Alternative Sources of EnergyDistributed Generation
economics,
variability factors,
capacity contributions, and
environmental considerations
related to utility integration issues.
turbines, cogeneration, solar, distributed generation and
wind.
What is Distributed Generation?
Small-scale power generation technologies located close to where electricity is used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system.
Difference from emergency generators?
Why the Interest?
Blackouts
Ice Storm
Electricity shortages and prices
RELIABILITY and SECURITY
Economics?
• Depends on the relative price of fuel in to electricity out (spark gap)
• Electricity may be a variable price• Depends on the proponent (fuel cells in Berlin)
Is DG GREEN?
Not necessarily!
Renewable DG is certainly
Fossil-fueled DG may be if heat is utilized year round.
Depends on source of grid electricity.
Multiple Sites Responding
• Response to price, shortage, etc
• Communication by internet or electrical
• Use of existing stand by generators
2301 Midland Avenue, Scarborough has the first Canadian installation of a micro-turbine supplying electricity and waste heat to a building. The gas-fired unit was intended to operate continuously, providing 75 kW electric and 155 kW thermal heat. Natural gas consumption by the building’s boilers has been reduced by the application of recovered heat to space heating systems in winter and humidity control systems in summer.
Project Description75 kW Microturbine CHP Application
2301 Midland Avenue, Scarborough
Project Description
2301 Midland Avenue, Scarborough
Site Description
Site Description
Enclosure
Concrete Pad
Fuel Transformer
Heat Rec. Unit
Turbine
H2O
Gas Meter
Sloped lines on water loop
Net Present Value of Microturbine Savings (Office Building)
($600,000)
($500,000)
($400,000)
($300,000)
($200,000)
($100,000)
$0
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
$800,000
$900,000
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
Average Natural Gas Cost (¢/m 3)
Ne
t P
res
en
t V
alu
e o
f S
av
ing
s (
$)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Average Natural Gas Cost ($/GJ)
15 cents/kWh
14 cents/kWh
13 cents/kWh
12 cents/kWh
11 cents/kWh
10 cents/kWh
9 cents/kWh
8 cents/kWh
7 cents/kWh
6 cents/kWh
5 cents/kWh
4 cents/kWh
3 cents/kWh
Generation Efficiency: 30%Location: OttawaDiscount Rate: 7%
Av
era
ge
Ele
ctr
icit
y C
os
t- I
nc
lud
ing
De
ma
nd
Reasons for doing the project
Source: PWGSC study All values in Canadian Funds
• April 12, 2000 – Equipment Delivery (originally planned for September 30, 1999)
• June 9, 2000 – Commissioned (originally planned for October 30, 1999)
• November 7, 2000 – Unit shut down pending ETS Field Certification
• June 9, 2000 - November 7, 2000 – Availability: 60%
• Gas compressor and core replaced after 2000 hours of operation
• January, 2001 – Monitoring Underway (originally planned for November 30, 1999)
• January 4 – Emissions Testing
• January 26 – A minor gas leak was detected by Enbridge and repaired by Honeywell.
• February 5 – Versatech (mechanical contractor) replaced the bottom flange of gas meter and installed a flexible connector to the cogeneration unit.
• February 6 – Vestar restarted the co-gen unit at 10:30 a.m. Logging was restarted at 12:00 noon (after 2614 hours of operation).
• February 8 – Turbine stopped at 2 p.m.
Project chronology: 2000 - 2001
75
271
84
GAS
HEAT
37
POWER
191 CLOSSES
STACKLOSSESto ambienttemperature
Heat Balance 4th January0°C Ambient ( all data in kW)
75
91C
70
Emission Testing January 4th
Site Description
Building Host:Health Canada Laboratory Building@ 2301 Midland Avenue3-story buildingapproximate altitude of 600 ft.
The building has also recently undergone a FBI (Federal Buildings Initiative) project that reduces its energy consumption by 50% through more efficient lighting, controls and a conversion of the constant volume ventilation to a variable volume system. (Retrofit done by Vestar, an energy services company supplying third party financing.)
Reasons for doing the projectBenefits of CHP (CombinedHeat and Power) microturbines:
- Reduction of greenhouse gas production
- Potential energy cost savings
- Versatility and stand-alone capability
- Possibility of selling power back to grid
75 kW Microturbine CHP Application
Site Description
Enclosure
Concrete Pad
Fuel Transformer
Heat Rec. Unit
Turbine
H2O
Gas Meter
Sloped lines on water loop
75
271
84
GAS
HEAT
37
POWER
191 CLOSSES
STACKLOSSESto ambienttemperature
Heat Balance 4th January0°C Ambient ( all data in kW)
75
91C
70
• The heat recovery was lower than expected (62.4 vs 155 kW) due to thermal losses on uninsulated parts of the recuperator and a reduced thermal output in winter.• The heating circuit design was a success using water instead of glycol in an outside freezing environment.• The noise issue, which had originally concerned the building operator, proved not to be a problem.• The emission data was found to be within specifications.
Conclusions
75 kW Microturbine CHP Application