LECTURE: Dr. Kevin DixonOffice: 3020 King Bldg.

Office hours: TW 1-2 PM, or by app’t.E-mail: dixon@bio.fsu.edu

Phone: 645-8813

Course website:

BLACKBOARD

Lecture slides available as PDF (and Mac-formatted PowerPoint) files on Blackboard a day before

lecture.

*Please print SYLLABUS from Blackboard – important

info here!

Welcome To Animal Diversity!

Also visit Blackboard for:

-other staff contact info-announcements (e-mail)-practice exams-video sites-articles of interest-study tips-suggestions for organizing notes-grades-lab schedule-lab info

PLEASE REFER TO THE SYLLABUS FOR FULL COURSE DETAILS.(syllabus is posted on Blackboard)

Course objective: To gain exposure to the diversity of animal life on the planet

Two guiding principles throughout:1. Form and function (bio-engineering, bio-physics)2. New ways of solving problems (variations on a theme; evolution)

Texts for the course:

Lab Manual

Tschinkel et al.Hickman, Roberts, Keen,Larson & Eisenhour

Lecture text

Not this! Get the new 5th edition!

Not this! Get the new edition!

Guidelines to optimize your experience/performance in class

1) Show up to lectures.

*beginning next Tuesday

2) Prepare summary charts comparing features among phyla.*****see Blackboard for examples*****

3) Prepare vocabulary flashcards or “random word lists” soon after each lecture. *****see “Study Tips” document on Blackboard*****

4) Form a study group.

5) STAY ON TOP OF THE MATERIAL!

Academic Honor Code

Students are expected to uphold the Academic Honor Code published in The Florida State University Bulletin and the Student Handbook. The Academic Honor System of The Florida State University is based on the premise that each student has the responsibility:

(1) to uphold the highest standards of academic integrity in the student's own work, (2) to refuse to tolerate violations of academic integrity in the university community, and (3) to foster a high sense of integrity and social responsibility on the part of the university community.

http://www.fsu.edu/Books/Student-Handbook/codes/honor.html

Animal Diversity: The Diversity of Life

How do animals fit into the larger picture of the diversity of life?

Most of animal diversity is made up of arthropods…

…and vertebrates comprise only ~5% of the known diversity of life on the planet…

…and mammals comprise at most only ~0.4 %!

So another course goal is simply to instill a better appreciation of all the “other” animals out there.

PARAZOAPorifera [sponges] Placozoa

EUMETAZOA

RadiataCnidaria [sea anemones,etc.]Ctenophora [comb jellies]

Bilateria Protostomia LophotrochozoaMesozoa [small parasitic worms]Platyhelminthes [tape worms and flukes] Nemertea [ribbon worms] Pogonophora [gutless worms] Echiura [spoon worms] Annelida [segmented worms] Brachiopoda [lamp shells] Phoronida [lophophore worms] Entoprocta [nodding heads] Bryozoa [moss animals] Mollusca [snails, clams, etc.] Chaetognatha [arrow worms] Rotifera [wheel animals]Gastrotricha [unsegmented worms]

Acanthocephala [vertebrate gut parasitic worms]Sipuncula [peanut worms]

EcdysozoaKinorhyncha [snout movers] Priapulida [phallus worms] Loricifera [brush heads]Nematoda [round worms]Nematomorpha [horsehair worms]Onychophora [velvet worms]Tardigradia [water bears]Pycnogonida [sea spiders] Uniramia [insects, centipedes +] Chelicerata [spiders, mites, etc.] Crustacea [crabs,barnacles,etc.]

DeuterostomiaEchinodermata [sea stars, etc.] Hemichordata [acorn worms] Urochordata [sea squirts] Chordata [fish, frogs, birds, humans, etc.]

UNDETERMINED AFFINITIES

Gnathostomulida [interstitial worms]Cycliophora [discovered in 1995]

Current estimates suggest ~37 phyla of animals(nearly half of them worms!)

The exact evolutionary relationships among groups is still an ongoing and active area of research.

Olenoides serratus (1) Sidneyia (9), Waptia (17), Helmetia (13), Sanctacaris (18), Tegopelte (15), Naraoia (16), Leanchoilia (10), Canadaspis (12), Odaraia (19), Marrella (11), and Burgessia (14), as well as oddities such as Opabinia (24), Wiwaxia (26), Hallucigenia (20), Anomalocaris (28).

Hallucigenia

500 million years ago in the Cambrian, nearly 100 phyla had already evolved (the “Cambrian explosion”) representing nearly all major modern body plans. Many of the fossil forms are so weird we can’t classify them – i.e., Hallucigenia. Most of these ancient phyla are now extinct.

But, firstHow do we study diversity?

-what do we mean by diversity?- where does diversity come from?- how do we organize diversity?

How do animals fit into the ‘big picture’?

What does diversity mean?

Genetic DiversityGeographic VariationEcological DiversityEvolutionary Diversity

Moths in Ecuador

Insects in Tallahassee

1. Form and function – ways of solving problems

- various “architectural-design”solutions to the basic “life problems”

- i.e., what sort of “physical” constraints shape the evolution of organisms?

2. History – where do the solutions come from?

-evolutionary relatedness (“family trees”)

Two guiding principles:

How do we make sense of this bewildering diversity?

• Acquiring & digest food

• Growth (and maintenance)

• Reproduction

• Movement (internal transport of materials as well locomotion)

• Body form and support

• Detecting and responding to (environmental) stimuli

• Exchanging materials (O2, CO2, wastes) with environment

Life’s basic “problems” (life functions):

We will also try to gain a sense of the principle forces shaping the evolution of the observed diversity.

“NOTHING IN BIOLOGY MAKES SENSE EXCEPT IN THE LIGHT OF EVOLUTION.”

- T. G. Dobzhansky

Describing Evolutionary Diversity

Phylogeny – Describing evolutionary relationships through common ancestry

Classification (Taxonomy) – Partitioning organisms into formally named groups

Naming Organisms and Grouping Them

Ancient Human Activity – All societies assign organisms names (e.g. Robin) and then assign them into larger groups (e.g. Birds).

Classification and Phylogeny

Classification – LinnaeusOrganized all living things into a hierarchical system of names

Phylogeny – Darwin, HennigEvolutionary Family Tree

ClassicationKingdom – Animalia (after this week)Phylum (Phyla) – e.g. ChordataClass – e.g. MammaliaOrder – e.g. RodentiaFamily – e.g. SciuridaeGenus and Species – Sciurus carolinensis

Phylogeny

Working out evolutionary relationships among taxa.Darwin conceived of the idea of an evolutionary tree.

SystematicsComing up with phylogenetic hypotheses and testing themWilli Hennig (German Entomologist) – devised techniques for doing this –

look for shared traits that evolved within the group.

How has classfication changed over time?

Traditional: Plants vs. Animals

Form and Function• Plants – don’t move, have a two part body (root and shoot).

Extract water and nutrients from soil, light and CO2 from air.• Animals – mobile, have compact body with complex organ

systems. Compact body for movement, organ systems allow surface area for biological functions.

Problems with Two Kingdom ApproachMicroscopy – led to discovery of organisms (see in lab next week) that have

both plant and animal characteristicsDiscovery of other organisms (fungi, bacteria) that did not belong to either

group (added to plants)Studies of cell structure in 20th Century revealed that organisms were more

diverse than previously expected. Many organisms that are similar in terms of form and function have different evolutionary origins (Convergence)

1950s – Whittaker’s Five Kingdoms

AnimaliaPlantaeFungiProtistaMonera

First three are multicellular, each clearly distinctFifth is highly distinct – Prokaryotic CellProtista is everything else

Problems with Five Kingdoms

Protista is a hodgepodge of unrelated forms- some are certainly related to plants and fungi and many others were uncertain. Close relatives of animals not certain.

Monera is so different from others – few morphological characteristics.

Carl Woese – uses molecular data to look at prokaryotics phylogeny – discovers the Three Domains of Life.

Problem two ends up being the solution to problem one.

DNA and Evolution

Evolutionary change is change in DNA sequenceDNA is like a book showing the evolutionary history of an

organism (if you have a basis of comparison).Woese’s work opened the door to a second great test of

evolution (it passed).

Molecular data has greatly expanded our knowledge of diversity

Three Domains – (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryotes)Eukaryote Diversity – Many new ‘protist’ groups discoveredSome new and unexpected relationships among animal phyla