ATG II
ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAUGE
INTRODUCTION MANUAL
ATGIIA-scan ultrasonic thickness gauge, Launch the ultrasonic
through one side of the object, measure the digitized thickness real-timely, without cutting the object. As a subminiature measuring gauge, is researched and developed by our company according to the ultrasonic measuring theory. The features include fast response, non-destruction and precise measuring. In addition, A/B-scan waveform display is available by showing the echoes, which enables the more extensive measuring scope, more precise result and very little measurement error and finally makes the measuring processes more controllable.
ATGIIA-scan ultrasonic thickness gauge, as the essential NDT instrument, can be widely applied in the detecting fields like manufacturing, metal processing, chemical industry, commercial inspecting and so on. It can not only precisely measures various kinds of panels and processing components, but also can monitor the thickness minus of tubes and pressure vessels in the manufacturing instruments after corrosion.
1.1 DESTRUCTION OF THE GAUGE
Battery Pack: 3 x 1.5V AAA Battery
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2 STANDARD PACKING
DESCRIPTION Q’TY
ATG II THICKNESS GAGE 1
TS-510 PROBE AND CABLE 1
BATTERY 3
COUPLANT BOTTLE 1
CARRYING CASE 1
OPERATING MANUAL 1
1.3 OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROBE CAST IRON PROBE
TS SERIES PROBE STEP PIPE BLOCK
PROBE CABLE STANDARD BLOCK
1.4 SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS DESCRIPTION
SIZE (mm) 155×80×35
WEIGHT (g) 275(INCLUDING BATTERIES)
OPERATING TEMPERATURE (℃) -20~45
POWER THREE 1.5V ALKALINE BATTERIES
BATTERY LIFE 40 HOURS
DISPLAY 320×240 DOT-MATRIC TRUE COLOR
SCREEN
PROBE DUAL ELEMENT PROBE
MEASURING RANGE(mm) 0.65-650
DIGITAL RESOLUTION(mm) 0.01
VELOCITY RANGE (m/s) 500~9999
DISPLAY UNIT Inch/mm
LANGUAGE ENGLISH
WAVEFORM DISPLAY MODE FULL WAVE, +RF, -RF
PULSER VOLTAGE 150 NEGTIVE SPIKE
dB GAIN SETTING 12-52 dB
V-PASS CORRECTION AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION
DISPLY MODE NORMAL, MIN/MAX CAPTURE,
DIFF/PR%, DIGITAL, ASCAN, B-SCAN
MEASUREMENT POINT STORGE 128,000 POINTS
LCD INTENSITY LIGHT CONTROL 8 STEP ADJUSTABLE
OUTPUT USB PORT
REPORT SOFTWARE DATA VIEW, WIN 7, WIN 8
1.5 MAIN FEATURES 1. Parameter configuration interface is simple and easy to operate 2. A-scan waveform display 3. B-scan record display 4.Coupling condition is different with different color digital to display the thickness 5. Min-Max values when measuring. 6. High-Low limited thickness set and alarm 7.Difference mode: getting the difference between the actual value
and the normal value as well as the percentage. 8. Metric(mm) and Inch unit display both available. 10. Waveform: full wave and RF display 11.Optional rectification mode: full wave, +RF and -RF 12. Languages: English 13. Battery operation time: approx. 40 hours 14.Can store 128000 point and 250 A-scan trace or B-scan Trace 15. Echo-Echo measurement the thickness of the specimen through the coating 16.Air Calibration (Optional function) 17.AGC ( Automatic Gain Control )
2. KEYPAD FUNCTIONS
Totally, there are 9 keys on the keyboard, including 3 virtual
function keys ( ), fourdirection keys
( ), two specialized function
keys( ). See the following description (2.1)
FIGURE 2.1 KEYBOARD FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
2.1 Powering On and Off
By pressing the power key to power on the instrument,
pressing the power key to turn instrument power off.
2.2Date and Time Setting up
By pressing the green arrow key under “NEXT” to switch
between date and time, by pressing the yellow arrow keys
to adjust date and time, then press the green arrow key under “FINISH” to completely settings.
Set the date time. Need go back to A-scan mode and store one
A-scan After save one A-scan, when turn off and turn on, the new set date
and time will display.
3. OPERATION
3.1 PRESET OTHER SPECIFICATIONS
Press MODE key to enter the configure interface, which including many specification adjusting options like
3.2 SPECIFICATION ADJUSTING STEPS
FILE - Set the file name of the current measured value or waveform stored. PROBE – Select using probe, 7 different probes insert UNITS: Metric (mm) or Inch VELOCITY: Enter correct specimen velocity RECTIFICATE: RF, full wave BRIGHTNESS: 8 steps LCD brightness adjustment THICKNESS: Set specimen thickness set the normal thickness.
The realconcrete application will be introduced in the DIFFERENCE MODE.
MAX. ALARM: Set the maximum thickness alarm value. The result will be displayed in redif the actual thickness is more than the maximum value preset.
MIN. ALARM: Set the maximum thickness alarm value. The result will be displayed in red if the actual thickness is more than the maximum value preset.
BSCAN MAX.: Set the maximum of the thickness of the B scan. BSCAN MIN.: Set the minimum of the thickness of the B scan.
BSCAN FILE: Storage of B-scan map with file no.
3.2PRESET THE MATERIAL’S VELOCITY 1. With the unknown material velocity, calibration before testing isnecessary.
Thevelocity ranges from 500m/s to 9999m/s. Steps as follow:
(1) Prepare a testing block of the same component with the testing object. Make the surface suitable for testing.
(2) Measure the thickness of the block with a precision slide caliper.
(3) Put some couplant on the surface of the testing block.
(4) Measure the thickness of the testing block with the probe and keep coupling.
(5) Press the direction keys to adjust the velocity to make the actual thickness value be same with the known value.
Enter Specimen Velocity
3.3CALIBRATION Before measuring the thickness with ATG II, calibrating the gage with probe is necessary. Calibration mode incl. 4 function - Automatic probe recognized calibration without test block
( air-calibration ) - Single point calibration ( CAL-1P) - 2 point calibration ( CAL-2P) - Velocity calibration TEST-V
3.4AIR-CALIBRATION ATG II Incl. very good calibration method called “Air-Calibration”. Air-Calibration means the gauge will recognized the probe and calibrate automatically
By pressing key to do Air-Calibration in configure manual, press
green arrow key under Next to select probe type, for example TS510, then wait for few seconds until it complete.
By Pressing key to do Air-Calibration, Long press key to complete calibration. Calibration Procedure as following 1. Select the Gauge probe and plug with IMG-4B PLUS 2. Press power on switch turn on the instrument 3. Set the date and time, after set correctly, press arrow key under
finish entry A-scan display screen
4. Press key to configure manual
5. Press the green arrow key to select probe type, after select
the probe, press key, then Long press key, at this stage screen display AIRCAL and wait it for few seconds, the gauge will calibration automatically without test block. Note:To do the air-calibration, please make sure the probe front head are clean without any couplant. Otherwise couplant might be caused probe calibration wrong. After did the Air-Calibration, put the probe on the test block check the step. If values are correct, that you can start to do the thickness inspection. If not correct, do the air-calibration again.
3.5Single Point Calibration 3.5.1 Use A-scan wave for calibration with AGC
1. Adjust the velocity to 5920m/s according to the method in
chapter 3.1.
2. Long pressing the key. Select P-Zero to do the single point calibration. The screen shows CALIBRATION: YES
3. Press green arrow key under “YES” into calibration mode.
4. Add the couplant on the zero block and put the probe make it coupled completely Press arrow key until the screen echo waveform move and display into 4.00, the gain will automatically be adjusted by software as well.
5. After the wave form move and display 4.00, the calibration was done and ready inspection.
6. During the calibration, press the C key again to stop calibrating any time and restart to calibration again.
3.5.2 P-ZERO Single Point Calibration with any known step thickness
Press C display , use 4 yellow key adjust the know thickness
10 mm, press green arrow key under P-Zero, the gauge will automatic excute
probe zero and back to the Ascan display
3.6Use Digital Calibration
1. Press green arrow key under “DIGITS” enter digital mode
2. Press keyenter the calibration.
3. Press green arrow key under “P-ZERO” to progress
calibration 4. Add the couplant on the zero block (4mm) and put the probe
on, until the screen display into 4.00, the gain will automatically be adjusted by software as well.
5. After that, screen display 4.00, the calibration was done and ready inspection.
6. During the calibration, press key again to stopcalibrating anytime and restart to calibration again.
3.7Two Point Calibration
Press Calibration key key in A-scan mode to enter calibration
manual, press keyunder “CAL-2P” enter two point calibration
mode.
Use step block high-low step to do the calibration. The
measurementbetween these two points will more precise. This mode also
can do the velocity measurement.
Press green
arrown key
under the
CAL-2P
Use 4 yellow
arrow key adjust
the low step
range
Use 4 yellow
arrow key adjust
the high step
range
Press green
arrown key
under the next,
Gauge will
automatic
excute 2-point
calibration, The
Velocity of the
block will
auomatic
caculate
Press green
arrown key
under the exit.
Back to Ascan,
Velocity calibration TEST-V
Press green arrown
key under the
TEST_V
Use 4 yellow arrow
key adjust the low
step range
Put the probe on 20
mm step and adjust
T=20.00
Press green arrown
key under the
TEST_V The block
material velocity will
display V=5929
3.8DISPLAY MODES
There are five measuring display modes: normal mode, difference mode, limits value mode and A-scan mode. The thickness value, unit, velocity, and battery power indicator are all showed in these modes.
3.8.1 NORMAL MODE/DIGITAL THICKNESS VALUE MODE:
3.8.2 D-MODE
Press green arrow key under “D-MODE”, when entered D-mode, it shows large digital display. It has showing Max. and Min. values of the inspection thickness measurement. This mode allows the customer to catch the real-time maximum and minimum thicknesses of material when test constantly. It shows the minimum and maximum values during the tests as well as the present thickness. Press Mode again, back to the Normal Digital Mode.
3.6 DIFFERENCE MODE INTERFACE
3.8.3 A-SCAN MODE
A-scan mode: see the present thickness value and the A-scan waveform at the same time. The right side of the interface is the specification adjusting area, in which the specifications can be adjusted and finally solve various difficult and complicated thickness measuring applications to the capacity. The detailed introduction can be seen in chapter 3.5.
3.8 A-SCAN MODE
Attention: when the probe and the object are not complete coupled, the letters in the various interfaces are in GREEN, while if they coupled well, in WHITE color and when the limits are exceed, in RED color. The limits not exceed, in Blue.
3.9TURN ON/OFF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL
(AGC)
By long pressing the upper left corner green arrow key for few seconds to turn AGC on, the AGC will show on upper left corner of the screen.
And by long press the upper left corner green arrow key for few seconds to turn AGC off, after that AGC will disappear.
3.10DESCRIPTION AND ADJUST OF A-SCAN DISPLAY MODE In the A-scan display model, press the bottom right corner NEXT
relevant green toselect the specification that needs to be adjusted. Then press the direction keys to adjust the values. Up and down keys are used for small steps, while left and right for big steps increase or decrease. GAIN Adjusting the magnification factor of the echo signal,
which allowing the manual adjust by unit 1db. This function is very useful for the testing of attenuation materials (like metal cast).
RANGE Adjusting the range of waveform on the screen. The waveform can be compressed or spread visually and it’s invisible if the display range is set incorrectly and the echo waveform is beyond the display area, however, the testing value can also be read correctly.
DELAY Adjusting the beginning location of the waveform on the screen. The waveform can be moved horizontally
visually and it’s invisible if the delay is set incorrectly and the echo waveform is beyond the display area, however, the testing value can also be read correctly.
BLANK Making the waveform within the red blank line invalid, so that the influential harmful clutter can be blanked. In the real testing, wrong measurement due to the material may exist, such as near surface serious corrosion, AL material, inside defects, uneven component, lamination structure and so on. While adjusting the gain or gate can solve part of the problem, but only blank function can avoid the mistake when those clutter echoes are higher than the bottom echoes.
For example, if the gate set to low, the noise echo will be calculated by the software with wrong display. This is 10 mm test block but the display only show 1.56 mm If we extend the black, the echo into the blank will not calculated and the display was correct value.
E-BALNK E-blank was use to del. the interface echo between echo to echo. It most use only in echo-echo through coating measurement. Due to the layer thickness of coating material. It will generate different type of interface echo. E-blank settings When under E-E mode. Use green arrow key move high light to gate, Press Green arrow key again. It will show blue e-blank. Use yellow
arrow key can adjust the blank length
For example
The measurement with 0.5 mm coating layer
The echo display on mm coating layar
We use blank red bar del..noise echo from first echo. Use blue bar E-black del. the noise echo between first and second echo. Or we can extend blank gate de. First echo and use second and third echo measurement. See below
GATE adjusting the height of the gate. Only when the waveform is higher than the gate, can the gage take the echo and
show the value, and only when the GATE specification is highlighted, can the gate show out. The first intersection point between the waveform and gate is pointed by a red arrow, which can help judging whether the thickness value is correct (the red arrow should point the front of the first bottom echo if correctly tested).
Gate threshold 06, The noise over the gate, Increase the gate threshold, the noise not over
The measurement data was wrong The gate. The display will be correct
3.11 Operate of A/B Scan 3.11.1 B-scan Mode
BSCAN MAP DESCRIPTION
1. Date
6. B-scan display map
2. File name
7. Min to max. thickness of B-scan map scale
3. Gain
8. P-E ( pulse echo mode )
4. Min.thickness measurement
9. Probe type
5. Thickness of last measurement
10. Unit display
3.11.2 Introduce B-Scan ATGII thickness gauge has time-base B-scan function. Move the
probe along the workpiece surface, then the profile of the workpiece will display on the screen, observe the underside of the workpiece. Very good for corrosion inspection When remove the probe from workpiece, it could be automatically capture a minimum value of the B-scan image, and indicate the position of the minimum by a red value display. You can see any point thickness value of the B-scan image by moving the pointer. The B-scan display will stop if lost contact or couplant during inspection. If not capture the good B-scan image, just press green
arrow key under repeat
3.12REAL CASES ANALYSIS 1. When measuring the thickness, there always happens that over
small gains prevent the precise results. As showed in the following figure, the thickness of the testing object is about 5mm, but as for the over small gain, the measuring result is 10.77mm as the first echo has not broken the gate and the gate locates the second echo automatically. This is obviously an incorrect result, and customers can pull up the echo by enhance the gain to make the first echo broke the gate and finally realize the right measurement.
2. There are some defects in the testing object, and the gate locks
the defect echoes. As showed in the following figure, the thickness of the testing object is about 10mm, but as there are obvious defects (the defect echoes are showed on the screen) and the gate locks the defect echoes which have broken the gate, thus, the testing result showed is the thickness of the defect area. The right measurement can be realized by making the gate above the defect echoes.
3. If there are some defaces in the testing object and the gate locks
the defect echoes, the measuring result will be the thickness of the defect area. In this condition, customer can use the BLANK function to get a right testing result. As showed in the following figure, the line on the bottom of the screen, which we use to shield the defect echoes, indicates the blank confines and makes the gate not catch the echoes within the blank confines, thus, the right thickness value is acquired.
3.13HOW TO SAVE THE LAST SETTING
When turn on the gauge. The display will show the last save date and
time. Press green arrow key to move cursor and use 4 yellow
arrow keys to modify the correct date and time. After
completed it, press left green arrow key enter to A-scan display. Put the probe on 4 mm block get one a-scan display. Remove the probe. Press middle
Green arrow key to save the setting. When turn off the gauge or run out the battery, it will start with this current setting when next time you turn on.
4. SAVE AND RECALL
4.1 SAVE DIGITAL DATA
Press power key to turn on the gauge. Firstly setup the right date and time. Press finish to enter the A-scan display Add block some couplant and put the probe on the test block. Press
key, enter calibration display. Press green arrow key under “CAL-1P”, wait and calibrate the gauge. After calibration, press green
arrow key under “DIGTAL”, enter to digital display mode. Put probe on step black 1=20 mm, after display stable, press green
arrow key under “SAVE”, now the F001A01 saved data Move probe to 2=10.00 mm, after display stable, press save, now the F001A02 saved data. Move the probe to 3=5.00, after display stable, press save, now the F001A03 save data. Move the probe to 4=2.50, after display stable, press save, now the F001A04 save data.
Now the F001 total save 4 point ( A01,A02,A03,A04 ).
4.2 SAVE A-SCAN PULSE
For example put probe on step block 10 mm thick, after display stable to remove the probe from test block, then press green arrow
key under “SAVE”, move to step block 5 mm thick to do measurement, after display stable to remove the probe from test
block, then press green arrow key under “SAVE” and so on.
4.3 SAVE B-SCAN VALUES
Put probe on object block, for example to do measurement from
thicker move to thin, that we did measurement from 20mm to 2.5mm
to capture the value, then press green arrow key under “SAVE” to save it.
4.4 RECALL DATA
By pressing key to enter configure manual, press green
arrow key under “NEXT”, to move cursor as shown on F001.
Use4 yellow arrows to choose the File no. to review. After select the File no. to review, press green arrow key
under “OPEN” The display will change and show all F001 storage data. Use 4 yellow arrow keys to move square cursor to view the data.
4.5 RECALL A-SCAN PULSE
By pressing green arrow key under “SAVE”, then press green
arrow key under “NEXT” to choose files that have been stored,
when end of selection to exit by press green arrow key under “EXIT”.
4.6 RECALL B-SCAN VALUES
By pressing enter to manual, then press green arrow key under “OPEN” to open B-SCAN files.
4.7 DELETE A-SCAN FILES
By pressing green arrow key under “SAVE” to recall A-scan files,
then press the display will shows “CLEAR ALL ASCAN?”, press
green arrow key under YES, all A-scan files will be cleared out.
4.8 DELETE DIGITAL FILES
By pressing MODE key to enter configure manual, press
function key under NEXT, then press function key under
CLEAR. The display will ask “Yes” or “No”, Press function keyunder “Yes” to clean all of data. The file F001 will empty and waiting entry new data.
5. RESTORING THE INSTRUMENT
Long press the middle of green arrow key then press power key
and hold green arrow key for a while to restore the instrument, the settings and all stored files will be cleared out.
6. ATOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC)
Long press the upper left corner green arrow key for few seconds to turn AGC on, when AGC is on the gain will increase and decrease automatically by software, then long press the upper left
corner green arrow key for few seconds to turn AGC off.
7. I/O FEATURES AND COMMUNICATION 7.1 CONNECTING THE ATG-II TO A PC
Click “USB Drive” button to install USB drivers from your PC. Ensuring your virtual COM port by click the “Search COM Port” button, to check which COM port has been used for the connection, for example COM3 has been connected to my PC.
Select Gauge model to “ATG-II”, select correct virtual COM Port connection that has been established, set Baud Rate to “57600”, then click Test button to check whether the Port is efficiency. Ensuring virtual COM Port connection is ready for communicating, to click Save-OK button.
7.2 COMMUNICATING ATG-II FILES TO PC 1. COMMUNICATING DIGITAL DATA 2.
By pressing key, enter to manual to press green arrow key
under “OPEN”, to open stored files, then press green arrow key under “COPY” on instrument, meanwhile click “Receive” button on PC for receiving data, all data will be shared to PC.
3. COMMUNICATING A-SCAN PULSE
By pressing green arrow key under “SAVE” in A-scan mode, to
open stored files, then press green arrow key under “COPY” on instrument, meanwhile click “Receive” button on PC for receiving data, A-scan pulse will be shared to PC.
4. COMMUNICATING B-SCAN VALUES
By pressing key twice, enter to manual to press green arrow key
under “OPEN”, to open stored B-scan files, then press green
arrow key under “COPY” on instrument, meanwhile click “Receive” button on PC for receiving data, all data will be shared to PC.
7.3 EXPORTING MEASUREMENT REPORTS
To select from manual, click File Export Word on PC, to generate thickness measurement report in WORD format, and so on whatever A-scan, B-scan or digital data.
8. MEASUREMENT APPLYING SKILLS
8.1MEASURING ERROR PREVENTION
1. MATERIAL INFLUENCE In many materials like nonmetal or plastic, the change of velocity is obvious, thus, the accuracy of measuring is influenced. If the material of the object is not isotropic, the velocity varies in different directions. In this condition, the preset velocity should be the average value among the testing range, which can be acquired through testing a block with the same velocity as the object average velocity value.
2. ULTRA-THIN MATERIAL When the thickness of the testing object is below the minimum value of the probe limit, the result may be incorrect, and the thickness can be acquired by contracting the blocks when necessary. When testing ultra-thin materials, sometimes DUAL-ECHO happens, which is a kind of incorrect result and the result is twice of the real one. Another incorrect result called PULSE ENVELOPE AND CIRCULATORY JUMPING, which means that the testing result is higher than the real one. In order to prevent this kind of error, when testing the object with the appropriate thickness as the minimum limit and judgment is available, customer should pay attention to the waveform displayed and adjust the gain or use blank function.
3. ROUGHNESS INFLUENCE
The extremely rough surface may arouse measuring error or even reading lost, therefore, the surface of the material should be smooth before measuring through polishing, filing, grinding or using high-viscosity couplant.
4. SURFACE OF THE ROUGH MACHINE PROCESSING
The regular slugs after rough machine processing (such as lathing or planning) on the surface of the work-piece may also arouse measuring errors. Except for the compensation methods mentioned above in 4, adjusting the angle between and sound insulating wall (the metal film through the center of the probe bottom) of the probe and the slugs of the material and making them perpendicular or parallel with each other to get the minimum reading as the thickness value is also efficient.
8.2 MEASURING METHODS 1. SINGLE-POINT MEASUREMENT
Using the probe to measure a random point on the surface of the object, the reading displayed is the thickness value.
2. 2-POINT MEASUREMENT Measuring twice at the same spot on the object, and making the probe inclines 90°in the second measurement, the thinner reading is the thickness value.
3. MULTIPLE-POINT MEASUREMENT When the reading is unstable, measuring several times within a circle with a certain point as center and 30mm as diameter, the thinnest reading is the thickness value.
4. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT Taking continuous measurements along a specified path at intervals of 5mm or less according to the single measurement method, the thinnest reading is the thickness value.
8.3 PIPE WALL MEASUREMENT
The reading will change regularly when the split plane of the probe is along with or perpendicular to the pipe axis and the thinnest measuring reading is the thickness value. When the diameter is big, the split plane of the probe should be perpendicular to the pipe axis, while the diameter is small, the respective measurements should be both along with and perpendicular to the pipe axis and the thinner reading is the thickness value.
8.4 CAST MEASUREMENT It’s difficult to measure cast work-piece because there are some special features of the cast measurement: the rough grain of cast material, the loose structure, and the rough surface measuring status. So there are some tips to follow: 1. Use low frequency probe like TS210 or TS112 in our company. 2. When measuring the non-processing surface of some cast work-piece, high viscosity couplant such as machine oil, grease or water glass is needed. 3. Calibrate the sound velocity with the standard block that shares the same material and same measuring direction with the testing object.
9. SELF EASY MAINTENANCES 9.1 POWER SOURCE INSPECTION If the gage cannot be turned on, please check and change the batteries first. The steps of changing batteries are as follow: 1. Turn off the gage. 2. Loose the screws and open the battery cassette. 3. Take out the batteries and put in new ones. Take care of the
polarity. Attention: as even when the gage is turned off, there is still weak power consume, please take the batteries out when sparing the gage for long, or the gage can be power off and cannot be turn on.
9.2 CONSIDERATIONS 1. Please be cautious of the zero block’s getting rust as couplant will
be spread on the surface of it when calibrating the gage. After using, clean the zero block. Avoid dripping sweat on the gage in high temperature. Some grease spreading on the surface of zero block is useful to avoid rusting if the gage will be spared for long. Wipe the grease out when reusing.
2. As caustic liquid such as alcohol and diluents is corrosive to the cover and
3. the window, so wipe them with little amount of clean water. 4. Avoid heavy scratch on the surface of the probe and make the
measurement lightly. With a worn probe, the indicating value will be unstable. Please change probe in that case.
9.3 MAINTENANCES
Contact with the maintaining department of our company if the following problems appears: 1. Components damage and the gage fail to measure. 2. The display of the screen is disordered. 3. The measuring error is abnormally big in normal situation. 4. Keyboard operating is disordered or keyboard doesn’t work.
As the ATG II ultrasonic thickness gage is high-tech product, the maintaining work should be made by professional operator and please avoid self-acting operations.
APPENDIX: SOUND VELOCITIES OF COMMON MATERIALS
Material
Sound Velocity
in/µs m/s
Aluminum 0.250 6350
Bismuth 0.086 2184
Brass 0.173 4394
Cadmium 0.109 2769
Cast Iron 0.180(apprx) 4572
Constantan 0.206 5232
Copper 0.184 4674
Epoxy Resin 0.100(apprx) 2540
German Silver 0.187 4750
Glass, Crown 0.223 5664
Glass, Flint 0.168 4267
Gold 0.128 3251
Ice 0.157 3988
Iron 0.232 5893
Lead 0.085 2519
Magnesium 0.228 5791
Mercury 0.057 1448
Nickel 0.222 5639
Nylon 0.102(apprx) 2591
Paraffin 0.087 2210
Platinum 0.156 3962
Plexiglass 0.106 2692
Polystyrene 0.092 2337
Porcelain 0.230(apprx) 5842
PVC 0.094 2388
Quartz Glass 0.222 5639
Rubber, vulcanized 0.091 2311
Silver 0.142 3607
Steel, common 0.233 5918
Steel, stainless 0.223 5664
Stellite 0.275(apprx) 6985
Teflon 0.056 1422
Tin 0.131 3327
Titanium 0.240 6096
Tungsten 0.210 5334
Zinc 0.166 4216
Water 0.058 1473