BacteriaBacteria
Bacterial VideoBacterial Video
VideoVideo
Bacterial KingdomsBacterial Kingdoms1.1. ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Called “Ancient” Called “Ancient”
bacteriabacteria Live in harsh Live in harsh
environments- volcanic environments- volcanic vents, hot springs, salty vents, hot springs, salty waterwater
Require little or no Require little or no oxygenoxygen
MethanogensMethanogens produce produce methane gasmethane gas
Bacterial KingdomsBacterial Kingdoms
MethanogensMethanogens• Get energy by changing H2 & CO2
into methane gas• Found in swamps, sewage
treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals
Bacterial KingdomsBacterial Kingdoms2. 2. EubacteriaEubacteria True bacteriaTrue bacteria Largest and most diverseLargest and most diverse Found everywhereFound everywhere HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Aerobic or anaerobicAerobic or anaerobic
Bacterial StructureBacterial Structure
microscopic prokaryotes (no microscopic prokaryotes (no nucleus)nucleus)
can fit 1,000 to 10,000 in the can fit 1,000 to 10,000 in the diameter of a dimediameter of a dime
Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure
Bacterial NutritionBacterial Nutrition•feed on dead organic matter•Parasites – feed on a host cell
•Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food
•Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as such as iron or sulfur to make foodiron or sulfur to make food
Bacterial RespirationBacterial Respiration
1. Some are 1. Some are obligate aerobesobligate aerobes Require oxygen to liveRequire oxygen to live
EX.EX. Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Some are 2. Some are obligate anaerobesobligate anaerobes Die if oxygen is presentDie if oxygen is present
EX.EX. Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum
3. Some are facultative anaerobes3. Some are facultative anaerobes Need Oxygen but aren’t killed by Need Oxygen but aren’t killed by
itit
EX.EX. Escherichia coliEscherichia coli
Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes1.1. BacilliBacilli rod shaped rod shaped
bacteriabacteria E. coli., Bacillus E. coli., Bacillus
Anthracis, Anthracis, Clostridium Clostridium BotulinumBotulinum
BacilliBacilli
Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes2. 2. CocciCocci spherical spherical
shaped bacteriashaped bacteria Arranged in Arranged in
clustersclusters Streptococcus, Streptococcus,
staphylococcusstaphylococcus
Cocci – Staph on SkinCocci – Staph on Skin
Staph InfectionStaph Infection
Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes3. 3. SpirillaSpirilla spiral shaped spiral shaped
bacteriabacteria Borrelia burgdorferi
16
Bacterial MovementBacterial Movement Move by flagella, sliding Move by flagella, sliding
on layer of slime, wiggle on layer of slime, wiggle like snakeslike snakes
Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction
Under proper conditions, Under proper conditions, bacteria can reproduce bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes.every 20 minutes.
3 ways3 ways
Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction
1.1.Binary fissionBinary fission Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction C’some replicates and cell C’some replicates and cell
dividesdivides All new cells are identicalAll new cells are identical NoNo exchange of genes exchange of genes
Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction
2. 2. ConjugationConjugation Protein bridge forms Protein bridge forms
between two bacteria and between two bacteria and genes are exchangedgenes are exchanged
sexual reproductionsexual reproduction New cells not identicalNew cells not identical
Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction
33. . Spore formationSpore formation Thick wall which encloses DNA Thick wall which encloses DNA
and cytoplasmand cytoplasm Protects bacteria against Protects bacteria against
hostile environments hostile environments (endospore)(endospore)
““come back to life” when come back to life” when favorablefavorable
Difficult to killDifficult to kill
Bacteria and Bacteria and DiseaseDisease
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur First person to show that First person to show that
bacteria cause diseasebacteria cause disease Developed what is known Developed what is known
as Germ Theory of Diseaseas Germ Theory of Disease
Bacteria and DiseaseBacteria and DiseaseTwo ways bacteria Two ways bacteria
cause infectioncause infection
1.1. Attacks cells and Attacks cells and tissues of body tissues of body and use them for and use them for nourishmentnourishment
2.2. Release poisons Release poisons that interfere with that interfere with body functionsbody functions
Bacteria and Bacteria and DiseaseDisease
Two ways to fight bacteriaTwo ways to fight bacteria
1.1.vaccinevaccineprevents prevents infection from getting infection from getting started – only sometimestarted – only sometime
2. 2. AntibioticsAntibioticsdrugs that drugs that can destroy bacteriacan destroy bacteria
Bacterial DiseasesBacterial Diseases Strep throat, Strep throat,
tuberculosis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhoid fever, tetanus, lyme tetanus, lyme disease, food disease, food poisoning, ulcer, poisoning, ulcer, MRSA, and many MRSA, and many
moremore
Benefits of BacteriaBenefits of Bacteria
1.1.Decomposers and Decomposers and recyclersrecyclers
2.2.symbiotic relationshipssymbiotic relationships situation where both situation where both organisms benefit organisms benefit
EX.EX. E.coli in intestines E.coli in intestines
Benefits of BacteriaBenefits of Bacteria
3. 3. FertilizersFertilizers convert convert nitrogen into a chemical nitrogen into a chemical that plants can use that plants can use through a process called through a process called nitrogen fixationnitrogen fixation..
EX.EX. legumes - nuts legumes - nuts
Benefits of BacteriaBenefits of Bacteria
4. make foods such as 4. make foods such as cheese, yogurt, vinegarcheese, yogurt, vinegar
5. Breakdown sewage – Rid –X5. Breakdown sewage – Rid –X
6. Degrade oil6. Degrade oil
Controlling BacteriaControlling Bacteria1.1. SterilizationSterilization using heat to kill using heat to kill
bacteriabacteria
2. Food storage2. Food storage slow the growth slow the growth
3. 3. Food processingFood processing boiling, frying, boiling, frying, steamingsteaming
4. 4. Physical RemovalPhysical Removalwashing hands washing hands or surfaces, surgeryor surfaces, surgery
5. 5. DisinfectantsDisinfectants chemicals chemicals
Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes
Controlling BacteriaControlling Bacteria
1.1.SterilizationSterilization using heat using heat or chemicals to kill or chemicals to kill bacteriabacteria
autoclaveautoclave
2. Refrigeration2. Refrigeration prevents prevents bacteria from bacteria from reproducingreproducing
Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure
1.1.Cell wallCell wall protects and protects and gives shape; made of gives shape; made of carbs - peptidoglycancarbs - peptidoglycan
2.2.Outer membraneOuter membrane protects against some protects against some antibioticsantibiotics
Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure
3. 3. Cell membraneCell membrane regulates what entersregulates what enters
4. 4. CytoplasmCytoplasm contains contains the organellesthe organelles
5. 5. PlasmidPlasmid circular piece circular piece of DNA of DNA
Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure
6. 6. Genetic materialGenetic material circular DNA moleculecircular DNA molecule
7. 7. FlagellumFlagellum hairlike hairlike structure that moves the structure that moves the bacteriabacteria
Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure
8. 8. RibosomeRibosome makes makes proteinsproteins
9. pili9. pili short appendages short appendages Adhere bacteria to Adhere bacteria to
surfacessurfaces
Bacterial Cell WallBacterial Cell Wall Very important; used Very important; used
to classify bacteriato classify bacteria Single or doubleSingle or double
Bacterial Cell WallBacterial Cell Wall Identified using gram staining.Identified using gram staining.Gram stainingGram staining If purple appearance under a If purple appearance under a
microscope, bacteria have microscope, bacteria have single cell wall (gram positive)single cell wall (gram positive)
If red appearance under a If red appearance under a microscope, double cell wall microscope, double cell wall (gram negative)(gram negative)
Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure