BiochemistryBiochemistry
Section 1: Compounds Important to LifeSection 1: Compounds Important to Life
Two Types of CompoundsTwo Types of Compounds
Inorganic
Organic
WaterWaterInorganicOne of the most
important compounds for living things
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
InorganicOne of the most
important compounds for living things
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
Water is PolarWater is Polar
H Bonds Form Between Water Molecules
H Bonds Form Between Water Molecules
H Bonds Form
Between Water
Molecules
H Bonds Form
Between Water
Molecules
6 Unique Properties of H2O6 Unique Properties of H2O
1. Universal Solvent2. High Surface Tension3. Capillary Action4. Resistance to Temperature
Change5. High Heat of Vaporization6. Freezing
1. Universal Solvent2. High Surface Tension3. Capillary Action4. Resistance to Temperature
Change5. High Heat of Vaporization6. Freezing
Universal Solvent
Universal Solvent
Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
High Surface Tension
High Surface Tension
Capillary Action
Capillary Action
Resistance to Temperature ChangeResistance to Temperature Change
High Heat of VaporizationHigh Heat of Vaporization
Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds
6
CCarbon12.011
Carbon CompoundsCarbon CompoundsStraight Chains
Rings
Branched Chains
Carbon CompoundsCarbon CompoundsSingle Covalent Bond
Double Covalent Bond
Triple Covalent Bond
Condensation ReactionsCondensation Reactions
OHH OHH OHH
H OH
H2O H2OMonomer
Polymer
Hydrolysis ReactionsHydrolysis Reactions
OHH OHH OHH
H OH
H2O H2O
OH H OH H
Section 2: Organic CompoundsSection 2: Organic Compounds
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
Glucose Fructose
GeneralFormula =CnH2nOn
Isomers: same molecular formula,different structural formula
Both are C6H12O6
Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide
Glucose + Fructose Sucrose
Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide
Glucose Fructose
H2O
Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide
Glucose Fructose
H2O
Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide
Sucrose Glycosidic Bond
Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide
Glucose: C6H12O6
+Fructose: C6H12O6
- H2O________
Sucrose: C12H22O11
CelluloseCellulose
Formation of a TriglycerideFormation of a Triglyceride
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Triglyceride
Formation of a TriglycerideFormation of a Triglyceride
Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails3 H2O
Formation of a TriglycerideFormation of a Triglyceride
Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails3 H2O
Formation of a TriglycerideFormation of a Triglyceride
A TriglycerideEster Linkage
Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsSaturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsSaturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Phospholipids in water
Formation of a PolypeptideFormation of a Polypeptide
Amino Acid + Amino Acid + … Polypeptide
Formation of a PolypeptideFormation of a Polypeptide
Serine Valine Tyrosine Cysteine
3 H2O
Formation of a PolypeptideFormation of a Polypeptide
Serine Valine Tyrosine Cysteine
3 H2O
Formation of a PolypeptideFormation of a Polypeptide
A Short PolypeptidePeptide Bond
Formation of a ProteinFormation of a Protein
Protein
Polypeptide
Enzymes are CatalystsEnzymes are Catalysts
Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.
Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.
Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Enzymes lower AEEnzymes lower AE
Activation Energy: the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Activation Energy: the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Enzymes lower AEEnzymes lower AE
Enzyme-Substrate SpecificityEnzyme-Substrate Specificity
Substrate: molecule on which an enzyme actsAn enzyme binds to a substrate and
stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur.
The key to an enzyme’s activity is its shape.Active Site: location on an enzyme where
the substrate bindsEach substrate can only bind to one
enzyme.
Substrate: molecule on which an enzyme actsAn enzyme binds to a substrate and
stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur.
The key to an enzyme’s activity is its shape.Active Site: location on an enzyme where
the substrate bindsEach substrate can only bind to one
enzyme.
Enzyme-Substrate SpecificityEnzyme-Substrate Specificity
Enzyme-Substrate SpecificityEnzyme-Substrate Specificity
Enzymes canbe reused!
Effect of Temperature on EnzymesEffect of Temperature on Enzymes
Effect of pH on EnzymesEffect of pH on Enzymes
DenaturationDenaturationEnzymes become denatured
when exposed to high temperatures or adverse pH.
How do enzymes become denatured?
Enzymes become denatured when exposed to high temperatures or adverse pH.
How do enzymes become denatured?
Effect of [Enzyme] onEnzymatic ReactionsEffect of [Enzyme] onEnzymatic Reactions
Effect of [Substrate] onEnzymatic Reactions
Effect of [Substrate] onEnzymatic Reactions
E
17 X
1/2 1/3 1/9
17 X
1/2 1/3 1/9
E
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA&
RNA
DNA&
RNA