Behaviorism Psychology should be an objective science that
studies behavior without reference to mental processes Most current
behavioral psychologists would argue that mental processes should
be studied
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Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior Acquired
from experience or observation Learning Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning
Associative Learning learning that certain events go together
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Classical Conditioning PAVLOVWATSON
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Classical Conditioning Learning in which an organism comes to
associate stimuli also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
Conditioned = learned Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus
(US)a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UR)the unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with
an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned
response (CR) Conditioned Response (CR)the learned response to a
previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus (CS)
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Ivan Pavlov Studied how dogs associate salivation with food by
ringing a tuning fork/bell with the presentation of food. The dog
eventually salivated at the sound of the tuning fork/bell.
Classical ConditioningPavlovs Experiment Unconditioned Stimulus
(US) a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a
response FOOD Unconditioned Response (UR) the unlearned, naturally
occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) SALIVATION
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) an originally irrelevant stimulus that,
after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to
trigger a conditioned response (CR) BELL/SOUND Conditioned Response
(CR) the learned response to a previously neutral, but now
conditioned, stimulus (CS) SALIVATION
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Another Example An experimenter sounds a tone just before
delivering an air puff to your eye. Unconditioned stimulus Air puff
Unconditioned response Eye blink to air puff Conditioned stimulus
Tone Conditioned Response Eye blink to tone
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Another Example The Office Jim classically conditions Dwight
The Office Unconditioned stimulus Jim offers mint Unconditioned
response Accepts mint Conditioned stimulus Computer sound
Conditioned Response Expects mint
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Learning Processes ProcessDescriptionExample AcquisitionInitial
stage of learning to associate two things when Pavlov paired the
neutral stimulus (tuning fork) with the unconditioned stimulus
(food) Extinctionthe diminishing of a CRPavlov found that when he
rang the fork repeatedly without presenting the food, the dogs
salivated less and less Spontaneous Recovery the random
reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished/extinct CR Pavlov
found that if he waited a few hours before ringing the fork again,
the dogs would salivate to the ringing after the pause
GeneralizationThe tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit
a similar response. Pavlov found that dogs would salivate to tones
of different pitches that they had not previously associated with
food DiscriminationThe learned ability to distinguish between
stimilar stimuli Pavlovs dogs also learned to respond to certain
tones and not to others
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John B. Watson Conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats,
later all white, fluffy animalsLittle Albert Previously not afraid
of white rats, Watson presented a loud banging sound when Albert
saw a white rat conditioned fear of rats. US Loud noise UR Crying
CS Rat CR Crying
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Pavlovs Legacy and Applications Classical conditioning is a
learning technique that virtually all organisms use to adapt to
their environments Pavlov showed that learning processes can be
studied objectively (by observing behaviors) Classical conditioning
can be helpful in treatment programs for substance abuse, phobias,
etc Do 1-10 on the Classical and Operant Conditioning Sheet.
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Operant Conditioning SKINNER
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Operant Conditioning Learning in which behaviors are
strengthened/diminished by consequence Operant behavior behavior
that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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Skinners Experiment Controlled rats, and later pigeons,
behaviors with an operant chamber (Skinner box)Skinner box
contained a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a
food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the
animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking Based on Thorndikes Law
of Effect rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur, punished behavior
is likely to diminish
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Shaping Skinner used shaping an operant conditioning procedure
in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer
approximations of the desired behavior. Reinforcement anything that
STRENGTHENS behaviors Punishment anything that DIMINISHES
behavior
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Positive Adding/+ Negative Removing/- Big Bang Theory Sheldon
trains Penny Big Bang Theory Sheldon trains Penny II SPOT THE
MISTAKE! Big Bang Theory Sheldon trains Penny II
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Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers PrimarySecondary Linked to
biology Food Drink Sex Culturally created to be desirable Money
Grades in school Tokens Praise
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Operant Conditioning Examples Receiving praise for A+ in AP
Psych. Positive reinforcement addition of something good Lunch
detention for being late to class. Positive punishment addition of
something bad No homework in class because everyones behavior was
on point! Negative reinforcement removal of something bad You get
your phone taken away for Snapchatting in class Negative punishment
removal of something good
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Reinforcement Schedules Continuous reinforcement Reinforcing
the desired response every time it occurs; typically used at the
beginning of an operant conditioning process EX: Parent gives child
praise or gives a piece of candy every time they use the bathroom
during the potty-training process
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Reinforcement Schedules Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time Ratio = responses
Interval = time Fixed-ratioReinforces a response only after a
set/certain number of responses People paid on piecework (every 30
pieces), Variable-ratioReinforces a response after
varying/unpredictable numbers of responses Slot-machines
Fixed-intervalReinforces behavior only after a certain amount of
time has passed Weekly paychecks, waiting for pudding/Jell-O to set
Variable-intervalReinforces behavior after varying/unpredictable
time intervals Pop quizzes, your boss checking your work
randomly
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Skinners Legacy and Applications Skinner adamantly refused to
acknowledge that influence of cognitive processes (thoughts and
feelings) held any power in shaping behaviors. Operant conditioning
is used at school, at work, and at home.
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Motivation The type of motivation can affect the effectiveness
of reinforcements and punishments Intrinsic motivation the desire
to perform a behavior for its own sake. Extrinsic motivation the
desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
punishment. Children who were normally avid readers (intrinsically
motivated) were paid for reading and their reading amount decreased
positive reinforcement backfired Overjustification effect when
external incentives diminish intrinsic motivation
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Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until
there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Sarah observes her brother
set the table every night for dinner. One night, he is away at a
friends house and Sarah must set the table. She knows how to do it
because shes observed her brother but had never had to demonstrate
the knowledge before. A rat completes a maze several times, without
an incentive. The rat learns the maze very slowly. When food is
placed at the end of the maze, the rat completes the maze very
quickly, demonstrating that latent learning had occurred and a
cognitive map of the maze was formed.
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Finish the Operant Conditioning Worksheet.
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Observational Learning BANDURA
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Observational Learning Learning by observing others Learning
does not always happen as a byproduct of experience Modeling the
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Mirror
neurons - frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain
actions or when observing another doing so
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Albert Bandura's Experiment Experimental group of preschoolers
was exposed to an adult beating a blow-up (Bobo) doll for 10
minutes and then left to see if they would do the same children
exposed to aggressive adult models were more likely to be
aggressive towards the doll when alone with the toys
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Applications of Observational Learning Antisocial models may
have antisocial effects (family, TV, movies, friends) Prosocial
behavior (positive, constructive, helpful) can have prosocial
effectsprosocial Violent viewing correlates with violent
play/actions Violent TV/movies can desensitize children and adults
to pain, death, and punishment.