BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND
BASIC GENETICS
BHARTI MPH
BASIC BIOLOGICAL BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTSCONCEPTS
CELLCELL
A cell is a smallest unit that is A cell is a smallest unit that is capable of performing life functioncapable of performing life function
Cell Theory Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cellAll living things are made up of cell Cells are the smallest working units of all Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.living things. All cells come from preexisting cells All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.through cell division.
TYPES OF CELLSTYPES OF CELLS
(1)(1) Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
(2)(2) Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell
CHARACTERSTICS OF CHARACTERSTICS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLPROKARYOTIC CELL
1.Do not have structures surrounded by 1.Do not have structures surrounded by membranes.membranes.
2.Few internal structures.2.Few internal structures. 3. One –celled organism , Bacteria3. One –celled organism , Bacteria
CHARACTERSTICS OF CHARACTERSTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLEUKARYOTIC CELL
Contain organelles surrounded by Contain organelles surrounded by membranes.membranes.
Most living organisms.Most living organisms.
IT IS OF TWO TYPES:IT IS OF TWO TYPES:
(1)(1) Animal cellAnimal cell
(2)(2) Plant cellPlant cell
DIFFERENT ORGANELLES DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF ANIMAL CELLOF ANIMAL CELL
Ribosome'sRibosome's Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus LysosomesLysosomes MitochondriaMitochondria CytoplasmCytoplasm NucleusNucleus Cell MembraneCell Membrane
BACTERIABACTERIA
Simple structureSimple structure Lacks membrane – bound nucleusLacks membrane – bound nucleus Enormous range of metabolic activitiesEnormous range of metabolic activities Few bacteria causes diseaseFew bacteria causes disease Usually they contain peptidoglycanUsually they contain peptidoglycan Gives shape & mechanical strength to Gives shape & mechanical strength to
the cellthe cell
CLASSIFICATION ON THE CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STAININGBASIS OF STAINING
Bacteria can be divided into two groups on Bacteria can be divided into two groups on the basis of gram staining.the basis of gram staining.
Gram positive bacteriaGram positive bacteria Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteria
SHAPESSHAPES
Round shape (cocci)Round shape (cocci) Rod shape (bacilli)Rod shape (bacilli) Spiral shape (Spring like)Spiral shape (Spring like)
BACTERIAL DISEASEBACTERIAL DISEASE
DiptheriaDiptheria TuberculosisTuberculosis Whooping coughWhooping cough TetanusTetanus CholeraCholera Typhoid feverTyphoid fever Bacterial DysentryBacterial Dysentry
VIRUSVIRUS
Sub-microscopic infectious agent Sub-microscopic infectious agent Unable to grow or reproduce outside a Unable to grow or reproduce outside a
host cellhost cell Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)
VIRAL DISEASESVIRAL DISEASES
InfluenzaInfluenza Common coldCommon cold Small poxSmall pox MumpsMumps MeaslesMeasles German measlesGerman measles PoliovirusPoliovirus Yellow feverYellow fever
FUNGIFUNGI
Eukaryotic organismEukaryotic organism Heterotrophic organisms possessing a Heterotrophic organisms possessing a
chitinous cell wallchitinous cell wall Some fungal species grow as single cellSome fungal species grow as single cell Examples: yeasts, molds, mushroomsExamples: yeasts, molds, mushrooms Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed
inflamed skin under patch, severe irritationinflamed skin under patch, severe irritation
DISEASE CAUSED BY DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGIFUNGI
Athlete's footAthlete's foot Head ringwormHead ringworm CandidiasisCandidiasis
PROTOZOAPROTOZOA
One –celled animalsOne –celled animals Smallest of all animalsSmallest of all animals Most of them can only be seen under a Most of them can only be seen under a
microscopemicroscope They do breathe, move, reproduce like They do breathe, move, reproduce like
multi celled animalsmulti celled animals
Live in water where it is dampLive in water where it is damp Example: paramecium, euglena, amoebaExample: paramecium, euglena, amoeba Some are harmful to man ,cause serious Some are harmful to man ,cause serious
diseasesdiseases Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria
and are food for fish and other animaland are food for fish and other animal Also called fissionAlso called fission
DISEASE CAUSED BY DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZAPROTOZA
MalariaMalaria AmoebiasisAmoebiasis
BASIC CONCEPTS IN BASIC CONCEPTS IN GENETICSGENETICS
MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTMENDEL’S EXPERIMENT
Research was with plantsResearch was with plants Basic underline principle of heredityBasic underline principle of heredity Also applicable to human beings and animalsAlso applicable to human beings and animals Performed experiment on common pea plantPerformed experiment on common pea plant Certain traits show up in the offspring Certain traits show up in the offspring Observed seven traitsObserved seven traits Apparently occur in one of the two form Apparently occur in one of the two form
TRAITSTRAITS
Flower color is purple or whiteFlower color is purple or white Flower position is axil or terminal Flower position is axil or terminal Stem length is long or short Stem length is long or short Seed shape is round or wrinkledSeed shape is round or wrinkled Seed color is yellow or greenSeed color is yellow or green Pod shape is inflated or constrictedPod shape is inflated or constricted Pod color is yellow or greenPod color is yellow or green
Mendel’s second experimentMendel’s second experiment
Picked common garden pea plant Picked common garden pea plant Pea plant have both male and female Pea plant have both male and female
reproductive organsreproductive organs Can be self pollinated Can be self pollinated Cross pollinatedCross pollinated
Cross pollinating plants that either produce Cross pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green pea seedsyellow or green pea seeds
First offspring generation (f1) always has First offspring generation (f1) always has yellow seedsyellow seeds
F2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to greenF2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to green 3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well Realized that this was the key to under -Realized that this was the key to under -
standing the basic mechanism of inheritancestanding the basic mechanism of inheritance
conclusionconclusion
inheritance of each trait is determined inheritance of each trait is determined by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on to descendents unchanged (genes)to descendents unchanged (genes)
An individual inherits one such unit from An individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each traiteach parent for each trait
Trait may not show up in an individual but Trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next can still be passed on to the next generationgeneration
Starting parent plants – homozygous Starting parent plants – homozygous (alleles or form)(alleles or form)
F1 generation – heterozygous (different F1 generation – heterozygous (different alleles)alleles)
GenotypeGenotype PhenotypePhenotype
the principle of segregationthe principle of segregation the principle of independent assortmentthe principle of independent assortment