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CASE STUDY RESEARCH
DESIGN AND MOTHEDS
Chapter 4. Conducting Case
LOGO
Evidence
Author : Robert K. Yin
Presenter: AndersonAesl Lab
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Outline
Introduction
Six data sources
The three principles for data collection
Q&A
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Introduction
Collecting the Evidence for Case StudyResearch
Six Data Sources Three Principles
1. Use Multiple Sources ofEvidence
2. Create a Case Study Database
3. Maintain a Chain of Evidence
1. Documents2. Archival
Records
3. Interviews4. Direct
Observations
5. Participant-
Observations
6. Physical
Artifacts2/22
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SIX DATA SOURCES
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1. Six Data Sources : Documents
Documents can refer to
letters, memoranda, and other communiques
agendas, announcements and minutes of
meetings, and other written reports of events
,progress reports, and other internal records
formal studies or evaluations of the same
site under study Newspaper clippings and other articles
appearing in the mass media or in community
newsletters 4/22
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1. Six Data Sources : Documents
You can use documents to
Verify the correct spellings and tiles or
names of organizations that might have been
mentioned in the interview.
information from other sources.
Make inferences
But Notice!!! Any document is written for some specific
purposes and interests. Be careful not to be
misled by the documents we collected. 5/22
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2. Six Data Sources : Archival Records
Archival records can refer to
service records, such as those showing the number
of clients served over a given period of time organizational records, such as organizational
charts and budgets over a period of time
maps and charts of the geographical characteristicsor layouts of a place
lists of names and other relevant items
survey data, such as census records or datapreviously collected about a site
personal records, such as diaries, calendars, and
telephone listing
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2. Six Data Sources : Archival Records
Archival records are also produced for a
specific purpose and a specific audience and
these conditions must be fully appreciated ininterpreting the usefulness and accuracy of
records.
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3. Six Data Sources : Interviews
Case study interviews are of an open-ended nature.
Note that this means you have two jobs
to follow your own line of inquiry, as reflected by your casestudy protocol
to ask your actual questions in an unbiased manner
You can ask key respondents about the facts of amatterand their opinions about events.
Sometimes a respondent is not just a respondent. He/ She can also play an informant who suggests
sources of corroboratory or contrary evidence.
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3. Six Data Sources : Interviews
The other type of interview entails more
structured questions, along the lines of a
formalsurvey. Which can be designed as part of a case study
and roduce uantitative data as art of the
case study evidence.
Overall, interviews are an essential source of
case study case study evidence because most
case studies are about human affairs.
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4. Six Data Sources : Direct Observation
By making a field visitto the case study site,
you are creating the opportunity for direct
observations. Some relevant behaviors or environmental
conditions will be available for observation.
This can involve observations of meetings,
sidewalk activities, factory work, classrooms
and the like.
To increase the reliability of observational
evidence, a common procedure is to have
more than a single observermaking an
observation. 10/22
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5. Six Data Sources : Participant-
Observation
Participant-Observation is a special mode of
observation in which you are not merely a
passive observer. For examples, Being a resident in a neighborhood that is the
sub ect of a case stud .
Taking some other functional role in a
neighborhood, such as serving as a
storekeepers assistant.
Serving as a staff member in an organizational
setting.
Being a key decision maker in an
organizational setting 11/22
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5. Six Data Sources : Participant-Observation
Opportunities
To gain access to events or
groups that are otherwise
inaccessible to scientific
investigation
To perceive reality from the
Problems
May have less ability to work as
an external observer
May become a supporter of the
group or organization being
studied
the case study
May have the ability to
manipulate minor events
ay no ave su c en me o
take notes or to raise questions
about events from different
perspectives, as a good observer
might
If the organization or socialgroup being studied is
physically dispersed, the
investigator may find it difficult
to be at the right place at theright time 12/22
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6. Six Data Sources : Physical Artifacts
A final source of evidence is a physical or
cultural artifact a technology logical device,
a tool or instrument, a work of artor someother physical evidence.
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Summary
The various sources are highly
complementary, and a good case study
therefore does not only use one data source.
acquainted with the procedures associated
with using each source of evidence.
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THE THREE PRINCIPALS
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Principle 1: Use Multiple Sources of Evidence
The use of multiple sources of evidence in
case studies allows an investigator to address
a broader range of historical, attitudinal, andbehavioral issues.
Thus, any finding or conclusion in a case
study is likely to be much more convincing
and accurate if it is based on several different
sources of information.
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Principle 1: Use Multiple Sources of Evidence
Triangulation: Rationale for using multiple
sources of evidence.
There are four types of triangulation thetriangulation
r ri n l i n
among different evaluators ( investigatortriangulation)
of perspectives to the same data set ( theory
triangulation) Of methods (methodological triangulation)
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Principle 1: Use Multiple Sources of Evidence
Prerequisites for using multiple sources of
evidence.
It is more expensive.
The investigator needs to know how to carry
.
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Principle 2: Create a Case Study Database
The lack of a formal database for most case
study efforts is a major shortcoming of case
study research and needs to be corrected.
,
the evidence directly and not to be limited tothe written case study reports.
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Principle 3: Maintain a Chain of Evidence
Case Study Database
Case Study Report
a ons o pec c v en ary ources n
the Case Study Data base
Case Study Protocol
(linking questions to protocol topics)
Case Study Questions
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Summary
With applying these three principles, the
validity and reliability of the case study can
be more enhanced.
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Q&A
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