Interna(onal Society for Ecological Economics – ISEE
Maria Fernanda Gebara, Amy Duchelle, Giselle Monteiro, Leonala Guimarães
June 2012 – Rio de Janeiro
Analyzing Possible Impacts of REDD+ Ini9a9ves on the Ground
Lessons from São Félix do Xingu, Brazil
THINKING beyond the canopy
REDD+ in Brazil
2003
“Compensated Reduc(on”
PPCDAM
2006
Voluntary Regime
2007
Zero Deforesta(on
Pact
2008
JUMA Amazon Fund
2009 2010 2011
Na(onal Plan for Climate Change
Interagency Task Force
Na(onal Policy for Climate Change
NAMAs
“Principle and Criteria”
WGs
Sub-‐na(onal Ini(a(ves
REDD+ and PES Bills
More than 50 projects
Na(onal REDD+ Strategy
Brazil and REDD+ - Timeline
FIP PPCerrado
ABC Plan
THINKING beyond the canopy
GCS Projects
Credits: Ahmeed
THINKING beyond the canopy
Methods B-‐A-‐C-‐I
§ Total of 246 households (124 interven(on/122 control)
2010 2013 Humaitá
São Félix do Xingu
§ Household/Village Data § Land and Forest Use § Income Genera(on § Land Tenure § Climate Change Percep(ons § REDD+ Percep(ons
4 villages/each
§ Proponent Appraisal § Survey of Project Implementa(on (SPI)
3Es+ § 40 large-‐landholders
THINKING beyond the canopy
Research Objective
Main ques9ons:
§ Are interven(ons in line with the site context? § Which process and structures are in place for REDD+ implementa(on in SFX? § Who are the main actors?
Governance Structures
Processes
Social Priori(es
Human Coordina(on Conflicts
Vatn and Vedeld, 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Context Pará
§ Aug 2010 -‐ July 2011 – 6.418km2 (Amazon) / 3.008km2 (Pará) 50% of total deforesta(on in the Amazon (INPE) § Aug 2009 – July 2010 – 41% of total deforesta(on in the Amazon (SAD/Imazon)
§ The State Plan for Preven(on, Control and Alterna(ves to Deforesta(on (PPCAD/2009)
§ MoU – California (2010)
§ More than 10 pilot REDD+ projects
Challenges of REDD+:
§ Land tenure § Law Enforcement § Elite capture
§ Transac(on and transi(on costs
Main Ac9ons:
THINKING beyond the canopy Source: Imazon
THINKING beyond the canopy
São Félix do Xingu
§ June 2011 – 7/10 most deforested municipali(es were located in Pará – SFX in first place (SAD/Imazon)
§ Historically high rates of deforesta(on (2001-‐ 2007: 1.70%/year, INPE)
§ CIAT (2008): REDD+ 0.8 million ha in 10 years -‐ 440 million tons of CO2
§ Total area deforested (2009) – 16.621km2 – 20% (INPE)
Main causes:
General Informa9on
THINKING beyond the canopy
Source: TNC, 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
SFX REDD+ Pilot Program
Partners: Funders:
THINKING beyond the canopy
SFX REDD+ Pilot Program
Goals:
§ Land Management
§ Deforesta(on Emissions Reduc(on (440 million tones CO2/10 years)
§ Sustainable Income Genera(on
§ Environmental Co-‐benefits
§ Program Sustainability
§ Capacity Building
THINKING beyond the canopy Source: TNC, 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Results
Private Proper9es
SIMLAM (CAR)
Improve Produc(on Models
Large-‐scale Reforesta(on
SAFs
Indigenous Lands
Sustainable Income Genera(on
Capacity Building
Improve Border Protec(on
Improve Monitoring
Conserva9on Units
Management Council /APA Triunfo
Management Plan / APA do Triunfo
Improve Protec(on
Improve Monitoring
Carbon Accoun9ng Program
Determining Appropriate Standards
Establishing a Reference Emissions Level (REL)
Es(ma(ng Expected Emissions
Monitoring and Repor(ng
SFX Pilot Program Strategies
THINKING beyond the canopy
Results § Main causes of deforesta(on in all villages are: slash/burn agriculture, fire and ranching
Subsistence and Income Genera9on
What is wellbeing? § Educa(on § Health § Energy § Technical Assistance § Alterna(ves for Sustainable Livelihoods § Security § Communica(on
All villages are beder-‐off than 2 years ago Main reasons: Beler roads (2) Increase on income (1) Increase on animal prices (1)
Land and Forest Use
THINKING beyond the canopy
Results
Decreased 90%
Stayed the same 10%
Decreased 87%
Stayed the same 10%
Increased 3%
Decreased 81%
Increased 10%
Stayed the same 6%
Respondent does not know 3%
Decreased 74%
Stayed the same 23%
Respondent does not know 3%
Opportuni9es to Clear the Forest
Main reason: Government restric(ons
Tenure Security § 2/4 villages feel insecure
Main reasons: Lack of (tle and land conflicts
THINKING beyond the canopy
Results Causes of Deforesta9on X Interven9ons
Causes Interven9ons
Ranching Improvement of Produc(on Models
Agriculture SAFs
Fires Monitoring
Land Grabbing SIMLAM (CAR)
Illegal Logging Restora(on/SFM
THINKING beyond the canopy
Conclusions
§ No investment on social benefits like health, educa(on and energy
Early to say, but… § Interven(ons reflect the local reality
§ Good partnerships
§ No interven(ons on market access and prices
High opportunity and transac9on costs
Technology Transfer, Capacity Building and Involvement of Local Actors
THINKING beyond the canopy
Obrigada! Maria Fernanda Gebara, Phd Candidate Fundação Getulio Vargas [email protected] www.forestsclimatechange.org
“I am used to deforest and I was incen9vized by the government for doing it for more than 40 years and at that 9me if we did not open new areas we would be excluded from our lands. I need to learn how to act differently.”