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Thermodynamics and Combustioni
ASSIGNMENT
Module Code RMD 2502
Module Name Thermodynamics and combustion
Course M.Sc in Rotating Machine DesignDepartment Automotive and Aeronautical Engg.
Name of the Student Mohammed Mehraj Anwar
Reg. No BSB0411004
Batch Part-Time 2011.
Module Leader Ananthesha
POSTGRADUATEENGIN
EERING
ANDMANAGEMENTPROGRA
MME
(PEMP)
M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced StudiesPostgraduate Engineering and Management Programmes(PEMP)#470-P Peenya Industrial Area, 4 th Phase, Peenya, Bengaluru-560 058
Tel; 080 4906 5555, website: www.msrsas.org
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ii
Declaration SheetStudent Name MOHAMMED MEHRAJ ANWAR
Reg. No BSB0411004
CourseROTATING MACHINERYDESIGN Batch Part-Time 2011 .
Batch PT 2011
Module Code 2502
Module Title Thermodynamics and CombustionModule Date To
Module Leader Ananthesha
Extension requests:Extensions can only be granted by the Head of the Department in consultation with the module leader.
Extensions granted by any other person will not be accepted and hence the assignment will incur a penalty.Extensions MUSTbe requested by using the Extension Request Form, which is available with the ARO.A copy of the extension approval must be attached to the assignment submitted .
Penalty for late submissionUnless you have submitted proof of mitigating circumstances or have been granted an extension, the
penalties for a late submission of an assignment shall be as follows:
Up to one week late: Penalty of 5 marks
One-Two weeks late: Penalty of 10 marks
More than Two weeks late: Fail - 0% recorded (F)All late assignments: must be submitted to Academic Records Office (ARO). It is your responsibility toensure that the receipt of a late assignment is recorded in the ARO. If an extension was agreed, the
authorization should be submitted to ARO during the submission of assignment.
To ensure assignment reports are written concisely, the length should be restricted to a limit
indicated in the assignment problem statement. Assignment reports greater than this length may
incur a penalty of one grade (5 marks). Each delegate is required to retain a copy of the
assignment report.
DeclarationThe assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have conformed to theguidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the PEMP Student Handbook. All sections of the text andresults, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully referenced. I understand that cheating and
plagiarism constitute a breach of University regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.
Signature of the student Date
Submission date stamp(by ARO)
Signature of the Module Leader and date Signature of Head of the Department and date
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Thermodynamics and Combustioniii
Contents____________________________________________________________________________
Contents
Declaration Sheet ......................................................................................................................... iiContents ....................................................................................................................................... iiiAbstract ........................................................................................................................................ivList of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vList of Figures ..............................................................................................................................viList of Symbols .......................................................................................................................... viiPART-A ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Mathematical model of thermodynamics power plant .............................................................. 8
In troduction - Importance of Electr ic Energy .................................................................. 8Parameters affecting the performance of the power plant ......................................................... 8Authors contribution to the modification to the power plant ................................................. 10Comments on Authors conclusion ......................................................................................... 10Modifications required to implement the model to power plant ............................................. 11Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 11
PART-B ...................................................................................................................................... 12Power plant proposal for Karnataka State ................................................................................... 12
Present power demand and sources of power generation in Karnataka state .......................... 12Proposal for Solar Thermal power plant ................................................................................. 13Technical specification of the plant ......................................................................................... 14
Sub system interactions ........................................................................................................... 15Summary of results .................................................................................................................. 15
PART-C ...................................................................................................................................... 16Importance of combustor......................................................................................................... 16Factor affecting the combustor performance ........................................................................... 16Design Parameters calculations ............................................................................................... 16Combustor layout .................................................................................................................... 16Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 16
4 Comments on Learning Outcome ......................................................................................... 17References ................................................................................................................................... 18
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Thermodynamics and Combustioniv
Abstract____________________________________________________________________________In this report the assignment for the Thermodynamics and Combustion module for the RMD
course batch 2012 is been presented. The module leader Ananthesha has given the overview of
fundamental aspects of Thermodynamics and its role in evolution of engineering designs. Focus
on explaining the fundamentals of subject based on real life applications was the key of
discussions in the class room. The assignment is divided into three parts,
Part A) It is in the form of essay where the topic subject of mathematical modeling of the
thermal power plant is to be discussed. Mathematical modeling of the Takoradi Thermal power
plant was published in the paper Thermodynamic Analysis of the gas and steam turbines at
Takoradi Thermal power station which was provided as a material to refer. In the paper basic
understanding of the power plant, ways of improving and modeling of the power plant was
discussed through energy balance equations. Efforts are made to understand the work and
comment on the work in required aspects of subject.
Part B) It consisted of understanding the energy requirements for the Karnataka state by the
year 2020, its resources available for providing energy. A proposal is made of 73MW solar
power plant which can be integrated with the coal power system. Efforts are made to collect
lots of data supporting the energy requirement from KREDL, INDIAN commission etc.. and
also for other sources to justify the scenario of energy resources and a solution of Solar powerplant integrated with coal as alternative resource is provided.
Part C) It consists of the design of thermodynamic combustion chamber for the given specific
conditions. This was the most challenging part of the assignment which requires a thorough
knowledge of the entire process involved in aircraft engines and more specific to the
combustion process. Efforts are made to understand the combustion process, combustor
requirement and detail processes, geometry specification governing equations, concept of
primary, secondary and tertiary flow requirements and a lot of other parameters and their affecton combustion and combustor design.
I would like to thanks Sir Ananthesha for his knowledge sharing sessions and interactive
discussions on such advanced topic. At the end of the assignment I have put forward my views
regarding the beneficial aspects of this assignment.
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List of Tables____________________________________________________________________________
Table No. Title of the table Pg.No.
Table 1 - Factors affecting the Power output of combined Power plant ....................................... 9Table 2Sub Systems and energy equations ................................................................................. 15
< The table numbers have to be based on the chapter number>
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Thermodynamics and Combustionvi
List of Figures____________________________________________________________________________
Figure No. Title of the figure Pg.No.
Figure 1 Cost difference between NG and LCO [2] ................................................................... 11Figure 2 Energy resources in KarnatakaNon renewable ......................................................... 12Figure 3 Karnataka Renewable Energy ....................................................................................... 13Figure 4 Solar -Thermal power plant and representative thermodynamics cycle ....................... 14
< The Figure numbers have to be based on the chapter number>
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List of Symbols____________________________________________________________________________
Symbol Description UnitsE Youngs Modulus N/mmG Acceleration due to gravity - 9.81 m/sV Voltage mVW Width Mm
< Arrange in alphabetical order>
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PART-A
Mathematical model of thermodynamics power plantIntroduction- Importance of Electric Energy
Electricity has become bare essential requirement for mankind, along with food, shelter and
clothing. The quest to fulfill the need with an cost effective means has driven many change in the
mankind and has led to the exploitation of all kind of resources that nature Earth has provided us.
Electricity is the centre for any advancement in technology right from home, home appliances,
mobiles, irrigation, transportations to development in high end computers that are back bone of
growth in this advanced era of industries and revolutions. For every resource there is a limit and
with ever growing population of the planet the need for reliable source of electricity with very
effective Cost of energy is sought for. Efforts are made in to use all kind of energy Oil, Coal, water,
air and solar etc so as to meet the ever growing demand for electricity. The role of power plant
steam, gas, oil cannot be ignored in supplying power till date, but the danger of extinction of these
resources is forcing mankind to bring innovate and lean approach to continue the supply of reliable
electricity. In regards to this a concept of combined power plant is discussed wherein emphasis is
laid that if designed properly the dependence on diminishing Oil resources can be avoided with the
use of renewable natural gas. A mathematical model for the same has been developed by
researchers in Ghana, which will be discussed in next sections and described in journal published at
European Journal of Technology and Advanced Engineering Research [1].
Parameters affecting the performance of the power plant
Irreversible Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle using air and water/steam respectively, are analysed
for mass balance and energy balance. The plants are combined by using the exhaust from the gas
turbine to raise steam in the HRSG without additional fuel input.
The table
No Parameter Description Additional Information
1 Compressor
Pressure
ratio
It is the ratio of the compressor pressure
at exit to inlet. It is the main parameter
affecting the efficiency of the cycle.
2 Compressor
Isentropic
efficiency
This efficiency is related to the losses in
the compressor due to friction, heat etc..
It dictates the efficiency of work that can
be done to increase the pressure.
2 combustionInlet,1
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3 Gas turbine
Isentropic
efficiency
It is the efficiency at which the turbine
works and is given by,
4 Turbine
Inlet
temperature
It is the temperature at which the hot
gases from the combustion are exposed to
the turbine for extracting work. The
higher it is the more benefit.
This is a very critical parameter
and but due to lack of material
availability, this temperature is
restricted to around 1800k.
5 Pinch
difference
temperature
It the difference in the temperature
involving the energy exchanges. This
governs the efficiency of the co plant.
The value for pinch difference should be
as less as possible.
In this process the heat from hot
gas exhaust is transferred to water
to convert to steam. The higher it is
the better efficiency
6 Steam
turbine inlet
temperature
This temperature is very critical for the
performance of the steam turbine, the
higher it is the better.
In this process of combine plant, it
is must to ensure that the turbine
exhaust air is at higher temperature.
7 Steam
turbine
isentropic
efficiency
In the turbine the steam expands and
condenses into water at exit. The more
expansion of steam, the higher the
efficiency.
8 Flow rates The mass of air flowing in the Brayton
cycle determines the output from gas
turbine.
The mass of steam flowing in the
Rankine cycle determines the
power output from steam plant.
9 Pump
isentropic
efficiency
The fluid from the condenser is pumped
to the boiler through pump. The
isentropic efficiency of the pump defines
the mass that can be circulated in the
boiler.
Boiler
condenser
10 Combustion
efficiency
The heat released is critical for the power
output from the turbine as it determines
the turbine inlet temperature.
It depends on, air-fuel ratio,
condition in the combustion
chamber etc..
Table 1 - Factors affecting the Power output of combined Power plant
2
1
2, condenser
1, steam from
boiler
1, gases fromcombustion
2 HRSG
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Authors contribution to the modification to the power plant
The author has contributed by following
Understanding the current state of power plant
Getting the process input required
Energy calculation at each stage, with relevant approximations.
Developed the Model solution flow chart which is used to get the decision points and
calculations done using MATHCAD.
Assumption of critical parameters to make the mathematical model efficient within certain
parameter variation.
Developing mathematical model to predict output taking into account global performance
factors.
Identifying the areas of improvement
Optimizing the power output by using the mathematical model
Comparison of modeled analysis to actual performance
Justification to modification to the use of natural gas in place of Light crude oil.
Comments on Authors conclusion
The author has described well the functioning of the power plant. The main factors that can be
commented are
1) Assumption of steady flow: Flow losses are not taken into account.
2) Combustion at ideal state: The ideal gas behavior with steady flow condition at higher
temperature must be justified, which is not done by the author.
3) Pressured air from compressor to be used for cooling: I think this is the waste of energy over
which we make the compressor to work. This requires higher output from the turbine
affecting the overall efficiency.
4) Variation in inlet temperature is not accounted: The results are for fixed ambient condition
and may drastically change based on different operating conditions.
5) Assumption of ideal behavior of fluid: The real conditions must be accounted to have a
better model of the estimation of power output from gas turbine and steam turbine.
6) Increase in mass flow rate to increase the power output of the Gas turbine: There must be a
balance of how much to increase and at what cost. As cost is the main driving factor for this
design therefore accurate increase in mass must be known.
7) Use of natural gas (green) compared to Light crude oil (black), due to its higher calorific
value and low cost is justified by the trend in cost difference shown in Figure 1.
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Thermodynamics and Combustion11
Figure 1 Cost difference between NG and LCO [2]
Modifications required to implement the model to power plant
The power plant described can be modified to increase the efficiency and for better implementation
in the following ways
Better modeling of the ambient conditions by having a wet mast data collection of the
condition of the place for more than 2 years. This is currently practiced to surveys areas of
application of wind turbine and regulatory bodies are governing control and design of
measurement of field data.
The author mentions that the turbine blades are exposed to hot air after appropriate cooling
for material requirement. By properly controlling the combustion this can be avoided, as this
step seems to be waste of energy unlike it is mandatory in aircraft gas turbines. This step
will also improve the efficiency of the Heat recovery Steam generator (HRGS) by reducing
the pinch temperature difference.
Another modification which can be interesting is to use constant volume heat addition
process as known that the slope of T-S curve for constant volume heat addition is more that
the constant pressure heat addition. Although it requires the implementation of constant
volume heat addition process to open cycles.
Other options is to have HP turbine and LP turbine and reheat system, but this may increase
the complexity of the entire process
Conclusion
Overall a combined cycle power plant where in the Brayton and Rankine cycles has been
understood and cost efficient ways are given a thought process. But I feel the use of Concentrated
Solar power plants to heat the water to steam is a best alternative way to reduce cost and
dependence on the resources which will extinct one day unlike solar energy [3]. This technology is
being evolved, developed and currently now in implementation phase in US. Bright Energy is one
of the leading promoters of CSP in the World and is loaded with lot of renewal power plant projectusing the Concentrated Solar Thermal Power plants.
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PART-BPower plant proposal for Karnataka State
Present power demand and sources of power generation in Karnataka state
Karnataka has been a pioneer in the power sector having established the very first hydel generating
station at Shivasamudram in 1902. Karnataka has been in the forefront of adopting innovative
approaches to the problems of the power sector. Several important steps in restructuring the power
sector have been taken by Karnataka over the years, including the separation of Generation of
power from Transmission and Distribution, by setting up the Karnataka Power Corporation in 1970.
The State is now again on the threshold of vital and far reaching reforms [4].
The following figures summarize the current resources of energy and their capacity in MWs [5]
Figure 2 Energy resources in KarnatakaNon renewable
The installed capacity as on 1st January 2000 both with KEB and KPTCL is 4216 MW. Beside this
Karnataka has been allocated a share of 761 MW from the central generating stations owned by
NTPC, NLC, MAPP and Kaiga in the Southern Region. In addition, the State has a captive
generating capacity of about 1600 MW mostly with large and medium size industrial consumers.
The unrestricted peak demand of Karnataka is 4482 MW and average daily energy requirement of
78 MU per day. With the installed capacity and share from the central generating stations,
Karnataka has met a peak demand of 4060 MW, and highest daily consumption of 84.37 MU
during January 2000. In addition, Karnataka is presently importing 7.226 MU; of which MSEB
Varahi
Bellary
Raichur
Torangallu
KAIGA U-3,4
UDUPI, U I,2
Hydro
Coal
Coal
Coal
NUCLEAR
COAL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Hydro Coal NUCLEAR
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Thermodynamics and Combustion13
supplies 2.998 MU and 2.784 MU is being received from the Eastern region by utilising the HVDC
link between Jeypore in Orissa and Gajuwaka in Andhra Pradesh. M/s Jindal Tracteble is supplying
1.444 MU. Despite these arrangements which have been operationalized, there is a shortage of 6.30
MU (average daily shortage).
With the growth in industries, demand for power will increase and renewable energy must be used.
The following figure gives the estimation of the available energy and energy used so far.
Figure 3 Karnataka Renewable Energy
Under the Industrial Policy 2009 the state has identified areas covering Bidar, Belgaum, Bagalkot,
Shimoga and Mandya Districts for Sugar and co-gen, power development. Similarly areas covering
Raichur, Bellary, and Bijapur & Chitradurga Districts for Power Generation sector specific
industrial zone development. It is proposed under this policy that the Government will keep 10%
portion of these lands at the disposal of Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited to
develop them for Renewable Energy projects and allied Renewable Energy industries. Further 10%
of lands will be set apart for Renewable Energy project in all future SEZs to be identified under
Industrial Policy 2009 and also in the already approved SEZs at Shimoga, Hassan, Bangalore,
Udupi, Mysore and Bellary. 10% of all SEZ lands will be kept at the disposal of Karnataka
Renewable Energy Development Limited to develop Renewable Energy projects.[4]
Proposal for Solar Thermal power plant
The solar thermal energy systems generate power the same way as traditional power plants by
creating high temperature steam to turn a turbine. However, instead of using fossil fuels or nuclear
power to create the steam, suns energy is used. The steam can then be integrated with conventional
power plant components for electricity generation or for use in industrial process applications. By
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
wind power Hydro Cogeneration Bio mass Waste to energy Solar
potential capacity
installed capacity
EnergyinGig
aWatts
Renewable Energy, summary, in GWh
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Thermodynamics and Combustion14
the use of optimized software thousand of tracking mirrors, known as heliostats, can be controlled
to concentrate the sunlight onto a boiler filled with water that sits at the top a tower. When the
sunlight hits the boiler, the water inside is heated and creates high temperature steam. Once
produced, the steam is used either in a conventional turbine to produce electricity.
Figure 4 Solar -Thermal power plant and representative thermodynamics cycle
The mirrors in a tower system receive sunlight at a more advantageous angle because they track the
sun on two axes (i.e., in three dimensions) rather than on only one axis. The tracking advantage is
particularly important when the sun is relatively low in the sky, such as in winter, or even in the
early and late daylight hours at other times of the year. This means that a larger proportion of
sunlight is reflected and ultimately utilized for generating electricity on a yearly basis. The solar
thermal system design includes:
Optimization of solar field design to match utility peak generation demand requirements
Methods to ensure more reliable and consistent power output
Maximizing the production capability through thermal energy storage and hybridization
with fossil fuels
Technical specification of the plant
I would like to propose the similar solution as done in Mojave Desert to Southern California Edison
(SCE). Seven solar power towers which has the capacity of 1,300 MW, producing 3.7 billion
kilowatt-hours per year. The project would cost $2.2 billion. One of the partners from the Ivanpah
project is Siemens [9]. The Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, could be operating by 2013[6][7][8]. The
total cost of the Ivanpah project will be $2.2 billion. One of the partners from the Ivanpah project is
Siemens [9]. In Karnataka, the special energy zones dedicated for solar energy can be seen in North
Karnataka like Gulbarga district, Bidar, Raichur which are hot zones and are usually affected from
lack of electricity.
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Thermodynamics and Combustion15
Sub system interactions
S.No
Component and theirfunctionality
Energy conversion Energy balance
1 Helistats Convex solar panels
to reflect light on to the boiler on
the top of the tower
Heat radiation from sun on the
solar panels is transferred as
concentrated heat to the boilerWhere Qusable = Useful heatdelivered from panelsFr=heat removal factorAa= Area of ApertureAr= Area of receiverUL1=Thermal loss coefficientTi= Inlet temperatureTe=Ambient temperature
2 Solar receiver/Boiler Receives energy from the
concentrated radiation from the
solar panels and uses this energy
to convert water into steam
Where Qsolar=Heat generated insolar receiver/BoilerN= Number of panels intower*number of towersUL2=Thermal loss co efficient
3 Steam powered turbine based onRankine cycle
The steam from the tower is
forced through the steam turbine
Producing the shaft power that is
converted to electric energy.
Where Wt= Turbine work
h5= Enthalpy at turbine entry
h6= Enthalpy at turbine exit
4 Condenser The hot water from the turbineexit is cooled by using
condenser.
Where Qc= heat absorbed by
condenser
h6= Enthalpy at condenser entry
h7= Enthalpy at condenser exit
5 Pump The water from condenser is
pumped back to tower maintain
the flow rate.
Where Qc= heat absorbed by
condenser
h7= Enthalpy at pump entry
h8= Enthalpy at pump exit
Table 2Sub Systems and energy equations
Summary of results
A Solar powered thermal power plant is proposed based on the Ivanpah project in US carried out by
BrightSource [8], which is apt for the conditions in North Karnataka which can serve upto 1.3GW
of power per annum. It doesnt have many mechanical parts as traditional combine power plant and
uses solar energy which is freely available hence the most cost efficient.
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Thermodynamics and Combustion16
PART-C
Thermodynamics calculation for the design of combustor
Importance of combustor
Factor affecting the combustor performance
Design Parameters calculations
Combustor layout
Conclusion
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4 Comments on Learning Outcome
The Thermodynamics and Combustion module, classes were conducted by Ananthesha, and the
subject being so vast in fundamental application was helpful for me to understand. Thank to Sir that
he explained many difficult topics covering from basics to advanced topics like combustion.
The module helped me to enhance my knowledge on
Laws of Thermodynamics and their importance in day to day applications
Different power plants used with their thermodynamics process cycles
Different thermodynamics design process for different power plants
Introduction to the affect of combustion and its calculations
Thermodynamic processes and cycles involved in the aircraft turbo machinery, their governing
factors and limitations
Different types of combustion process, combustors used and their design process and criteria.
The learning outcomes were met which were addressed directly/ indirectly in our assignments. The
ICA assignments were very challenging and addressing towards strengthening the knowledge of
subject.
I think for me the subject is so vast and within the stipulated time of three-four weeks, it is not
sufficient to understand the subject in depth. But the basic building blocks of thermodynamics, feel
for combustion and combustor design are developed. And I am sure that I can build upon thesecompetencies learned through this module.
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References
4 http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnataka 5shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+t
hermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energy [6] Revkin, Andrew C. (February 11, 2009). "California Utility Looks to Mojave Desert Project for Solar Power" (http:/ / www. nytimes.com/2009/ 02/ 12/ science/ earth/ 12solar. html?ref=science). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-02-12.[7] "Agreement for 1,300 Megawatts of Clean and Reliable Solar Thermal Power" (http:/ / www. edison. com/ pressroom/ pr. asp?bu=&year=0& id=7174). Southern California Edison (SCE). February 11, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-02-12.[8] "BrightSource Energy and Southern California Edison (SCE) Power Purchasing Agreement FAQs" (http:/ / www. edison. com/ files/solarFAQs. pdf). BrightSource & SCE. . Retrieved 2009-02-12.[9] http:/ / www. usa. siemens. com/ energy-efficiency/ energy-efficiency. html?tab=power-generation
http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnatakahttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnataka