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ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

TYPES OF RELATIONS AMONG ORGANISM

GAYATHRI. A.TNATURAL SCIENCEDifferent types of relations found among organisms.Relationships ensures food and space among organism.These relationship is known as interaction.On the basis of benefits and harmful effects two types of interaction.Positive interaction & Negative interaction.INTRODUCTIONBeneficial for one interacting partner Other partner is not harmed or both of them benefited Includes Mutualism and CommensalismPOSITIVE INTERACTIONInteraction between two living organisms of different speciesBoth partners are benefitedExamples Crocodiles and plover bird Ants and AphidsFlower and ButterflyHoney Bee and Flower

MUTUALISM

ANTS & APHIDS

Ants : feed on the sugary honeydew left behind by aphids.Aphids : protection provided by ants from predators and parasites.

CROCODILE & PLOVER BIRD

Crocodile : gets mouth cleaned from food residuesPlover Bird : gets food residues from teeth

One of the partner is benefitedOther partner neither benefited nor harmedExamples Shark and Remora ( Sucker Fish )Vanda and Mango tree Anemone fishes or clown fishes & Sea anemone COMMENSALISM CLOWN FISH & SEA ANEMONE

Clown fish : live amid the tentacles of the anemones which protects them from predators.Sea anemone : neither benefited nor harmed

SHARK & SUCKER FISH

Sucker fish : gets free food and transportShark : neither benefited nor harmed

One interacting partner is harmedSometimes both partners are harmedIncludes Predation ParasitismCompetition NEGATIVE INTERACTIONDirect food relationship between two partnersOne partner captures and feed on other partner.Partner that captures and feed : PredatorPartner that is eaten : PreyExamples Tiger & Deer Whale & small fishes Humans & other organisms PREDATION TIGER & DEER

Tiger : eats deer and gets food

Deer : killed by tiger

WHALE & SMALL FISHES

Whale : feed on small fishes & gets food

Small fishes : killed by Whale

One partner is benefited and other is harmed.Partner those gets benefits : ParasitesPartners those gets harmed : HostParasites get food & shelter from the hostExamples Tape worm and humansLeech and pigMosquito and humansPARASITISM TAPE WORM & HUMANS

Tape worm : lives on intestine of humans & feed on themHumans : Diarrhea ,Abdominal pain, Hunger or loss of appetite, Fatigue, Weight loss, Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

MOSQUITO & HUMANS

Mosquito : feeds on blood of humans

Humans : gets various diseases transmitted by mosquito such as Dengue

Here organisms competes for resources like water, nutrients, light and space occurs when resources are not sufficient for all individualsIndividuals harm one another in trying to obtain it.Examples Fishes inside an aquarium competing for food and space.Hyena and Lion competing for territory An Eagle and a Hawk competing for a prey.

COMPETITIONFishes inside an aquarium competing for food and space.

Hyena and Lion competing for territory

An Eagle and a Hawk competing for a prey.

Animal interactions play a vital role in the ecological balance Animal interactions are part of food chain and food webThe energy flow in an ecosystem occurs through animal relationshipsThus different types of animal interactions play their magnificent role in an ecosystemCONCLUSIONENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY Vijayakumaran Nair Academica Publications (2008)

Science textbook, Std : VIII, SCERTwww.en.encyclopedia.comwww.wiki.pedia.comwww.googleimages.comREFERENCES