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A Sustainable Solar Project in
Lagos State: Key Considerations
Siemens Energy 2012
Siemens Energy Sector
Shaping the next generation of solar power
Lagos 8th February 2012
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Outline
Solar Power Potential in Lagos State1
Factors Impacting Solar System Performance2
Page 2 Siemens Energy 2012
Siemens Solution for Photovoltaic Solar Projects3
Siemens References4
Q & A5
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What area of photovoltaic panels in the Sahara
desert would cover the world's energy demand?
Page 3 Siemens Energy 2012
Source: Paul Scherrer Institut, Dt. Zentrum fr Luft & Raumfahrt
45 km x 45 km
0.049 SwitzerlandsA
450 km x 450 km
4.9 SwitzerlandsB
4500 km x 4500 km
490 SwitzerlandsC
450 km
450 km
450 km x 450 km
4.9 SwitzerlandsB
450 km
450 km
450 km x 450 km
4.9 SwitzerlandsB
450 km x 450 km
4.9 SwitzerlandsB
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Lagos State has a high potential for utilization of
solar power, similar to that in Spain*
Statistics Dash Board
Annual average daily irradiation -
4323Wh/M2
/day The monthly average irradiation:
o In February - Maximum of
5861Wh/M2/day
Page 4 Siemens Energy 2012
o In July - Minimum of 3231Wh/M2
/day Average annual rainfall - 111ml
Average relative humidity - 82%
Mean average temperature - 26.7OC
Mean daily sunshine duration -4.9hours
The irradiation level in Lagos is moderate compared to the North. However, with
the right conditions, the business case for both off-grid stand alone systems
and utility scale solar systems can be attractive in Lagos.*In Spain, installed capacity of solar plants is 4GW, satisfying about 2.7% of the annual electricity demand IN 2010
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Is Solar right for you?
Efficiency First!
Before considering a solar energy
system, energy-efficient measures
should be incorporated into the
building.
It is far chea er to save electricit
Page 5 Siemens Energy 2012
than it is to generate it even withsolar panels or solar thermal
systems.
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Factors impacting the performance of a residential and commercial solar
system fall into three groups; environmental, site location and equipment.
Equipment
Page 6 Siemens Energy 2012
Site Location
Factors
Environmental
Factors
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Environmental Factors
1. Sun hours - Irradiation
The more Sun Hours a location
receives, the more energy will beproduced from a module installed at
that location.
" "
Page 7 Siemens Energy 2012
the peak noon sunlight intensity in themiddle of summer, over one hour
Daily Sun Profile and Sun Hour relation
Before you install a solar system, a feasibility analysis must be
conducted to confirm that your site has enough solar energy to meet
your electricity needs efficiently and economically
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Environmental Factors
2. Temperature
Module operating temperature
increases when placed in the sun
As the operating temperature
increases, the power output decreases
due to the properties of the
-
Page 8 Siemens Energy 2012
solar modulesbut different pertechnology
A typical decrease in power output is
approximately 12% for crystalline
based solar modules
This figure displays the response of a solar cell to
varying temperature. If you look carefully, you will
see that the current increases slightly, whilst the
voltage decreases rapidly. The result is a lower
overall power yield (P=V*I).
It is therefore extremely important to keep your solar panels well ventilated.
Make sure air is able to cool on all sides, including the underside
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Environmental Factors
3. Soiling Particulate Build Up
When a module is placed outdoors,
airborne particulates (e.g. dust, debris)settle on the glass surface of the
module, similar to dust settling on
glass automobile windshields.
Page 9 Siemens Energy 2012
ese part cu ates oc t e amount o
light reaching the module and
therefore reduce the power produced
by the module.
The reduction in power from
particulate build up can range from5%-15%.
It is therefore extremely important to clean your solar panels regularly to
ensure that the maximum amount of sunshine hits the panels
Dusty Solar Panels
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Site Location Factors
4. Solar Module Tilt Angle
The module produces more power
when the light source is locatedperpendicular to the surface of the
module.
Therefore, solar module installations
Page 10 Siemens Energy 2012
are o ten t te towar s t e sun to
maximize the amount and intensity of
light exposure.
As the sun angle changes throughout
the year , the amount of light falling
directly on the module changes, asdoes the energy output.
Large commercial systems have solar tracking systems that automatically
follow the suns tilt through the day
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Site Location Factors
5. Shading
Trees, chimneys, roof gables and other
buildings that cast a shadow on thesolar panels during peak sun light
hours will negatively impact
performance
Page 11 Siemens Energy 2012
t poor so ar es gn, even a tt e
shade on one panel can shut down
solar production on all of your other
panels.
Installers use special gadgets to
instantly reveal any shady spots onyour roof, no matter what time of year
Shading from obstructions, such as trees and buildings, should be avoided
as this decreases exposure to the suns radiation
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Equipment Factors
6. Module ratings
All solar module manufacturers test
the power of their solar modulesunder specific Standard Test
Conditions (STC)*1 in the factory
The Standard Test Conditions include,
Page 12 Siemens Energy 2012
,
intensity, light angle, and moduletemperature.
Any differences from these specific
test conditions affect the power
output of the solar module.
Modules with the appropriate performance rating, best suited to the
business case of the project must be selected
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Equipment Factors
7. System Wiring
Typical solar electric systems require more than one module to be connected
to one another.
The wires used to connect the modules create a slight resistance in the
electrical flow, decreasing the total power output of the system,
In addition, slight differences in power output from module-to-module reduces
Page 13 Siemens Energy 2012
the maximum power output available from each module.
A typical value for these losses is 5%
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Factors Impacting System Performance
Equipment Factors
8. Inverter Connection Losses
Conversion from DC to AC power
results in an energy decrease fromapproximately 6%-10%
This energy decrease varies for each
inverter (primarily due to energy lost
Page 14 Siemens Energy 2012
.
A typical value for this loss is 6%
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Siemens Solar Power within Siemens
comprehensive energy chain
Page 15 Siemens Energy 2012
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From sun to grid: Proven in-house
components along the entire value chain
Page 16 Siemens Energy 2012
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Utility scale Commercial & Industrial Residential
source: Petra
Spannheimer / PIXELIO
source: Henrik
G Vo el / PIXELIOpowerplants
Siemens Energy Photovoltaics focuses on utility-scale
PV plants (> 1 MWp) as a turnkey solution provider
Page 17 Siemens Energy 2012
source: www.aboutpixel.de / verlinfri
P
> 1MWp up to few MWp up to few hundred kWpPlant size(nominal power)
Electrical
Equip-
ment 1) Civilworks Cables Structures
Switchgear
Trans-former
Install. &Comiss.
PV fieldconnect.
Engi-neering
EPC 2)
Modules
Third partySiemens scopePreferred supplier scope
Service &
Mainte-nance
Value Chain(Utility scale)
1) Including inverter2) EPC = Engineering, procurement, and construction
tendency > 5-10 MWp> 3 MWp
< 3MWp selectively-
E R PV
target markets
source: Siemens Photovoltaics, France
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Siemens optimizes the overall PV solution for
maximized output and minimized failures
PV field design
Minimized shading losses thanks to optimizedmodule table distribution and module row spacing
Minimized cable losses through optimized cable
layout
E R SP
solutions
Transformer /
Your benefit
Page 18 Siemens Energy 2012
grounding and lightning protection
Component configuration
Optimized inverter input currents thanks to module
table configuration and string definition
Adaption ofenvironmentally friendly transformersand efficient switchgear
Utility requirements are exactly met thanks to
individual grid connection concept
Inverter
Modules
Electrical installations
Civil work
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The Siemens service concept will ensure a long-
term high performance ratio for your PV plant
Performance ratio guaranteed by
Siemens for up to 25 years
Modification and upgrades
Yield optimization Extensions and modifications
Page 19 Siemens Energy 2012
er ormance mon or ng ec ve preven on as response
Operation support
State-of-the-art remote controlling
and plant monitoring
Preventive maintenance
Condition monitoring
Local service organizations
Fast and comprehensive
fault analysis
Express repairs 1)
High spare part availability 1)
1) Only for full service and maintenance contract
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Comprehensive practical experience in PV business
selected references
Germanye.g. Forchheim
800 kWp
Czech Rep.e.g. Dobr Pole
4 MWp
Canadae.g. First Light II
10.5 MWp
Page 20 Siemens Energy 2012
e.g. Beneixama20 MWp
a y
e.g. San Donaci15 MWp
srae
e.g. Ketura5 MWp
Active in > 30 countries> 160 MWp EPC*
*) installed or under construction (incl. Project Beneixama from 2007)
rance
e.g. Les Mes31 MWp
e.g. Sparta3,1 MWp
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Questions?
Toyin Abegunde
Siemens Limited Nigeria
Head of Business Development
98/100 Oshodi-Apapa Expressway, Isolo, LagosMob: +234 8085856206
Tel: 234-1-4480186
E-mail: [email protected]
URL: www.siemens.com.ng
Page 21 Siemens Energy 2012
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Build on Photovoltaics now!
ltaics
nefits
Use direct and indirect sun irradiation
as a free resource
PV energy support the country targetsto achieve committed CO2 reductions
Offer independence from fossil fuels
Once built up, their power output
Page 22 Siemens Energy 2012
S
iemensPhoto
v
P
Vwithstrong
b
Energy demand in sunny regions matches
best with PV energy production
A PV System produces electricityfor min. 25 years at fixed costs
Fast installation from design to grid
Lower administrative and O&M costs,
through easy maintenance and repair service
Off-grid solutions in regions with very remote
from grid can be installed cost-effectively
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Siemens Photovoltaics covers the entire value chain
Solutions and products
Balance of Plant
& EPC
Technical consulting
& Finance
Operations support
& Maintenance
Page 23 Siemens Energy 2012
Performance-proven servicesSolutions and products
er ormance-proven serv ces
Comprehensive portfolio for customer benefits
... designed for large-scale photovoltaic plants:
Customized Balance of Plant (BoP) concepts forindividualized solutions
Proven engineering knowledge with unique layout system
for optimized Levelized Costs of Electricity (LCoE)
Qualified and reliable in-house industry products to
meet local requirements
... along the entire value chain:
Secured financing with equity and debt contributionfor maximized IRR
Guaranteed performance contracting for sustainable
business success
Full-scope service contracting from a single source
Page 23
Siemens AG 2011
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Game changers on the radar: To succeed we need to
control the entire PV system
Game changers: Photovoltaic Innovations for large scale (flat plate) PV plants
Functional
Coating
Workbench
Module
Web Monitoring for
PV plants
Datalogger
onsite
Energy
Storaging
Siemens Support
Structure
Off-Grid
Solution
Page 24 Siemens Energy 2012
Highly Concentrated
PV
Future Grid
FunctionalityPVplanet
Next Generation
Inverter
& E-box
Automated CleaningPV Testified,
Qualified testing
& Equipment
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Game changers on the radar: To succeed
we need to control the entire PV system
What is Functional Coating?
Functional coating is the process of covering the solar modules with a layer in order to protect them from
dirt.
Cooperation Partners: Siemens CT, Masdar Institute
Re-application on-site possible
Details
Functional
Coating
Page 25 Siemens Energy 2012
Benefits
Outlook
Reduces cleaning effort and repels dirt
Improving operation and maintenance performance
Higher module efficiency due to cleanliness
Higher IRR
In development: spectral selective AR coating Temperature dissipation
Facilitates cleaning of modules Cleaning w/ salt water possible
Siemens develops business model with supplier; preparation of test modules for Masdar Institute to be
delivered Q2 FY2012; technology is ready to use in the end of FY 2012
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Game changers on the radar: To succeed
we need to control the entire PV system
What is the Workbench Module?
Details
Todays modules were optimized for the largest market: rooftop applications
Optimization of modules in frame and size
One of the goals of Siemens PV is to develop modules tailored for utility-scale projects as well as to foster
system optimization.
Workbench
Module
Page 26 Siemens Energy 2012
Benefits
Outlook
ncrease roug own pro uc on o unc on oxes
System optimization through improving absorber, diodes, cooling and wiring
Result: about 2ct/kWh or up to 30ct/kWp are expected
Lower system costs
Lower logistic costs
Decreasing LCoE
Close collaborations with module manufacturers
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Game changers on the radar:
We succeed by controlling the whole PV system
Web Monitoring for PV plants
Details
New Siemens Web Monitoring provides asset information, operation logs and service tickets, service historycorrective maintenance and commercial information for multiple plants worldwide within one software tool
Information will be resented role s ecific
Web Monitoring for photovoltaic plants includes human-machine interface (HMI), supervision and control,
data acquisition, processing and storage, communication infrastructure, interfaces to sensors and signal
conversion.
Web Monitoring for
PV plants
Datalogger
onsite
Page 27 Siemens Energy 2012
Management all plants from one single platform Comparison between different plants, trend analysis
Monitoring for all management levels
Maintenance management, investment management, ROI, ...
Online Diagnosis
Yield/PR Forecasting
Service Forecasting
Benefits
Outlook
Web monitoring solution is based on long year proven M3000 Energy Management system
Provides extensions for PR/Yield and maintenance forecasting
Pilot plant to be equipped in Q2 FY2012
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