Ancient Peoples of the Southwest10,000BC to 1500ADArizona History Lecture #1Heidi J. Osselaer
AztlanPimeria AltaEl NorteThe American Southwest
Mogollon RimSonoran DesertColorado Plateau
Bering Strait MigrationApproximately 10,000 BC
Paleo-Indians
Clovis or Folsom toolsmade of stone, bone, or woodBasketsHighly mobileTraded extensivelyPetroglyphs
Atlatl
Maize arrives from Mesoamerica around 2000 BC
Corn, beans, and squash also known as the Three Sisters
Paleo-Indian 7000 BC and 200 ADTemperatures rise, less rainfall in SouthwestMaize (corn) imported from Mesoamerica (Mexico)Hunter diet supplemented with corn, squash, and beansMore sedentary life than the Clovis or Folsom people Farming requires cooperation and a system of rules and authority Pottery is more abundantMetates and manos used to grind cornBows and arrowsLived in pit houses
Metates and manos
Earthen pit house
Earthen pit house interior
Plastered pit house
beans (lysine)+squash+corn= protein
Heidi
Puebloan People
Includes Hohokam, Mogollon, and AnasaziPueblo is Spanish word for town dwellerMore sedentary than Cochise People, but still continued to hunt and gather native plantsLived in permanent villages in buildings made of clay, wood, and plasterEmployed dry-farming techniques to grow corn, beans, and squashWorked communally in fields to ensure all members of society were fedPottery is used in trade
Hohokam
HohokamLived in the Salt River ValleyHohokam means those who have gone or all used upBuilt pueblo homes and used dry-farm irrigation techniques
Snaketown around AD1000Snaketown about 1100ADSnaketown site today
Recreation of a pit house at the Pueblo Grande Museum
Pueblo Grande was built AD500
Pueblo Grande Museum
Excavation of a Hohokam pit house
Excavation site at Pueblo Grande
Ruins at Casa GrandeFirst prehistoric and cultural site preserved by the US government, 1892
Ancient ballcourt at Pueblo Grande
Hohokam ballcourt
Artist concept of Pueblo Grande platform mound
Snaketown pottery
Hohokam red on bluff pottery
Caliche sediment
Excavated Hohokam canal
Hohokam canal system
Canal irrigation of corn
Salt River Project canal
Heidi
Mogollon Rim
MogollonLived on the Mogollon RimCooler, wetter climate than the Salt River ValleyLocation required less irrigation, able to gather and hunt moreNamed for a Spanish governor of MexicoFamous for their pottery
Mogollon potterybrownwareMimbres
Mogollon Mimbres pottery
AnasaziFour Corners regionAnasazi means the ancient ones or ancestors of our enemiesClosely related to the MogollonFirst settled at Black Mesa 850AD10 to 15 inches of precipitation and snowfall a year
Anasazi ruins at Black Mesa
Canyon de Chelly ruins
Chaco Canyon
Doorways at Chaco Canyon
Pueblo Bonito
Architectural plan of Pueblo Bonito
Chaco Canyon roads
Anasazi roads
Kiva ruins Chaco Canyon
Chetro Ketl Great Kiva
Anasazi 900-1100AD
Pictograph shows 1054 supernova
Salado Named derived from Rio Salado, Spanish for Salt RiverLived in the Tonto Basin 1100-1500 AD
Besh-Ba-Gowah
Salado dwelling AD1150-1450
Salado pottery polychrome
Sinagua= sin (without) agua (water)
Sunset CraterErupts AD1064-1067Sinagua move south temporarily
Sinaguan pottery
Montezuma Castle
Montezuma Well
Patayan CultureUpland YumanLived around Grand CanyonRelied on hunting primarilyDescendents include:Yavapai, Hualapai, andHavasupaiRiver/Delta YumanLived in western Sonoran desertHunted, but also agricultureDescendents include: Quechen/YumanHighly mobile
Patayan intaglios incised designs
Common Features of Southwest PeoplePrimarily sedentaryPracticed dry-farming techniques and huntedMade potteryTraded extensivelyLived initially in pit houses but then transitioned to pueblo structuresFairly peaceful
Health Issues Hard work and accidents lead to arthritisCorn-intensive diet deprives body of sufficient calcium, leading to osteoporosisAnemia and malnutrition commonAverage age 25 to 27Only 5 to 15% live to age 5083% of children under 10 are anemic
Enamel hypoplasia indicates malnutrition
Drought begins AD1090Crop failures lead to famineFew trees to supply food and homes for animalsLeads to population decrease
1100-1500 ADIncreased violenceGreat migration
1325-1850 Summer rains vanishApache (Athapaskan) tribes appearAdaptation to a new environment begins
Questions for ConsiderationHow did the people of the prehistoric Southwest adapt to a changing climate? Give specific examples.
List common cultural traits shared by the major groups of people living in the Southwest prior to contact with Europeans.
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