6-1 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Behavioral Interviewing Techniques
Chapter 6
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-2
Behavioral Interviewing
Application of communication theory and patterns of behavior to guide the interview process
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-3
Behavior Learning Model Approximately
99 percent of the stimuli to the brain are received unconsciously
About 80 percent of this is taken in by the eyes
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-4
Neuro-linguistic Programming “Neuro” refers to the brain
Behavior originates from the five senses
“Linguistics,” the way that we communicate both verbally and non-verbally Follows the paths provided in the
brain
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-5
Neuro-linguistic Programming “Programming” refers to the unique
way that humans manipulate the signals and convert them into useful information Influenced by experience and
behaviors
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-6
Facial Coding
The facial coding system (FACS) is a comprehensive, anatomically based method of measuring all visually discernible facial movement
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-7
Facial Expressions
Five universal expressions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and enjoyment
Embarrassment has been identified
Gaze down, smile, head turn or face touch, and then lip press
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-8
The Future
Computer software has been developed for face recognition and coding of expressions
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-9
Sensatory Verbal Communication
Visual Auditory Kinesthetic We all have a predominant sense, either
sight or sound or touch, known as being visual, auditory, or kinesthetic
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-10
Visual Thought Process Persons The majority of the population are
visual processors. The principal values of the visual
modality are dynamism and perfection. Hand and arms moving near their
neck level when they are talking is common
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-11
Verbal Examples of the Visual Thought Process Do I have to draw you a picture? I don’t see why I am here, you are
looking at the wrong guy! Look at it this way. I see what you mean!
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-12
Auditory Thought Process Persons Approximately 20% of the
population are auditory. They are impacted by what they
hear. They are the great speakers,
singers, and musicians. They tend to speak moderately and
rhythmically. Moderate your vocal rate and breathe deeply to communicate with this personality.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-13
Verbal Examples of the Auditory Thought Process I hear what you are saying. Listen to this! Tell me what you mean! Aren’t you listening to me?
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-14
Kinesthetic Thought Process Persons A small percentage of the population They feel what they are thinking Impacted by emotions and feelings,
not necessarily facts or charts Note if their gaze is frequently down
and their breathing is slow and deep. Slow down and be particularly calm to communicate with this personality.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-15
Verbal Examples of the Kinesthetic Thought Process I feel your pain. I know what you are going through,
how you feel. How can you not feel it? I feel just terrible!
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-16
Eye Movement
Everyone processes in all three modes, but develops a dominant pattern of response Establish a baseline for the subject Watch the direction of the subject’s
eyes in response to visual, auditory, or kinesthetic terms during a rapport building phase
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-17
Visual Modality
You will notice that they access visual representations by looking up very often when they are talking.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-18
Visual ModalityEye Accessing Cues Eyes straight ahead and
defocused — probably remembered/recall
Eyes up and left — recall things the person has seen before
Eyes up and right — things the person creates in the mind, the image is new
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-19
Visual Modality Voice Cues
Tend to speak quickly — paint word pictures
Tend to breathe high in their chests
Voice quality high-pitched, nasal, strained
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-20
Visual Modality Behavior Accessing Cues They
communicate by gesturing up with their hands
Tend to stand erect with their shoulders more or less straight across
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-21
Auditory ModalityEye Accessing Cues
You will notice that he often accesses auditory mental representations by looking side to side when speaking or thinking about things.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-22
Auditory ModalityEye Movement Eyes sideways and right —
auditory construct/create Eyes sideways and left — person
remembers/recalls Eyes down and left — auditory
digital or self-talk
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-23
Auditory ModalityVoice Accessing Cues Tend to be selective about words
they use Breathe evenly from the
diaphragm or whole chest More resonant voices Speech slower, rhythmic, and
measured
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-24
Auditory Modality Behavior Person’s head
balanced or cocked to the side
Hands/arms move below the shoulder level — point to their ear(s) when asked to explain something
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-25
Kinesthetic ModalityEye Accessing Cues You will notice that they
access visual representations by looking down very often when they are talking.
Eyes down and right — touch, feelings, tactile sensations, muscle movements, emotions
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-26
Kinesthetic ModalityBehavior Cues Person’s head down, neck and
shoulders relaxed Person’s hands/arms movement
lower near stomach level — usually slower and more deliberate than other two groups
React, primarily to feelings
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-27
Kinesthetic ModalityVoice Accessing Cues Tend to speak slowest of all Deep breathing low in stomach Low, deep tonality
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-28
Limitations and Differences Some people’s eye movements will be
reversed from the normal pattern Occurs with “true” left-handed persons
Men tend to look more consistently in one direction
Women show more of a mix; could be that cerebral organization may be more lateralized in men than women. Women tend to scan.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-29
Emotions and Observable Behaviors Emotions can’t be called forth on
command or terminated simply by choice
Do not rely on expressive characteristics alone to determine guilt or innocence
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-30
Reliable Facial Expressions — Lips Corners go down =
sadness, sorrow, or grief
Thinner and less visible = anger
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-31
Reliable Facial Expressions — Lips Angling up at the corners =
contempt Lower lip pushed by the chin
muscle and the corners tightened or down without any evidence of the muscle around the eyes tightening = miserable smile
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-32
Reliable Facial Expressions — Eyes Smiling face with lower eyelids
straight across, covering part of the iris of the eye and wrinkles below the eye disappear = wariness, guardedness, or anger
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-33
Reliable Facial Expressions — Eyebrows Center forehead muscles wrinkling
and inner corners of the eyebrow typically pulled upward = sadness, grief, or distress
Eyebrows raised and pulled together = fear, worry, or concentration
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-34
False Emotions Signaled by Expression Crooked expression, particularly
more visible on the left side of the face is not felt
Expressions of long duration are likely false
False smile will not be accompanied by involvement of the eye muscles
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-35
Possible Indications of Deceit — Eyes Increased blinking = emotional
arousal such as excitement, anger, or fear
Eyelids tend to close longer than a normal blink = hears something they disagree with
Pupils dilate = emotional arousal such as excitement, anger, or fear
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-36
Possible Indications of Deceit — Face Face blushing = embarrassment or
shame Face turning red = anger
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-37
Establishing Authority Authority stances = hands on hips, feet
spread apart Clothing must be professional attire or
clean uniform Don’t wear obviously cheap trappings
such as string-bead bracelets Cruiser must be clean and polished
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-38
Qualifiers Qualifier is a word that modifies or
limits the meaning of the phrase Using “it” to refer to victim or
perpetrator Used to soften the image, lessen
guilt, or describe an imaginary situation
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-39
Hedging
Hedging is a lack of commitment to the statement Example: “I think …”
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-40
Emblems
Emblems are gestures that are often unconscious Head shaking “yes” or “no”
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-41
Manipulators
Manipulators are poor indicators of deceit Lip biting and lip sucking
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-42
Physiological Changes
Look for physiological changes which are difficult to control Changes in skin color, voice tone,
breathing rate
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-43
Detecting Deceit No gesture, facial expression, or
muscle twitch by itself means a person is lying
The polygraph only measures arousal of emotion, not which emotion is felt
Absence of a sign of deceit is not evidence of truth
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6-44
Detecting Deceit Make comparisons between
suspect’s usual behavior and when under suspicion
The person may feel and exhibit an emotion about being suspected of lying
Discount the sign of the emotion as a clue to deceit if suspect is likely to have the feeling when truthful