AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 19
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Animal Form
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
AP Biology Rapid Learning SeriesWayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 19
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Learning Objectives
Animal Cell and Tissue
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Animal Organ System
Homeostasis
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Basic Animals Concept Map
AnimalsFood
Plants
Animal Form
Animal Function PhysiologyPlan
t Nut
rient
s
Reproduction
Genetics
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y gy
Animal waste
P
Environment Biochemistry
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Animal Form Concept Map
TissuesCell
CEpithelial Tissue
NervousTissue
A i l b d
Connective Connective Tissue
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Respiratory
11 major organ systems 11 major organ systems
MuscularTissue
Tissues are organized into organs
HomeostasisHomeostasisEnvironmentEnvironment
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Animal body
Digestive
Respiratory
SkinImmune
Nervous ReproductiveReproductive
Excretory
Muscular
CirculatorySkeletal
EndocrineEndocrine
Animal Cells and Tissues
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Animal Organization
Animal cells are organized into tissues,
organs and organ
Organ systems comprise of the body of the animal. Organization from cells toorgans and organ
system.Organization from cells to entire body is critical for
animal form and function.
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Animal Cell Structure
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Animal Tissues: Four Major TypesEpithelial TissueClosely packed in either single or multiple layers, and cover both internal
f f
Connective TissueTissue with an extensive extracellular matrix that often serves to supportand external surfaces of
the animal body. often serves to support, bind together, and protect organs.
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Nervous Tissue Bundles of neuronal processes enclosed in connective tissue that carry signals to and from muscles.
Muscle TissueFormed by muscle cells for movement of and/or within the animal.
Epithelial Tissue Structure Function
Pseudostratified columnar
1. Cell Shape: three types• Squamous epithelium is flattened cells.
C b id l i h li i b h d ll epithelial cell• Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells. • Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells.2. Cell layer:• Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer. • Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of
cells3. Functions• Movement materials in, out, or around the body.
P t ti f th i t l i t i t
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• Protection of the internal environment against the external environment.
• Secretion of a product.
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Connective Tissue Form & Function
Fibrous connective
tissueThere are two major types of connective tissue: loose (LCT)
Special TypesCartilageBoneBloodtissue: loose (LCT)
adipose tissue and fibrous (FCT)
tendons.
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Blood TissueFunctionsBinding Supporting Protecting Forming blood Storing fats Filling space
Three Types Muscle FibersThere are three types of muscle
fibers. Smooth: Lack the banding, also consists of actin and
i It i l t Smoothmyosin. It powers involuntary movements of the viscera
Skeletal muscle is striated and usually attached to the skeleton.
They create movement by applying force to bones and joints by
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Skeletal
g gcontracting and relaxing.
Cardiac muscle is striated muscle found only in the heart. The cells
are usually connected to each other by intercalated disks. It
powers the heartbeat Cardiac
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Nervous Tissue Two Types
C ll B d
Dendrites1) Neurons (made up of three parts): A cell body - contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. A long axon -
Cell Body
Axon
Long fibers that carry signals away from the cell body. Many dendrites: receive information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body.
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Glial cells are nonconducting cells that serve as support cells in the nervous system and help to protect neurons.
What do Groups of Tissue Form?
Certain group of cells form tissues, what do tissues
Several tissues form a functional unit called organs
form?g
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Animal Organ System
The functional unit
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Tissues Are Organized Into OrgansSeveral types of tissue form a
functional unit called an organ.
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
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tissue
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Animal BodyAnimal body has 11 major organ systems.
■ Muscular System ■ Skeletal System ■ Skin or Integument ■ Respiratory System ■ Digestive System ■ Circulatory System
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■ Circulatory System ■ Lymphatic System ■ Excretory System ■ Nervous System ■ Endocrine System ■ Reproductive System
Muscular SystemMuscle composition all skeleton is attached to muscles.
Muscle function to allow movement and locomotion. They power the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems.
Muscles play a role in regulating temperature.
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Digestive System
The digestive system functions to ingest food and
break it down into smaller chemical units. It also
The digestive system is composed of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas gallbladder colon
absorbs the nutrients and eliminates wastes.
pancreas, gallbladder, colon (large intestine), rectum and anus.
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Respiratory System
Composition:
■ Nose■ Pharynx ■ Larynx■ Trachea■ Bronchi■ Lung
Function:
■ Exchange gas between body and environment:
Inhale Oxygen
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■ Lung Remove carbon dioxide
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Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system is composed of: blood vessels, arteries (from heart), veins (to
heart), capillaries from arteries to veins
It also includes: blood, red and white cells as well as platelets, plasma and the heart organ itself.
veins.
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Cardiovascular system functions to transport oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste between cells and the respiratory system. It also carries chemical signals from the endocrine system.
Lymphatic System: Immune System
Composition
Function■ Defense against invading
microorganisms and virusesp
■ Central lymphoid tissueBone Marrow: produce all cells
in immune system Thymus: T cell maturation
■ Peripheral lymphoid tissueLymph nodes
-- lymphatic sinuses
■ Defense against the growth of cancer cells.
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y p-- blood vessels -- parenchyma
SpleenMucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue
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Excretory System
The excretory system is
composed of the liver skin and
Liver
Kidney These function
liver, skin and urinary system.
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Ureter
Kidney
Bladder
These function to remove organic wastes.
Liver, Skin, Urinary System
Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and
uric acid
Liver: produces urea and uric acid as a by product of the breakdown of proteins.
uric acid.
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The function of the Excretory System is to remove organic waste and maintain fluid levels.Skin - removal of
excess water, salt, urea and uric acid
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Endocrine System
Pineal glandHypothalamusPituitary gland
The endocrine system is made up of: pineal, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal and d ti l d It i l
Thyroid glandParathyroid
Adrenal gland
Thymus
reproductive glands. It is also part of the endocrine system is the: hypothalamus, thymus and
pancreas.
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Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles
The endocrine system secretes hormones to control growth and coordinates long range responses to external and internal stimuli.
Reproductive System
Male■ The testicles■ The duct system, which i d f th
Seminal vesicles
is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens ■ The accessory glands, which includes the seminal vesicles and prostate gland■ The penis
Vas Deferens
Testicles
Prostate
PenisEpididymis
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Female■ Fallopian tubes ■ Ovaries ■ Uterus ■ Vagina ■ Accessory glands■ External genital organs
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Nervous System
Brain
The nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes neurons and
nerves that are not in the central
Spinal Cord
nervous system.
The nervous system functions to coordinate
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Central nervous system
functions to coordinate the activity of the
muscles, monitors the organs, processes input
from the senses and initiates actions and
responses.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system is composed of bones.
Most of the bones are
The function of the skeletal system is to support the body, to move and to store minerals. It is also the site of
internally linked.store minerals. It is also the site of
haematopoiesis: producing blood and immune cells.
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Skin System
The skin is composed of the: epidermis (keratinocytes, basal cells and melanocytes), and dermis which contains elastic and collagen fiberscontains elastic and collagen fibers as well as capillary networks and nerve endings.
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The skin has hair, nails, skin glands and their products. It functions in: protection, exchange and secretion.
Homeostasis
Internal balance
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Homeostasis
Living organisms regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of
The components of homeostasis includes maintenance of:
It must also maintain the concentration of nutrients and , y
multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.
maintenance of: O2, CO2 and pH. waste products.
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The concentration of salt and electrolytes must be maintained as well as the volume and pressure of the extracellular fluid.
Mechanism of HomeostasisThe mechanism of homeostasis is negative feedback.
Set a threshold
Sense the change
Signal the change
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Effector to bring the change back to normal range
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Extrinsic and IntrinsicExtrinsic homeostatic systems are controlled
from outside the body by two systems. 1. Nervous system: sensors.2. Endocrine system: signal transmission.
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Intrinsic homeostatic systems often involve only one or two organs, e.g. blood vessel
regulation by oxygen and CO2.
Sensor of HomeostasisControlled by two systems: Nervous System and Endocrine System
Nervous System: sensory system homeostasis.• Sensory nerve (dorsal root of spinal nerves) • Synapse (in the spinal cord for monosynaptic
reflexes) • Motor nerve (ventral root of spinal nerves)-
controls effectors • Effectors: muscles and glands
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Endocrine: sensory system homeostasis.• Upon receiving signals from nervous
system, endocrine system secretes hormones into blood.
• Hormones are broken down rapidly, but they set in motion effects that may persist after the hormones are gone: stimulate metabolism, turn on genes, etc.
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Example of Homeostasis
Fat cells synthesize lipids from glucose B
loFall
Negative Feedback
Blood glucose> 1.0 g/dm-3
PancreasIslet β-cell
Insulin
Liver cells synthesize glycogen from glucose
Other cells uptake glucose
od glucosels
Blood
Rises
Li ll b k d
Return tonormal level
Glu
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Blood glucose< 0.7 g/dm-3
d glucoses
Liver cells break down glycogen --> glucoseAmino Acid--> glucose
PancreasIslet α-cell
ucagon
Negative Feedback
Animals and Homeostasis
How does an animal body maintain homeostasis?
Through negative feedbacks and
achieved by nervous system (as sensors)system (as sensors)
and endocrine system (signal transduction)
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Question: Review
Animal cells are _____ into cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
___________Organized
___________
___________
Cell Shapes
Loose and Fibrous
Glial Neurons
Squamous, cuboidal and columnar represent what?
Two types of nervous
Types of connective tissue.
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___________Glial, Neuronssystem tissue.
The skeletal system is composed of _____. ___________Bones
Animal cells k
Animal cells k
Learning Summary
There are 11 organ system There are 11
organ system make up
animal tissues.make up
animal tissues.
HomeostasisHomeostasis
g yfor vertebrate
animals.
g yfor vertebrate
animals.
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Homeostasismechanisms are
controlled by negative feedback.
Homeostasismechanisms are
controlled by negative feedback.
Animal tissues form organs
Animal tissues form organs
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Congratulations
You have successfully completed the core tutorial
Animal Forms
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