Advanced Plant and Soil Science (c) (14) (a) specialization of
plant structures & functions Comparing Cells from Different
Parts of the Plant
Slide 2
Basic Parts of the Plant Roots Stems Leaves Flower
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/basic.html
Slide 3
Functions of Roots 1. Anchor Plant 2. Absorb water and minerals
3. Translocate water and minerals to stem 4. Store Food
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/section2.rhtml
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Functions of Stems 1. Translocate water, minerals and food to
the leaves 2. Support the leaves and display them to light 3. Store
Food
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/plant-terms/stem-info.htm
Slide 5
Functions of Leaves 1. Make food through photosynthesis 2.
Provide site of gas exchange 3. Store food
http://texastreeid.tamu.edu/content/howToID/
Slide 6
Functions of Flowers 1. Contain organs for specialized sexual
production 2. Produce seeds and fruit
http://organicgardeningmagazine.info/flower-diagram/
Slide 7
Root Types Primary Roots Lateral or Secondary Roots
Adventitious Roots Fibrous Roots Tap Roots Storage Roots Aerial
Roots
Slide 8
Primary Root Definition: the first root produced by a
germinating seed Arises from the radicle of the seedling, which
grows to form lateral roots Axial Structure No Nodes and internodes
Limited area near the root tip
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Lateral or Secondary Roots Definition: roots that grow
horizontally away from the primary root.
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Roots/LateralRoots.htm
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Adventitious Roots Definition: Roots developed from the stem
that replace the primary root after it dies at an early stage.
These roots are equal in size Give rise to lateral roots Develop in
places other than nodes Can form cuttings and rhizomes Do not
undergo secondary growth
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Fibrous Roots Definition: root structures in which the primary
and lateral roots develop equally so that there is not a definite
taproots. Many finely branched secondary roots Primary root is
short lived Do not branch profusely, are shallow and spread
horizontally cannot provide strong anchorage Main root system of
monocots Shallow roots cover a large are More effective absorption
of water and minerals Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion
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Tap Roots Definition: continuation of the primary root. Ideal
for anchorage Penetration is greater for water Storage area for
food made by photosynthesis Bares many branches Remains underground
Usually found in dicots
Storage Roots Definition: structures which are used for food
storage. Swollen portions of primary roots or lateral roots Usually
involves secondary growth in which the secondary xylem or phloem
become filled with food reserves
http://www.ibguides.com/biology/notes/plant-structure-and-growth
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Aerial Roots Definition: short roots that grow horizontally
from the stems Fasten the plant to a support Function as prop roots
or anchorage More common in tropics
http://home.howstuffworks.com/growing-orchids1.htm
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What are roots composed of? Root cap Apical meristem Region of
elongation Region of differentiation Xylem Phloem Root hairs
Definitions Root cap: covers the apical meristem and protects
it from damage. Apical meristem: region of active cell division;
the growing point of the plant. Region of elongation: cells here
grow longitudinally which causes the root to grow longer. Region of
differentiation: the region of mature primary tissues which is an
area of active water and mineral absorption. Xylem: transports
water and nutrients upward. Phloem: transports carbohydrates and
sugars downward. Root hairs: increase surface area and aid in
absorption.
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Root Hairs Definition: tiny one celled hair like extensions of
the epidermal cells located near the tips of the roots where
vascular tissues have formed. Increase surface area Absorb water
and minerals from soil
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_5_roots_leaves/zea_root_hairs_high_magnif.html
Bulb Ex- tulips, lilies, onions Layers of fleshy scales that
overlap each other Underground stem
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/underground-stem-modifications.php
Crown Ex- African Violets, fern Closely grouped stems or
plantlets Just above ground or just below
http://www.thegardenhelper.com/ubb/ultimatebb.php/topic/28/50.html
Slide 25
Spurs Ex- pear and apple trees Short stems found on woody plant
limbs adapted for increased production of fruits
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/stems4.html
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Rhizomes Ex- iris, lily of the valley Underground stems Produce
roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots
above the ground
http://maryloudriedger2.wordpress.com/2011/11/01/a-rhizomatic-sunday/
Slide 27
Stolon Ex- strawberry, airplane plant Stem that grows
horizontally above the soil surface
http://floridagrasses.org/Grass%20Biology.htm
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Tissues of the Leaf Epidermis Mesophyll layer Veins or vascular
layer
Epidermis Cuticle Waxy substance covers the leaves and stems
Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants Stomata Openings in the
epidermis Exchange of gases Guard Cells Two cells located on each
side of stomata Open and closes stomata
Mesophyll Layer Palisade mesophyll Primary site of
photosynthesis Spongy mesophyll Contains air and chloroplasts Site
of photosynthesis and gas exchange
Slide 33
Veins or vascular bundles Located in spongy mesophyll Phloem
tissues conduct food from photosynthesis to rest of plant Xylem
tissues conduct water and minerals up to cells in leaves and
stems
Slide 34
Parts of a Flower Peduncle tip of the stalk where the flower
begins Receptacle starts at the peduncle and acts as a base to
which all other parts of the flower are attached
Slide 35
Parts of a Flower Sepals Outer covering of the flower bud
Protects the stamens and pistils when flower is in bud stage
Collectively called calyx Petals Inner whorl of leaves Protects
stamen and pistils Attracts pollinating insects Known collectively
as the corolla
Slide 36
Male Reproduction: Flower Stamen Male organs The number per
flower varies Composed of two parts: Anther- produces pollen
Filament- supports the anther
Slide 37
Female Reproduction: Flower Pistil Female organs There can be
one or more Three parts: Stigma- holds the pollen grains and is
sticky Style- connects the stigma to the ovary Ovary- enlarged
portion at base of pistil and produces ovules which develop into
seeds
References Comparison of Root, Stem and Leaf Structure and
Function in Dicots. (n.d.). Welcome to Hillfield Strathallan
College. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from
http://www.hsc.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/plantphys/rootstem.html Primary
Root Structure and Development. (n.d.). EEOB. Retrieved May 21,
2012, from www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio454/docs/404root104.pdf
Root Structure and Function. (n.d.). Botanical Science. Retrieved
May 21, 2012, from
www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/botanicalsciences/plantsstructure/RootsS
tructure/RootsStructure.htm Root System. (n.d.). BIO. Retrieved May
21, 2012, from www.nios.ac.in/srsec314newE/PDFBIO.EL6.pdf The
Structure of Plants. (n.d.). The Structure of Plants. Retrieved May
21, 2012, from
homepage.smc.edu/hodson_kent/plant_growth/Angiosperms/ID/basics.htm
Slide 40
Developed under contract with the Department of Agricultural
Leadership, Education & Communications, Texas A&M
University for the Texas Education Agency Educational Excellence
for AFNR Curriculum Project Texas Education Agency, 2014