ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY
Jason Phillips
Normal Anatomy: Labrum increases
depth of glenoid IGHL 10 static
check to A/P and inf @ 45-900
SGHL and MGHL play stabilizing roles in lower ranges of abductionInferior Glenohumeral
Ligament Complex
Hunt et al. JAAOS 2007
Normal Anatomy: IGHL complex
forms “Hammock” Anterior band
resists anterior translation in Abd/ER
Glenoid “bare spot” is central
History: Arm in Abducted/ER positon Was an ER reduction required? Age? Contact athlete/Military? Position? Ultimate goals? End/Beginning of Season?
Physical Exam: Apprehension-
Relocation (Instability) AbER reproduces
symptoms Posterior force
relieves Load & Shift (Laxity)
Grade I – Up face Grade II – To Rim w/
immediate reduction Grade III – Over Rim
Bahk et al. AJSM 2007
Laxity or Excessive
TranslationDoes Not
Equal Instability
EUA is Critical: Compare translation of BOTH shoulders for any
increase in anterior translation
How should we treat the primary event?
Risks for recurrent instability Position of immobiliztion Length of immobilization Meeting patients goals and expectations
Risks for Recurrent Instability
Rowe 1980 1
<20yo = 94% recurrent instability 21-30yo = 79% 31-40yo = 50% >40yo = 14%
Arciero 1989 2
Ave age 18yo (17-22) 3wks of immobilization (position not specified) 92% recurrence if treated nonoperatively
1. Rowe CR. Acute and recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder. Ortho Clin North Am 1980;11:253-70.2. Wheeler JH, et al. Arthroscopic vs. Nonoperative treatment of acute shoulder dislocations in young athletes.
Arthroscopy 1989;5:213-217.
Risks for Recurrent Instability
Arciero et al. Arthroscopic bankart vs nonoperative treatment for acute, initial anterior shoulder dislocations. AJSM 1994;22:589-594.
Risks for Recurrent Instability
Group 1 = immobilized IR for 3-4 weeksGroup 2 = immobilized IR until patient felt comfortableGroup 3 = immobilization less than 3 weeks
Hovelius L, et al. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. JBJS Am
2008;90:-45-952.
Risks for Recurrent Instability
Hovelius L, et al. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. JBJS Am
2008;90:-45-952.
Risks for Recurrent Instability
Hovelius L, et al. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. JBJS Am
2008;90:-45-952.
Keys1. Primary
dislocation2. 4wks
immobilized IR
Robinson CM, et al. Functional outcome and risk of recurrent instability after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in young patients. JBJS AM 2006;88:2326-2336.
Bushnell BD, et al. Bony instability of the Shoulder. Arthroscopy 2008;24:1061-1073.
Balg F, Boileau P. The instability severity index score: A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89:1470-1477.
Balg F, Boileau P. The instability severity index score: A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89:1470-1477.
Balg F, Boileau P. The instability severity index score: A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89:1470-1477.
Balg F, Boileau P. The instability severity index score: A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89:1470-1477.
Glenoid Bone Loss: Biomechanical Evidence
Osseous defect at least 21% of glenoid length may cause instabilityItoi E et al. JBJS(A) 2000 Jan
Anteroinferior glenoid defect diminished stability by almost 50%Bone grafting increased stability by 150% to 230%Montgomery WH et al. JBJS (A) 2005 Sept.
Risk Factors for Failure
194 consecutive arthroscopic Bankart repairs; 101 contact athletes
Recurrence in Contact Athletes: Without significant bony defects: 6.5%With significant bony defects: 89%
Engaging Hill-Sachs Glenoid bone loss 25%
Burkhart SS, DeBeer JF. Traumatic glenohumeral bone defects and their relationship to failure of arthroscopic bankart repairs: significance of the inverted-pear glenoid and the humeral engaging hill-sachs lesion. Arthroscopy 2000;16:677-694.
Bushnell BD, et al. Bony instability of the Shoulder. Arthroscopy 2008;24:1061-1073.
Burkhart SS, DeBeer JF. Traumatic glenohumeral bone defects and their relationship to failure of arthroscopic bankart repairs: significance of the inverted-pear glenoid and the humeral engaging hill-sachs lesion. Arthroscopy 2000;16:677-694.
Bushnell BD, et al. Bony instability of the Shoulder. Arthroscopy 2008;24:1061-1073.
Quantifying the Risk Factor Cadaveric study : Quantify glenoid bone
loss by arthroscopic means “The bare spot of the glenoid…consistent
reference point from which to determine glenoid bone loss…”
Burkhart SS, De Beer JF et al. Arthroscopy, 2002 May
Itoi E, et al. The effect of glenoid defect on anterior inferior stability of the shoulder after bankart repair: a cadaveric study. JBJS Am 2000;82:35-46.
Itoi E, et al. The effect of glenoid defect on anterior inferior stability of the shoulder after bankart repair: a cadaveric study. JBJS Am 2000;82:35-46.
Itoi E, et al. The effect of glenoid defect on anterior inferior stability of the shoulder after bankart repair: a cadaveric study. JBJS Am 2000;82:35-46.
Itoi E, et al. The effect of glenoid defect on anterior inferior stability of the shoulder after bankart repair: a cadaveric study. JBJS Am 2000;82:35-46.
Itoi E, et al. The effect of glenoid defect on anterior inferior stability of the shoulder after bankart repair: a cadaveric study. JBJS Am 2000;82:35-46.
Risks for Recurrent Instability
3B Effect1. Labral repair (Bumper effect)2. Increased bony contact via coracoid transfer (Bony effect)3. Sling effect of conjoined tendon and lowered subscap (Belt or sling
effect)
Boileau et al. Orthop Clin N Am 2010;41:381-392.
Position/Length of Immobilization
Paterson WH, et al. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. JBJS AM 2010;92:2924-2933.
Position/Length of Immobilization
Paterson WH, et al. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. JBJS AM 2010;92:2924-2933.
Position/Length of Immobilization
Paterson WH, et al. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. JBJS AM 2010;92:2924-2933.
Position/Length of Immobilization
Paterson WH, et al. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. JBJS AM 2010;92:2924-2933.
Position/Length of Immobilization
Paterson WH, et al. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. JBJS AM 2010;92:2924-2933.
Position/Length of Immobilization
Paterson WH, et al. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. JBJS AM 2010;92:2924-2933.
Itoi, JBJS 2007 RCT, Level II, 2yr f/u 198pts sling vs 100ER x 3wks (ER group more
compliant (68% vs 80%) ER group w/ reduced recurrence (38% Rel.
Risk)
Itoi, JBJS, 2007 Immobilize 100 ER Must initiate tx early Most effective if
<30yo
Conservative Treatment:
Strengthen GH rotators and scapular stabilizers
Injury Prevention Graduated
Return GOAL –To keep
head centered
Scapular Exercises: Push-up plus Bear hug Seated rows Shrugs Upright rows
Moseley et al., AJSM 1992.Decker MJ, Hawkins RJ, AJSM 1999.
Arthroscopic Repair after Primary Event?
Arthroscopic Repair after Primary Event?
Results of Arthroscopic Repair: Contact Athletes
Sample Follow Up Recurrence
O’Neill JBJS 1999
41 52 months 5%
Mazzocca AJSM 2005
18 37 months 11%
RobinsonAOSSM 2006
28 51 months 7%
Risks after Primary Repair
Porcellini G, et al. JBJS AM 2009;91:2537-2542.
Risks after Primary Repair
Results of Latarjet At 15yrs, 98%
excellent or good At 15yrs, only
4/118 redislocated (3%)
Hovelius L, et al. JSES 2004;13:509-516.
Tibial Plafond Allograft