having high

moisture potentialSuch as Exfoliated vermiculite, ppt grade silica, Quartz or

inert mineral powder enriched with synthetic water holding gels.

All carriers must be sterilized andProduct handling process must be automaticProduct must be free from contamination

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Liquid Biofertilizers Ideal SolutionEfforts needed to replace existing carrier based system

to liquid system as it is:a.Easier to produceb.100% automation possiblec.Product can be 100% steriled.Offer higher shelf life, higher cell counte.Temperature tolerantf. Easy to apply through mechanical means

Under Network Project on Biofertilizers, ICAR has launched liquid formulations. Details available from NCOF/ICAR

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Need for State-of-the-Art Production unitsCertificate of manufacture to be granted only to the

competent unitsHaving fully automatic product handling and packaging

systemCarrier sterilization facilityLiquid production units with fully automatic operation be

preferredSmall units with manual production systems and small

fermenters/shake flask are not successful

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Corrective measures Needed In ApplicationEfficiency of biofertilizers depend on organic

carbon in soila.Use both as seed treatment and soil treatmentb.For soil treatment mix with compost c.PSB to be used as soil treatment with compostd.Mixed application of biofertilizers to be promoted

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Introduction of Mixed Inoculants

Use of multiple incoulants have proved beneficial over single inoculants

Many producers have launched mixed liquid inoculants having Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB.

NCOF has found them suitable with individual count of 1x107 and total count > 5x 108

States can promote use of mixed inoculants

Under Network Project on Biofertilizers, ICAR has launched liquid formulations for such mixed inoculants. Details available from NCOF/ICAR

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Encourage Direct supply to farmersMajority of the biofertilizer is being routed

through Government agencies which needs to be discontinued

Encourage producers to develop direct marketing channels and supply to farmers directly.

Subsidy can be provided on the lines of chemical fertilizers to the manufacturers or to the farmers directly.

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Financial Support Adequate financial support is available under

most of the schemes both for capital investment and supply of produce

Subsidy at 25% of TFO up to Rs. 40 lakh available through Banks/NABARD under NPOF

States can also avail assistance under RKVY

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North and Eastern state Need to Give AttentionSouthern states have successfully harvested the

potential of biofertilizers.States of Maharashtra and MP have also fared wellBut other states are legging behindPSB is the most potential biofertilizer and needs to be

promoted on priorityPSB strains are not affected by high fertilizer dosesPunjab, Haryana and UP to chalk out specific strategies

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North

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North East

West

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Need to Harvest growing fixed nutrient reserveOut of total P, K and micronutrients, 70% gets

fixed and remain in soilReserve is increasingMicrobial enrichment of soil is only optionTherefore multiple microorganism cultures need

to be providedPSB, KMB, EM and ZnSB application is to

resorted on regular basis

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Mycorrhiza a potential biofertilizerMycorrhiza a potential biofertilizer mobilizes P, Fe,

Zn, B and other trace elementsAlso supplies moisture from far-off nichesIdeal for long duration cropsSuch as Sugarcane, fruit plants and plantation cropsFound to be effective in cereals and millet crops alsoBeing dry powder resistant to contamination and can

be stored up to 2 years.

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Other BiofertilizersIndustry has launched many new biofertilizers. They have been found to

be effective and needs to be promoted

Acetobacter diazotrophicus – Endophytic N-fixer in sugarcane

K-mobilizer (Fraturia and Bacillus sp)

Zn- solubilizer (Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus)

EM- Effective microorganisms – a mixture of Yeasts, Lactobacillus and

Rhodopseudomonas. Excellent for quick residue degradation and fixed

nutrient solubilization

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Use Biofertilizers

For Healthy and living soil