Biodiversity of Life: Introduction to Biological Classification
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Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
BiosphereBiosphere• While the earth is huge, life is found in a While the earth is huge, life is found in a
very narrow layer, called the biosphere. If very narrow layer, called the biosphere. If the earth could be shrunk to the size of an the earth could be shrunk to the size of an apple, the biosphere would be no thicker apple, the biosphere would be no thicker than the apple's skin.than the apple's skin.
• The biosphere, like the human body, is The biosphere, like the human body, is made up of systems that interact and are made up of systems that interact and are dependent on each other. dependent on each other.
BiosphereBiosphere
• Biosphere is part of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere that contains living organisms.
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
• The biosphere’s systems are called ECOSYSTEMS.
• All ecosystems must have a constant source of energy (usually the sun) and cycles or systems to reuse raw materials.
• Examples: water, nitrogen and carbon cycles etc.
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Ecological Levels
BioBiodiversitydiversity
Diversity = Variety
What does “Diversity” mean?
BioBiodiversitydiversity
Diversity = Variety
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential
interdependence of all living things.
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Biodiversity• Biodiversity:
The total number of species (est. 15 million)
The variability of their genes, and
The ecosystems in which they live
• Extinction:
The death of the last member of a species
Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide
3 components of biodiversity
1. Diversity of genesChihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all dogs—but they're not the same because their genes are different.
ChihuahuaChihuahua BeagleBeagle
RottweilersRottweilers
3 components of biodiversity
2. Diversity of speciesFor example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. are all different species.
Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty
3 components of biodiversity
3. Variety of Ecosystems3. Variety of Ecosystems
Prairies, Ponds, and tropical rain forests are all Prairies, Ponds, and tropical rain forests are all ecosystems. Each one is different, with its own ecosystems. Each one is different, with its own set of species living in it.set of species living in it.
Paines PrairieHoh Rain Forest
Florida Sand Pond
The Challenge
• Biologists have identified and named over 15 million species so far.
• They estimate that about 100 million species have yet to be identified.
Why Do We Classify Organisms?• ____________ • is the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming,
and classifying organisms.• Systematics – Broader science of classifying organisms based on similarity,
biogeography, etc.– Systematic zoologists have three goals
• To discover all species of animals• To reconstruct their evolutionary relationships• To classify animals according to their evolutionary
relationships
• 1. Why Classify?– To study the diversity of life– To organize and name organisms
• 2. Why give scientific names?– Common names are misleading
Finding Order in Diversity
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jellyfish silverfish star fish
None of these animals are fish!
Some organisms have several common names
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This cat is commonly known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
Origin of Scientific Names
• By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing.
• Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species.
• They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification –
binomial nomenclature
a. Two name naming system
b. Gave organisms 2 names
Genus (noun) and species (adjective)
Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778)
Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for
modern taxonomy
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus
Rules for naming organisms
1. Written is Latin (unchanging)
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase
3. Both names are italicized or underlined
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
Hierarchical Classification
• Taxonomic categories– Kingdom King– Phylum Philip– Class Came– Order Over– Family For– Genus Green– Species Soup
Kingdoms and Domains
• In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae.
• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.
The Five Kingdom SystemMonera
bacteria
Protista
Amoeba, slime mold
Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, molds
Plantae flowering plants, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants
Animalia mammals, birds, insects, fishes, worms, sponges
The Six Kingdom System
• In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups.
• As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-kingdom system of classification.
Classification of Living Things
The three-domain system
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
EubacteriaArchae-bacteria
Protista Plantae Animalia
The six-kingdom system
Fungi
The Three-Domain System
• Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently.
• This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.
The Three Domains
• The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following:
• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals
• Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.
• Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
Modern Classification
• Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent.
• Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus.
Genus: Felis Genus: Canis
Similarities in DNA and RNA
• Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships.
• They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.
Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
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As we move from the kingdom level
to the species level, more and more members are
removed.
Each level is more specific.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs
Examples Methanogens
Thermophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria
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E. coli
Streptococcus
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Bacteria and Archaea Roles in Ecosystem
• Can cause disease
– Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis
• Photosynthesis and oxygen production
• Food source
• Nutrient transfer
• Decomposition
• Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria
Spirulina
Kingdom Protista
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Paramecium
Green algae
Amoeba
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,
The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom
Protista – Roles in Ecosystem• Photosynthesis and oxygen
production• Food source (brown, red, green
algae)– Animal feed, fertilizers– Algae sheets used in some Japanese
dishes– Additive to puddings, ice cream, salad
dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate)
• Can cause disease– Avian malaria, human malaria,
amoebic dysentery
Protista and Red Tides• Population explosion
of dinoflagellates• Neurotoxin released• Shellfish concentrate
toxin• Humans can be
killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin
http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg
Kingdom Fungi
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Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar
Nutrition Heterotroph
Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold
Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS
American chestnut, late 1800s
Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem• Food source
– Mushrooms, truffles, morels
– Fungal colonies in cheeses give them their flavor
– Beer and wine produced with yeasts
• Antibiotics
• Crop parasites– Cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious
disease
• Claviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot (natural source for LSD)
• Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight
Claviceps purpureaClaviceps purpurea
Caribou feeding on lichens
• Benefit wildlife– Food, nest sites, hiding cover
Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem
• Symbiosis - mutualism– Lichens (fungus+alga)
– Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizal fungi
Lichen
Kingdom Plantae
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Ferns : seedless vascular
Sunflowers: seeds in flowers
Douglas fir: seeds in cones
Mosses growing on trees
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph
Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
American chestnut, late 1800s
Plants – Roles in Ecosystem• Food source• Generate oxygen• Provide habitat for
humans and wildlife
List 3 functional roles that plants play in your life.
Kingdom Animalia
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Sage grouse
Poison dart frog
Bumble bee
Sponge
Jellyfish
Hydra
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Heterotroph
Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals
Animals – 2 main groups
Invertebrates & Vertebrates
Animals - Invertebrates• Phylum Porifera
• Phylum Cnidaria
• Phylum Mollusca
• Phylum Echinodermata
• Phylum Arthropoda
Animals - Invertebrates
• Phylum Proifera– Sponges, primitive filter feeders
• Phylum Cnidaria– Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
• Phylum Mollusca– Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams– Gastropods – snails, slugs– Cephalopods – squids, octopi
• Phylum Echinodermata– Sea urchins and sea stars
• Phylum Arthropoda– Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and
more
Animals - Vertebrates• 50,000 vertebrates
• 2 groups– Jawless forms (Class Agnatha)
• Hagfishes, lampreys
– Jawed forms – most of the animals we know• Condrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes, sharks, rays
• Osteichthyes – bony fishes
• Amphibia – salamanders, frogs, toads
• Reptilia – snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles
• Aves – birds
• Mammalia - mammals
Animals – Vertebrate Classes
CondrichthyesCondrichthyes
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm
Animals – Vertebrate Classes
OsteichthyesOsteichthyes
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm
Animals – Vertebrate Classes
AmphibiaAmphibia
www.natureserve.org
Animals – Vertebrate Classes
ReptiliaReptilia
www.natureserve.org
Animals – Vertebrate Classes
AvesAves
Animals – Vertebrate Classes
MammaliaMammalia
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God’s Creation
EcologyEcologyGod RestedGod Rested77
Zoology, Cytology, Zoology, Cytology, Genetics, Genetics,
Land animals; manLand animals; man66
Ornithology, IchthyologyOrnithology, IchthyologyBirds and FishesBirds and Fishes55
Astronomy, CosmologyAstronomy, CosmologySun, moon, starsSun, moon, stars44
Oceanography, Geography, Oceanography, Geography, Marine biology, BotanyMarine biology, BotanyLand, water, plantsLand, water, plants33
MeteorologyMeteorologySky Sky 22
Physics, MathematicsPhysics, MathematicsLightLight11
Branch of ScienceBranch of ScienceCreationCreationDayDay
• God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.
• Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array.
• By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work. Then God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done.
• Genesis 1:31-Genesis 2:1-2
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God’s Creation
EcologyEcologyGod RestedGod Rested77
Zoology, Cytology, Zoology, Cytology, Genetics, Genetics,
Land animals; manLand animals; man66
Ornithology, IchthyologyOrnithology, IchthyologyBirds and FishesBirds and Fishes55
Astronomy, CosmologyAstronomy, CosmologySun, moon, starsSun, moon, stars44
Oceanography, Geography, Oceanography, Geography, Marine biology, BotanyMarine biology, Botany
Land, water, plantsLand, water, plants33
MeteorologyMeteorologySky Sky 22
Physics, MathematicsPhysics, MathematicsLightLight11
Branch of ScienceBranch of ScienceCreationCreationDayDay
Very good, Completed, Blessed, Holy