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PROTOCOLS ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949

This volume contains the official texts of the two Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, as adopted on 8 June 1977 by the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law applicable in Armed Conflicts (Geneva, 1974-77). It also includes extracts from the Final Act of the Conference and the texts of the substantive resolutions adopted at the fourth session in 1977.

The Final Act, to which the two Protocols were annexed, was deposited with the Swiss Federal Council, the depositary of the 1949 Conventions.

Protocols I and II came into force on 7 December 1978.

This volume also contains the official text of the Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), adopted on 8 December 2005.

Protocol III came into force on 14 January 2007.

By 1 April 2010, 169 States had agreed to be bound by Protocol I, 165 by Protocol II and 52 by Protocol III.

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Mission

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence and to provide them with assistance. The ICRC also endeavours to prevent suffering by promoting and strengthening humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles. Established in 1863, the ICRC is at the origin of the Geneva Conventions and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It directs and coordinates the international activities conducted by the Movement in armed conflicts and other situations of violence.

Mission


Editor’s note

Upon completion of a procedure begun in 1989, a number of amendments to Annex I to Protocol I (Regulations concerning identification) were adopted on 30 November 1993 and came into force on 1 March 1994.

The present volume contains the amended text of Annex I.

Resolutions 17, 18 and 19 of the 1974-77 Diplomatic Conference and the annexes thereto comprise or refer to Articles 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the original version of Annex I; these provisions are now Articles 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 respectively.

Article 56 of Protocol I contains a reference to Article 16 of Annex I, which is now Article 17.


PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 1

Contents

PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS (PROTOCOL I), OF 8 JUNE 1977

Preamble ..................................................................................................................... 9

PART IGENERAL PROVISIONS........................................................................................................ 10

Article1 Generalprinciplesandscopeofapplication......................................... 10Article2 Definitions................................................................................................. 10Article3 Beginningandendofapplication.......................................................... 11Article4 LegalstatusofthePartiestotheconflict.............................................. 11Article5 AppointmentofProtectingPowersandoftheirsubstitute............... 11Article6 Qualifiedpersons...................................................................................... 13Article7 Meetings..................................................................................................... 13

PART IIWOUNDED, SICk AND SHIPWRECkED...................................................................... 13

SECTION I – General protection......................................................................... 13Article8 Terminology.............................................................................................. 13Article9 Fieldofapplication................................................................................... 15Article10 Protectionandcare.................................................................................. 16Article11 Protectionofpersons............................................................................... 16Article12 Protectionofmedicalunits..................................................................... 17Article13 Discontinuanceofprotectionofcivilianmedicalunits..................... 17Article14 Limitationsonrequisitionofcivilianmedicalunits........................... 18Article15 Protectionofcivilianmedicalandreligiouspersonnel...................... 18Article16 Generalprotectionofmedicalduties.................................................... 19Article17 Roleofthecivilianpopulationandofaidsocieties............................. 19Article18 Identification.............................................................................................20Article19 NeutralandotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflict............................ 21Article20 Prohibitionofreprisals............................................................................ 21

SECTION II – Medical transportation............................................................... 21Article21 Medicalvehicles........................................................................................ 21

2 CONTENTS

Article22 Hospitalshipsandcoastalrescuecraft................................................. 21Article23 Othermedicalshipsandcraft................................................................ 22Article24 Protectionofmedicalaircraft................................................................. 23Article25 MedicalaircraftinareasnotcontrolledbyanadverseParty............ 23Article26 Medicalaircraftincontactorsimilarzones......................................... 23Article27 MedicalaircraftinareascontrolledbyanadverseParty...................24Article28 Restrictionsonoperationsofmedicalaircraft.....................................24Article29 Notificationsandagreementsconcerningmedicalaircraft............... 25Article30 Landingandinspectionofmedicalaircraft......................................... 25Article31 NeutralorotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflict..............................26

SECTION III – Missing and dead persons............................................................. 27Article32 Generalprinciple...................................................................................... 27Article33 Missingpersons........................................................................................28Article34 Remainsofdeceased................................................................................28

PART IIIMETHODS AND MEANS OF WARFARE COMbATANT AND PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS...................................................30

SECTION I – Methods and means of warfare...............................................30Article35 Basicrules..................................................................................................30Article36 Newweapons.............................................................................................30Article37 Prohibitionofperfidy...............................................................................30Article38 Recognizedemblems................................................................................ 31Article39 Emblemsofnationality............................................................................ 31Article40 Quarter....................................................................................................... 31Article41 Safeguardofanenemyhors de combat................................................. 31Article42 Occupantsofaircraft................................................................................ 32

SECTION II – Combatant and prisoner-of-war status.............................. 32Article43 Armedforces............................................................................................. 32Article44 Combatantsandprisonersofwar.......................................................... 33Article45 Protectionofpersonswhohavetakenpartinhostilities...................34Article46 Spies............................................................................................................34Article47 Mercenaries............................................................................................... 35

PART IVCIVILIAN POPULATION...................................................................................................... 36

SECTION I – General protection against effects of hostilities...... 36

CHAPTER I – basic rule and field of application.................................................... 36Article48 Basicrule.................................................................................................... 36Article49 Definitionofattacksandscopeofapplication..................................... 36


CHAPTER II – Civilians and Civilian population.................................................... 37Article50 Definitionofciviliansandcivilianpopulation.................................... 37Article51 Protectionofthecivilianpopulation..................................................... 37

CHAPTER III – Civilian objects....................................................................................... 38Article52 Generalprotectionofcivilianobjects................................................... 38Article53 Protectionofculturalobjectsandofplacesofworship...................... 39Article54 Protectionofobjectsindispensable tothesurvivalofthecivilianpopulation............................................. 39Article55 Protectionofthenaturalenvironment.................................................40Article56 Protectionofworksandinstallations containingdangerousforces...................................................................40

CHAPTER IV – Precautionary measures...................................................................... 41Article57 Precautionsinattack................................................................................ 41Article58 Precautionsagainsttheeffectsofattacks..............................................42

CHAPTER V – Localities and zones under special protection.............................43Article59 Non-defendedlocalities...........................................................................43Article60 Demilitarizedzones.................................................................................44

CHAPTER VI – Civil defence............................................................................................45Article61 Definitionsandscope...............................................................................45Article62 Generalprotection....................................................................................46Article63 Civildefenceinoccupiedterritories......................................................46Article64 CiviliancivildefenceorganizationsofneutralorotherStates notPartiestotheconflictandinternationalco-ordinating organizations............................................................................................. 47Article65 Cessationofprotection............................................................................48Article66 Identification.............................................................................................48Article67 Membersofthearmedforces andmilitaryunitsassignedtocivildefenceorganizations................ 49

SECTION II – Relief in favour of the civilian population ................... 51Article68 Fieldofapplication................................................................................... 51Article69 Basicneedsinoccupiedterritories........................................................ 51Article70 Reliefactions............................................................................................. 51Article71 Personnelparticipatinginreliefactions............................................... 52

SECTION III – Treatment of persons in the power of a Party to the conflict........................................................... 53

CHAPTER I – Field of application and protection of persons and objets........ 53Article72 Fieldofapplication................................................................................... 53Article73 Refugeesandstatelesspersons............................................................... 53Article74 Reunionofdispersedfamilies................................................................ 53Article75 Fundamentalguarantees......................................................................... 53

4 CONTENTS

CHAPTER II – Measures in favour of women and children.................................56Article76 Protectionofwomen................................................................................56Article77 Protectionofchildren..............................................................................56Article78 Evacuationofchildren............................................................................. 57

CHAPTER III – Journalists................................................................................................ 58Article79 Measuresofprotectionforjournalists.................................................. 58

PART VExECUTION OF THE CONVENTIONS AND OF THIS PROTOCOL................. 59

SECTION I – General Provisions.......................................................................... 59Article80 Measuresforexecution............................................................................ 59Article81 ActivitiesoftheRedCrossandotherhumanitarian organizations............................................................................................. 59Article82 Legaladvisersinarmedforces................................................................60Article83 Dissemination...........................................................................................60Article84 Rulesofapplication..................................................................................60

SECTION II – Repression of breaches of the Conventions and of this Protocol...................................................................... 61

Article85 RepressionofbreachesofthisProtocol................................................. 61Article86 Failuretoact.............................................................................................. 62Article87 Dutyofcommanders............................................................................... 62Article88 Mutualassistanceincriminalmatters.................................................. 63Article89 Co-operation............................................................................................. 63Article90 InternationalFact-FindingCommission.............................................. 63Article91 Responsibility............................................................................................66

PART VIFINAL PROVISIONS................................................................................................................66

Article92 Signature....................................................................................................66Article93 Ratification................................................................................................66Article94 Accession....................................................................................................66Article95 Entryintoforce.........................................................................................66Article96 TreatyrelationsuponentryintoforceofthisProtocol....................... 67Article97 Amendment............................................................................................... 67Article98 RevisionofAnnexI.................................................................................. 67Article99 Denunciation.............................................................................................68Article100 Notifications.............................................................................................. 69Article101 Registration............................................................................................... 69Article102 Authentictexts.......................................................................................... 69


ANNEX I Regulations concerning identification......................................... 70Article1 Generalprovisions.................................................................................... 70

CHAPTER I – Identity cards.......................................................................................... 70Article2 Identitycardforpermanentcivilianmedical andreligiouspersonnel............................................................................ 70Article3 Identitycardfortemporarycivilianmedical andreligiouspersonnel........................................................................... 71

CHAPTER II – The distinctive emblem........................................................................ 73Article4 Shape........................................................................................................... 73Article5 Use............................................................................................................... 73

CHAPTER III – Distinctive signals................................................................................. 74Article6 Use............................................................................................................... 74Article7 Lightsignal................................................................................................ 74Article8 Radiosignal............................................................................................... 75Article9 Electronicidentification.......................................................................... 75

CHAPTER IV – Communications................................................................................... 76Article10 Radiocommunications............................................................................. 76Article11 Useofinternationalcodes....................................................................... 76Article12 Othermeansofcommunication............................................................77Article13 Flightplans................................................................................................77Article14 Signalsandproceduresfortheinterceptionofmedicalaircraft......77

CHAPTER V – Civil defence............................................................................................77Article15 Identitycard..............................................................................................77Article16 Internationaldistinctivesign.................................................................. 79

CHAPTER VI – Works and installations containing dangerous forces..............80Article17 Internationalspecialsign........................................................................80

ANNEX II Identity card for journalists on dangerous professional missions.......................................................................... 81

6 CONTENTS

PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS (PROTOCOL II), OF 8 JUNE 1977

Preamble ..................................................................................................................... 83

PART ISCOPE OF THIS PROTOCOL...............................................................................................84

Article1 Materialfieldofapplication....................................................................84Article2 Personalfieldofapplication....................................................................84Article3 Non-intervention......................................................................................84

PART IIHUMANE TREATMENT....................................................................................................... 85

Article4 Fundamentalguarantees......................................................................... 85Article5 Personswhoselibertyhasbeenrestricted............................................86Article6 Penalprosecutions.................................................................................... 87

PART IIIWOUNDED, SICk AND SHIPWRECkED......................................................................88

Article7 Protectionandcare..................................................................................88Article8 Search.........................................................................................................88Article9 Protectionofmedicalandreligiouspersonnel....................................88Article10 Generalprotectionofmedicalduties.................................................... 89Article11 Protectionofmedicalunitsandtransports.......................................... 89Article12 Thedistinctiveemblem............................................................................ 89

PART IVCIVILIAN POPULATION......................................................................................................90

Article13 Protectionofthecivilianpopulation.....................................................90Article14 Protectionofobjectsindispensabletothesurvival ofthecivilianpopulation........................................................................90Article15 Protectionofworksandinstallationscontaining dangerousforces.......................................................................................90Article16 Protectionofculturalobjectsandofplacesofworship......................90Article17 Prohibitionofforcedmovementofcivilians........................................ 91Article18 Reliefsocietiesandreliefactions............................................................ 91

PART VFINAL PROVISIONS................................................................................................................ 91

Article19 Dissemination........................................................................................... 91Article20 Signature.................................................................................................... 91Article21 Ratification................................................................................................ 92


Article22 Accession.................................................................................................... 92Article23 Entryintoforce......................................................................................... 92Article24 Amendment............................................................................................... 92Article25 Denunciation............................................................................................. 92Article26 Notifications.............................................................................................. 93Article27 Registration............................................................................................... 93Article28 Authentictexts.......................................................................................... 93

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE FOURTH SESSIONOF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE

Resolution17Useofcertainelectronicandvisualmeansofidentificationby medicalaircraftprotectedundertheGenevaConventionsof1949 andundertheprotocoladditionaltotheGenevaConventions of12august1949,andrelatingtotheprotectionofvictims internationalarmedconflicts(ProtocolI)............................................ 95Resolution18Useofvisualsignallingforidentificationofmedicaltransports protectedundertheGenevaConventionsof1949andunder theprotocoladditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12august 1949,andrelatingtotheprotectionofvictimsofinternational armedconflicts(ProtocolI).................................................................... 98Resolution19Useofradiocommunicationsforannouncingandidentifying medicaltransportsprotectedundertheGenevaConventions of1949andundertheprotocoladditionaltotheGeneva Conventionsof12august1949,andrelatingtotheprotection ofvictimsinternationalarmedconflicts(Protocoli)..........................101Resolution20Protectionofculturalproperty..............................................................105Resolution21DisseminationofknowledgeofInternationalHumanitarian Lawapplicableinarmedconflicts..........................................................106Resolution22Follow-upregardingprohibitionorrestrictionofuse ofcertainconventionalweapons............................................................108Resolution24Expressionofgratitudetothehostcountry.........................................110

FINALACTOFTHEDIPLOMATICCONFERENCEOFGENEvAOF1974-1977.........111

8 CONTENTS

PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE ADOPTION OF AN ADDITIONAL DISTINCTIVE EMbLEM (PROTOCOL III), OF 8 DECEMbER 2005

Preamble .....................................................................................................................113Article1 RespectforandscopeofapplicationofthisProtocol.........................114Article2 Distinctiveemblems.................................................................................114Article3 IndicativeuseofthethirdProtocolemblem........................................115Article4 InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandInternational FederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties..........................115Article5 MissionsunderUnitedNationsauspices..............................................116Article6 Preventionandrepressionofmisuse.....................................................116Article7 Dissemination...........................................................................................116Article8 Signature....................................................................................................116Article9 Ratification................................................................................................116Article10 Accession....................................................................................................117Article11 Entryintoforce.........................................................................................117Article12 TreatyrelationsuponentryintoforceofthisProtocol.......................117Article13 Amendment...............................................................................................117Article14 Denunciation.............................................................................................117Article15 Notifications..............................................................................................118Article16 Registration...............................................................................................118Article17 Authentictexts..........................................................................................118

ANNEX Third Protocol emblem......................................................................119Article1 Distinctiveemblem..................................................................................119Article2 IndicativeuseofthethirdProtocolemblem........................................119


PREAMbLE

The High Contracting Parties,

Proclaimingtheirearnestwishtoseepeaceprevailamongpeoples,

RecallingthateveryStatehastheduty,inconformitywiththeCharteroftheUnitedNations,torefraininitsinternationalrelationsfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstthesovereignty,territorialintegrityorpoliticalindependenceofanyState,or inanyothermanner inconsistentwith thepurposesof theUnitedNations,

Believingitnecessaryneverthelesstoreaffirmanddeveloptheprovisionspro-tectingthevictimsofarmedconflictsandtosupplementmeasuresintendedtoreinforcetheirapplication,

Expressing their conviction that nothing in this Protocol or in the GenevaConventionsof12August1949canbeconstruedas legitimizingorautho-rizinganyactofaggressionoranyotheruseof force inconsistentwiththeCharteroftheUnitedNations,

ReaffirmingfurtherthattheprovisionsoftheGenevaConventionsof12Au-gust1949andofthisProtocolmustbefullyappliedinallcircumstancestoallpersonswhoareprotectedbythoseinstruments,withoutanyadversedis-tinctionbasedonthenatureororiginofthearmedconflictoronthecausesespousedbyorattributedtothePartiestotheconflict,

Have agreed onthefollowing:

PROTOCOL ADDITIONALTO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS(PROTOCOL I), OF 8 JUNE 1977

10 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I OF 1977

PART IGENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 — General principles and scope of application

1. TheHighContractingPartiesundertaketorespectandtoensurere-spectforthisProtocolinallcircumstances.

2. IncasesnotcoveredbythisProtocolorbyotherinternationalagree-ments,civiliansandcombatantsremainundertheprotectionandau-thorityoftheprinciplesofinternationallawderivedfromestablishedcustom,fromtheprinciplesofhumanityandfromthedictatesofpub-licconscience.

3. ThisProtocol,whichsupplementstheGenevaConventionsof12Au-gust1949fortheprotectionofwarvictims,shallapplyinthesituationsreferredtoinArticle2commontothoseConventions.

4. The situations referred to in the preceding paragraph include armedconflictsinwhichpeoplesarefightingagainstcolonialdominationandalienoccupationandagainstracistrégimesintheexerciseoftheirrightof self-determination,asenshrined in theCharterof theUnitedNa-tionsandtheDeclarationonPrinciplesofInternationalLawconcern-ingFriendlyRelationsandCo-operationamongStatesinaccordancewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNations.

Article 2 — Definitions

ForthepurposesofthisProtocol:a) “FirstConvention”,“SecondConvention”,“ThirdConvention”and

“Fourth Convention” mean, respectively, the Geneva ConventionfortheAmeliorationoftheConditionoftheWoundedandSickinArmedForcesintheFieldof12August1949;theGenevaConven-tionfortheAmeliorationoftheConditionofWounded,SickandShipwreckedMembersofArmedForcesatSeaof12August1949;the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners ofWarof12August1949;theGenevaConventionrelativetothePro-tectionofCivilianPersonsinTimeofWarof12August1949;“theConventions” means the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August1949fortheprotectionofwarvictims;

b) “rulesofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict”meanstherulesapplicableinarmedconflictsetforthininternationalagree-mentstowhichthePartiestotheconflictarePartiesandthegener-allyrecognizedprinciplesandrulesofinternationallawwhichareapplicabletoarmedconflict;


c) “ProtectingPower”meansaneutralorotherStatenotaPartytotheconflictwhichhasbeendesignatedbyaParty to theconflictandacceptedbytheadversePartyandhasagreedtocarryoutthefunc-tions assigned to a Protecting Power under the Conventions andthisProtocol;

d) “substitute”meansanorganizationactinginplaceofaProtectingPowerinaccordancewithArticle5.

Article 3 — beginning and end of application

Withoutprejudicetotheprovisionswhichareapplicableatalltimes:a) theConventionsandthisProtocolshallapplyfromthebeginning

ofanysituationreferredtoinArticle1ofthisProtocol;b) theapplicationoftheConventionsandofthisProtocolshallcease,

in the territory of Parties to the conflict, on the general close ofmilitaryoperationsand,inthecaseofoccupiedterritories,ontheterminationoftheoccupation,except, ineithercircumstance, forthosepersonswhosefinalrelease,repatriationorre-establishmenttakesplacethereafter.ThesepersonsshallcontinuetobenefitfromtherelevantprovisionsoftheConventionsandofthisProtocoluntiltheirfinalrelease,repatriationorre-establishment.

Article 4 — Legal status of the Parties to the conflict

TheapplicationoftheConventionsandofthisProtocol,aswellasthecon-clusionoftheagreementsprovidedfortherein,shallnotaffectthelegalsta-tusofthePartiestotheconflict.NeithertheoccupationofaterritorynortheapplicationoftheConventionsandthisProtocolshallaffectthelegalstatusoftheterritoryinquestion.

Article 5 — Appointment of Protecting Powers and of their substitute

1. ItisthedutyofthePartiestoaconflictfromthebeginningofthatcon-flicttosecurethesupervisionandimplementationoftheConventionsandofthisProtocolbytheapplicationofthesystemofProtectingPow-ers,includinginter aliathedesignationandacceptanceofthosePowers,inaccordancewiththefollowingparagraphs.ProtectingPowersshallhavethedutyofsafeguardingtheinterestsofthePartiestotheconflict.

2. FromthebeginningofasituationreferredtoinArticle1,eachPartytotheconflictshallwithoutdelaydesignateaProtectingPowerforthepurposeofapplyingtheConventionsandthisProtocolandshall,like-wisewithoutdelayandforthesamepurpose,permittheactivitiesofa


ProtectingPowerwhichhasbeenacceptedbyitassuchafterdesigna-tionbytheadverseParty.

3. If a Protecting Power has not been designated or accepted from thebeginningofasituationreferredtoinArticle1,theInternationalCom-mittee of the Red Cross, without prejudice to the right of any otherimpartial humanitarian organization to do likewise, shall offer itsgoodofficestothePartiestotheconflictwithaviewtothedesignationwithoutdelayofaProtectingPowertowhichthePartiestotheconflictconsent.Forthatpurposeitmay,inter alia,askeachPartytoprovideitwithalistofatleastfiveStateswhichthatPartyconsidersacceptabletoactasProtectingPoweronitsbehalfinrelationtoanadverseParty,andaskeachadversePartytoprovidealistofatleastfiveStateswhichitwouldacceptastheProtectingPowerofthefirstParty;theselistsshallbecommunicatedtotheCommitteewithintwoweeksafterthereceiptof the request; it shall compare themandseek theagreementof anyproposedStatenamedonbothlists.

4. If,despitetheforegoing,thereisnoProtectingPower,thePartiestotheconflictshallacceptwithoutdelayanofferwhichmaybemadebytheInternationalCommitteeof theRedCrossorbyanyotherorganiza-tionwhichoffersallguaranteesofimpartialityandefficacy,afterdueconsultationswiththesaidPartiesandtakingintoaccounttheresultoftheseconsultations,toactasasubstitute.ThefunctioningofsuchasubstituteissubjecttotheconsentofthePartiestotheconflict;everyeffortshallbemadebythePartiestotheconflicttofacilitatetheopera-tionsofthesubstituteintheperformanceofitstasksundertheCon-ventionsandthisProtocol.

5. InaccordancewithArticle4,thedesignationandacceptanceofPro-tectingPowers for thepurposeofapplyingtheConventionsandthisProtocolshallnotaffectthelegalstatusofthePartiestotheconflictorofanyterritory,includingoccupiedterritory.

6. ThemaintenanceofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenPartiestotheconflictortheentrustingoftheprotectionofaParty’sinterestsandthoseofitsnationalstoathirdStateinaccordancewiththerulesofinternationallaw relating to diplomatic relations is no obstacle to the designationofProtectingPowersforthepurposeofapplyingtheConventionsandthisProtocol.

7. Any subsequent mention in this Protocol of a Protecting Power in-cludesalsoasubstitute.


Article 6 — Qualified persons

1. TheHighContractingPartiesshall,alsoinpeacetime,endeavour,withtheassistanceofthenationalRedCross(RedCrescent,RedLionandSun)Societies,totrainqualifiedpersonneltofacilitatetheapplicationoftheConventionsandofthisProtocol,andinparticulartheactivitiesoftheProtectingPowers.

2. Therecruitmentand trainingof suchpersonnelarewithindomesticjurisdiction.

3. The International Committee of the Red Cross shall hold at the dis-posalof theHighContractingParties the listsofpersons so trainedwhich the High Contracting Parties may have established and mayhavetransmittedtoitforthatpurpose.

4. Theconditionsgoverning theemploymentof suchpersonneloutsidethenationalterritoryshall,ineachcase,bethesubjectofspecialagree-mentsbetweenthePartiesconcerned.

Article 7 — Meetings

ThedepositaryofthisProtocolshallconveneameetingoftheHighCon-tractingParties,attherequestofoneormoreofthesaidPartiesandupontheapprovalofthemajorityofthesaidParties,toconsidergeneralproblemsconcerningtheapplicationoftheConventionsandoftheProtocol.

PART IIWOUNDED, SICk AND SHIPWRECkED

SECTION IGeneral protection

Article 8 — Terminology

ForthepurposesofthisProtocol:a) “wounded”and“sick”meanpersons,whethermilitaryorcivilian,

who,becauseoftrauma,diseaseorotherphysicalormentaldisor-derordisability,areinneedofmedicalassistanceorcareandwhorefrainfromanyactofhostility.Thesetermsalsocovermaternitycases,new-bornbabiesandotherpersonswhomaybe inneedof


immediatemedicalassistanceorcare,suchastheinfirmorexpect-antmothers,andwhorefrainfromanyactofhostility;

b) “shipwrecked” means persons, whether military or civilian, whoareinperilatseaorinotherwatersasaresultofmisfortuneaffect-ing themor thevesseloraircraftcarrying themandwhorefrainfromanyactofhostility.Thesepersons,providedthattheycontinuetorefrainfromanyactofhostility,shallcontinuetobeconsideredshipwreckedduringtheirrescueuntiltheyacquireanotherstatusundertheConventionsorthisProtocol;

c) “medicalpersonnel”means thosepersonsassigned,byaParty totheconflict,exclusivelytothemedicalpurposesenumeratedundersub-paragraph e) or to the administration of medical units or totheoperationoradministrationofmedicaltransports.Suchassign-mentsmaybeeitherpermanentortemporary.Thetermincludes:i) medicalpersonnelofaPartytotheconflict,whethermilitary

orcivilian,includingthosedescribedintheFirstandSecondConventions,andthoseassignedtocivildefenceorganizations;

ii) medicalpersonnelofnationalRedCross(RedCrescent,RedLionandSun)Societiesandothernationalvoluntaryaidsocie-tiesdulyrecognizedandauthorizedbyaPartytotheconflict;

iii) medicalpersonnelofmedicalunitsormedicaltransportsdes-cribedinArticle9,paragraph2;

d) “religious personnel” means military or civilian persons, such aschaplains,whoareexclusivelyengagedintheworkoftheirministryandattached:i) tothearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflict;ii) tomedicalunitsormedicaltransportsofaPartytotheconflict;iii) tomedicalunitsormedicaltransportsdescribedinArticle9,

paragraph2;oriv) tocivildefenceorganizationsofaPartytotheconflict.

Theattachmentofreligiouspersonnelmaybeeitherpermanentortemporary,andtherelevantprovisionsmentionedundersub-para-graphk)applytothem;

e) “medicalunits”meansestablishmentsandotherunits,whethermil-itaryorcivilian,organizedformedicalpurposes,namelythesearchfor,collection,transportation,diagnosisortreatment—includingfirst-aidtreatment—ofthewounded,sickandshipwrecked,orforthepreventionofdisease.Thetermincludes,forexample,hospitalsandothersimilarunits,bloodtransfusioncentres,preventivemed-icine centres and institutes, medical depots and the medical and


pharmaceuticalstoresofsuchunits.Medicalunitsmaybefixedormobile,permanentortemporary;

f) “medicaltransportation”meanstheconveyancebyland,waterorairofthewounded,sick,shipwrecked,medicalpersonnel,religiouspersonnel,medicalequipmentormedicalsuppliesprotectedbytheConventionsandbythisProtocol;

g) “medicaltransports”meansanymeansoftransportation,whethermilitaryorcivilian,permanentortemporary,assignedexclusivelytomedicaltransportationandunderthecontrolofacompetentau-thorityofaPartytotheconflict;

h) “medicalvehicles”meansanymedicaltransportsbyland;i) “medicalshipsandcraft”meansanymedicaltransportsbywater;j) “medicalaircraft”meansanymedicaltransportsbyair;k) “permanent medical personnel”, “permanent medical units” and

“permanentmedicaltransports”meanthoseassignedexclusivelytomedicalpurposes foran indeterminateperiod.“Temporarymedi-calpersonnel”,“temporarymedicalunits”and“temporarymedicaltransports”meanthosedevotedexclusivelytomedicalpurposesforlimitedperiodsduringthewholeofsuchperiods.Unlessotherwisespecified,theterms“medicalpersonnel”,“medicalunits”and“med-icaltransports”coverbothpermanentandtemporarycategories;

l) “distinctive emblem” means the distinctive emblem of the redcross,redcrescentorredlionandsunonawhitegroundwhenusedfortheprotectionofmedicalunitsandtransports,ormedicalandreligiouspersonnel,equipmentorsupplies;

m) “distinctivesignal”meansanysignalormessagespecifiedfortheidentification exclusively of medical units or transports in Chap-ter IIIofAnnexItothisProtocol.

Article 9 — Field of application

1. ThisPart,theprovisionsofwhichareintendedtoamelioratethecon-ditionofthewounded,sickandshipwrecked,shallapplytoallthoseaffectedbyasituationreferredtoinArticle1,withoutanyadversedis-tinctionfoundedonrace,colour,sex,language,religionorbelief,po-liticalorotheropinion,nationalorsocialorigin,wealth,birthorotherstatus,oronanyothersimilarcriteria.

2. The relevant provisions of Articles 27 and 32 of the First Conven-tion shall apply to permanent medical units and transports (otherthan hospital ships, to which Article 25 of the Second Convention


applies)andtheirpersonnelmadeavailabletoaPartytotheconflictforhumanitarianpurposes:a) byaneutralorotherStatewhichisnotaPartytothatconflict;b) byarecognizedandauthorizedaidsocietyofsuchaState;c) byanimpartialinternationalhumanitarianorganization.

Article 10 — Protection and care

1. All thewounded,sickandshipwrecked, towhicheverParty theybe-long,shallberespectedandprotected.

2. Inallcircumstancestheyshallbetreatedhumanelyandshallreceive,to the fullestextentpracticableandwith the leastpossibledelay, themedicalcareandattentionrequiredbytheircondition.Thereshallbenodistinctionamongthemfoundedonanygroundsotherthanmedi-calones.

Article 11 — Protection of persons

1. ThephysicalormentalhealthandintegrityofpersonswhoareinthepoweroftheadversePartyorwhoareinterned,detainedorotherwisedeprivedoflibertyasaresultofasituationreferredtoinArticle1shallnotbeendangeredbyanyunjustifiedactoromission.Accordingly,itisprohibitedtosubjectthepersonsdescribedinthisArticletoanymedi-calprocedurewhichisnotindicatedbythestateofhealthofthepersonconcernedandwhichisnotconsistentwithgenerallyacceptedmedicalstandardswhichwouldbeappliedundersimilarmedicalcircumstanc-estopersonswhoarenationalsofthePartyconductingtheprocedureandwhoareinnowaydeprivedofliberty.

2. Itis,inparticular,prohibitedtocarryoutonsuchpersons,evenwiththeirconsent:a) physicalmutilations;b) medicalorscientificexperiments;c) removaloftissueororgansfortransplantation,

exceptwheretheseactsarejustifiedinconformitywiththeconditionsprovidedforinparagraph1.

3. Exceptionstotheprohibitioninparagraph2c)maybemadeonlyinthecaseofdonationsofbloodfortransfusionorofskinforgrafting,providedthattheyaregivenvoluntarilyandwithoutanycoercionorinducement,andthenonlyfortherapeuticpurposes.underconditionsconsistentwithgenerallyacceptedmedicalstandardsandcontrolsde-signedforthebenefitofboththedonorandtherecipient.


4. AnywilfulactoromissionwhichseriouslyendangersthephysicalormentalhealthorintegrityofanypersonwhoisinthepowerofaPartyotherthantheoneonwhichhedependsandwhicheitherviolatesanyoftheprohibitionsinparagraphs1and2orfailstocomplywiththerequirementsofparagraph3shallbeagravebreachofthisProtocol.

5. Thepersonsdescribedinparagraph1havetherighttorefuseanysurgicaloperation.Incaseofrefusal,medicalpersonnelshallendeavourtoobtainawrittenstatementtothateffect,signedoracknowledgedbythepatient.

6. EachPartytotheconflictshallkeepamedicalrecordforeverydona-tionofbloodfortransfusionorskinforgraftingbypersonsreferredtoinparagraph1,ifthatdonationismadeundertheresponsibilityofthatParty.Inaddition,eachPartytotheconflictshallendeavourtokeeparecordofallmedicalproceduresundertakenwithrespecttoanypersonwhoisinterned,detainedorotherwisedeprivedoflibertyasaresultofasituationreferredtoinArticle1.TheserecordsshallbeavailableatalltimesforinspectionbytheProtectingPower.

Article 12 — Protection of medical units

1. Medicalunitsshallberespectedandprotectedatalltimesandshallnotbetheobjectofattack.

2. Paragraph1shallapplytocivilianmedicalunits,providedthatthey:a) belongtooneofthePartiestotheconflict;b) arerecognizedandauthorizedbythecompetentauthorityofoneof

thePartiestotheconflict;orc) are authorized in conformity with Article 9, paragraph 2, of this

ProtocolorArticle27oftheFirstConvention.

3. ThePartiestotheconflictareinvitedtonotifyeachotheroftheloca-tionoftheirmedicalunits.TheabsenceofsuchnotificationshallnotexemptanyofthePartiesfromtheobligationtocomplywiththeprovi-sionsofparagraph1.

4. Undernocircumstancesshallmedicalunitsbeusedinanattempttoshieldmilitaryobjectivesfromattack.Wheneverpossible,thePartiestotheconflictshallensurethatmedicalunitsaresositedthatattacksagainstmilitaryobjectivesdonotimperiltheirsafety.

Article 13 — Discontinuance of protection of civilian medical units

1. The protection to which civilian medical units are entitled shall notcease unless they are used to commit, outside their humanitarian


function, actsharmful to theenemy.Protectionmay,however, ceaseonlyafterawarninghasbeengivensetting,wheneverappropriate,areasonabletime-limit,andaftersuchwarninghasremainedunheeded.

2. Thefollowingshallnotbeconsideredasactsharmfultotheenemy:a) that the personnel of the unit are equipped with light individual

weaponsfortheirowndefenceorforthatofthewoundedandsickintheircharge;

b) thattheunitisguardedbyapicketorbysentriesorbyanescort;c) thatsmallarmsandammunitiontakenfromthewoundedandsick,

andnotyethandedtotheproperservice,arefoundintheunits;d) thatmembersof thearmedforcesorothercombatantsare inthe

unitformedicalreasons.

Article 14 — Limitations on requisition of civilian medical units

1. TheOccupyingPowerhasthedutytoensurethatthemedicalneedsofthecivilianpopulationinoccupiedterritorycontinuetobesatisfied.

2. TheOccupyingPowershallnot,therefore,requisitioncivilianmedicalunits,theirequipment,theirmatérielortheservicesoftheirpersonnel,solongastheseresourcesarenecessaryfortheprovisionofadequatemedical services for the civilian population and for the continuingmedicalcareofanywoundedandsickalreadyundertreatment.

3. Providedthatthegeneralruleinparagraph2continuestobeobserved,theOccupyingPowermayrequisitionthesaidresources,subjecttothefollowingparticularconditions:a) that the resources are necessary for the adequate and immediate

medicaltreatmentofthewoundedandsickmembersofthearmedforcesoftheOccupyingPowerorofprisonersofwar;

b) thattherequisitioncontinuesonlywhilesuchnecessityexists;andc) thatimmediatearrangementsaremadetoensurethatthemedical

needsofthecivilianpopulation,aswellasthoseofanywoundedandsickundertreatmentwhoareaffectedbytherequisition,con-tinuetobesatisfied.

Article 15 — Protection of civilian medical and religious personnel

1. Civilianmedicalpersonnelshallberespectedandprotected.

2. Ifneeded,allavailablehelpshallbeaffordedtocivilianmedicalper-sonnelinanareawherecivilianmedicalservicesaredisruptedbyrea-sonofcombatactivity.


3. TheOccupyingPowershallaffordcivilianmedicalpersonnelinoccu-piedterritorieseveryassistancetoenablethemtoperform,tothebestof their ability, their humanitarian functions. The Occupying Powermaynotrequirethat,intheperformanceofthosefunctions,suchper-sonnelshallgiveprioritytothetreatmentofanypersonexceptonmed-icalgrounds.Theyshallnotbecompelledtocarryouttaskswhicharenotcompatiblewiththeirhumanitarianmission.

4. Civilianmedicalpersonnelshallhaveaccesstoanyplacewheretheirservicesareessential,subjecttosuchsupervisoryandsafetymeasuresastherelevantPartytotheconflictmaydeemnecessary.

5. Civilianreligiouspersonnelshallberespectedandprotected.Thepro-visionsoftheConventionsandofthisProtocolconcerningtheprotec-tionandidentificationofmedicalpersonnelshallapplyequallytosuchpersons.

Article 16 — General protection of medical duties

1. Undernocircumstancesshallanypersonbepunishedforcarryingoutmedical activities compatible with medical ethics, regardless of thepersonbenefitingtherefrom.

2. Persons engaged in medical activities shall not be compelled to per-formactsortocarryoutworkcontrarytotherulesofmedicalethicsortoothermedicalrulesdesignedforthebenefitofthewoundedandsickortotheprovisionsoftheConventionsorofthisProtocol,ortorefrain fromperformingactsor fromcarryingoutworkrequiredbythoserulesandprovisions.

3. NopersonengagedinmedicalactivitiesshallbecompelledtogivetoanyonebelongingeithertoanadverseParty,ortohisownPartyexceptasrequiredbythelawofthelatterParty,anyinformationconcerningthewoundedandsickwhoare,orwhohavebeen,underhiscare,ifsuchinformationwould,inhisopinion,proveharmfultothepatientscon-cernedortotheirfamilies.Regulationsforthecompulsorynotificationofcommunicablediseasesshall,however,berespected.

Article 17 — Role of the civilian population and of aid societies

1. The civilian population shall respect the wounded, sick and ship-wrecked,eveniftheybelongtotheadverseParty,andshallcommitnoactofviolenceagainstthem.Thecivilianpopulationandaidsocieties,suchasnationalRedCross(RedCrescent,RedLionandSun)Societies,shallbepermitted,evenontheirowninitiative,tocollectandcareforthewounded,sickandshipwrecked,evenininvadedoroccupiedareas.


Nooneshallbeharmed,prosecuted,convictedorpunished forsuchhumanitarianacts.

2. TheParties totheconflictmayappeal tothecivilianpopulationandtheaidsocietiesreferredtoinparagraph1tocollectandcareforthewounded,sickandshipwrecked,andtosearchforthedeadandreporttheirlocation;theyshallgrantbothprotectionandthenecessaryfacili-tiestothosewhorespondtothisappeal.IftheadversePartygainsorregainscontrolofthearea,thatPartyalsoshallaffordthesameprotec-tionandfacilitiesforsolongastheyareneeded.

Article 18 — Identification

1. EachPartytotheconflictshallendeavourtoensurethatmedicalandreligiouspersonnelandmedicalunitsandtransportsareidentifiable.

2. EachPartytotheconflictshallalsoendeavourtoadoptandtoimple-mentmethodsandprocedureswhichwillmakeitpossibletorecognizemedical units and transports which use the distinctive emblem anddistinctivesignals.

3. Inoccupiedterritoryandinareaswherefightingistakingplaceorislikely to take place, civilian medical personnel and civilian religiouspersonnel should be recognizable by the distinctive emblem and anidentitycardcertifyingtheirstatus.

4. Withtheconsentofthecompetentauthority,medicalunitsandtrans-portsshallbemarkedbythedistinctiveemblem.TheshipsandcraftreferredtoinArticle22ofthisProtocolshallbemarkedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheSecondConvention.

5. Inadditiontothedistinctiveemblem,aPartytotheconflictmay,asprovidedinChapterIIIofAnnex1tothisProtocol,authorizetheuseofdistinctivesignalstoidentifymedicalunitsandtransports.Exception-ally, in the special cases covered in that Chapter, medical transportsmayusedistinctivesignalswithoutdisplayingthedistinctiveemblem.

6. Theapplicationof theprovisionsofparagraphs1 to5of thisArticleis governed by Chapters I to III of Annex I to this Protocol. SignalsdesignatedinChapterIIIoftheAnnexfortheexclusiveuseofmedicalunitsandtransportsshallnot,exceptasprovidedtherein,beusedforanypurposeother than to identify themedicalunitsand transportsspecifiedinthatChapter.

7. ThisArticledoesnotauthorizeanywideruseofthedistinctiveembleminpeacetimethanisprescribedinArticle44oftheFirstConvention.


8. Theprovisionsof theConventionsandof thisProtocol relating to su-pervisionoftheuseofthedistinctiveemblemandtothepreventionandrepressionofanymisusethereofshallbeapplicabletodistinctivesignals.

Article 19 — Neutral and other States not Parties to the conflict

NeutralandotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflictshallapplytherelevantprovisions of this Protocol to persons protected by this Part who may bereceivedorinternedwithintheirterritory,andtoanydeadofthePartiestothatconflictwhomtheymayfind.

Article 20 — Prohibition of reprisals

ReprisalsagainstthepersonsandobjectsprotectedbythisPartareprohibited.

SECTION IIMEDICAL TRANSPORTATION

Article 21 — Medical vehicles

MedicalvehiclesshallberespectedandprotectedinthesamewayasmobilemedicalunitsundertheConventionsandthisProtocol.

Article 22 — Hospital ships and coastal rescue craft

1. TheprovisionsoftheConventionsrelatingto:a) vesselsdescribedinArticles22,24,25and27oftheSecondCon-

vention,b) theirlifeboatsandsmallcraft,c) theirpersonnelandcrews,andd) thewounded,sickandshipwreckedonboard,

shall also apply where these vessels carry civilian wounded, sick andshipwreckedwhodonotbelongtoanyofthecategoriesmentionedinArticle13oftheSecondConvention.Suchciviliansshallnot,however,besubjecttosurrendertoanyPartywhichisnottheirown,ortocaptureatsea.IftheyfindthemselvesinthepowerofaPartytotheconflictotherthantheirown,theyshallbecoveredbytheFourthConventionandbythisProtocol.

2. TheprotectionprovidedbytheConventionstovesselsdescribedinAr-ticle25oftheSecondConventionshallextendtohospitalshipsmadeavailableforhumanitarianpurposestoaPartytotheconflict:a) byaneutralorotherStatewhichisnotaPartytothatconflict;or


b) byanimpartialinternationalhumanitarianorganization, providedthat,ineithercase,therequirementssetoutinthatArticleare

compliedwith.

3. SmallcraftdescribedinArticle27oftheSecondConventionshallbeprotectedevenifthenotificationenvisagedbythatArticlehasnotbeenmade.TheParties to theconflictare,nevertheless, invited to informeachotherofanydetailsofsuchcraftwhichwillfacilitatetheiridenti-ficationandrecognition.

Article 23 — Other medical ships and craft

1. Medical shipsandcraftother than those referred to inArticle22ofthisProtocolandArticle38oftheSecondConventionshall,whetheratseaorinotherwaters,berespectedandprotectedinthesamewayasmobilemedicalunitsundertheConventionsandthisProtocol.Sincethisprotectioncanonlybeeffectiveiftheycanbeidentifiedandrec-ognizedasmedicalshipsorcraft,suchvesselsshouldbemarkedwiththedistinctiveemblemandasfaraspossiblecomplywiththesecondparagraphofArticle43oftheSecondConvention.

2. Theshipsandcraftreferredtoinparagraph1shallremainsubjecttothe lawsofwar.Anywarshiponthesurfaceable immediately toen-force its commandmayorder themto stop,order themoff,ormakethemtakeacertaincourse,andtheyshallobeyeverysuchcommand.Suchshipsandcraftmaynotinanyotherwaybedivertedfromtheirmedicalmissionsolongastheyareneededforthewounded,sickandshipwreckedonboard.

3. Theprotectionprovidedinparagraph1shallceaseonlyunderthecondi-tionssetoutinArticles34and35oftheSecondConvention.Aclearre-fusaltoobeyacommandgiveninaccordancewithparagraph2shallbeanactharmfultotheenemyunderArticle34oftheSecondConvention.

4. APartytotheconflictmaynotifyanyadversePartyasfarinadvanceofsailingaspossibleofthename,description,expectedtimeofsailing,courseandestimatedspeedofthemedicalshiporcraft,particularlyinthecaseofshipsofover2,000grosstons,andmayprovideanyotherinformationwhichwouldfacilitateidentificationandrecognition.TheadversePartyshallacknowledgereceiptofsuchinformation.

5. TheprovisionsofArticle37of theSecondConventionshallapply tomedicalandreligiouspersonnelinsuchshipsandcraft.

6. TheprovisionsoftheSecondConventionshallapplytothewounded,sickandshipwreckedbelongingtothecategoriesreferredtoinArticle


13 of the Second Convention and in Article 44 of this Protocol whomaybeonboardsuchmedicalshipsandcraft.Wounded,sickandship-wreckedcivilianswhodonotbelongtoanyofthecategoriesmentionedinArticle13oftheSecondConventionshallnotbesubject,atsea,ei-ther tosurrender toanyPartywhich isnot theirown,or toremovalfromsuchshipsorcraft;iftheyfindthemselvesinthepowerofaPartytotheconflictotherthantheirown,theyshallbecoveredbytheFourthConventionandbythisProtocol.

Article 24 — Protection of medical aircraft

Medicalaircraftshallberespectedandprotected,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisPart.

Article 25 — Medical aircraft in areas not controlled by an adverse Party

Inandoverlandareasphysicallycontrolledbyfriendlyforces,orinandoverseaareasnotphysicallycontrolledbyanadverseParty,therespectandpro-tectionofmedicalaircraftofaPartytotheconflictisnotdependentonanyagreementwithanadverseParty.Forgreatersafety,however,aPartytotheconflictoperatingitsmedicalaircraftintheseareasmaynotifytheadverseParty,asprovidedinArticle29,inparticularwhensuchaircraftaremakingflightsbringingthemwithinrangeofsurface-to-airweaponssystemsoftheadverseParty.

Article 26 — Medical aircraft in contact or similar zones

1. Inandoverthosepartsofthecontactzonewhicharephysicallycon-trolledbyfriendlyforcesandinandoverthoseareasthephysicalcon-trolofwhichisnotclearlyestablished,protectionformedicalaircraftcanbefullyeffectiveonlybyprioragreementbetweenthecompetentmilitaryauthoritiesofthePartiestotheconflict,asprovidedforinAr-ticle29.Although,intheabsenceofsuchanagreement,medicalair-craftoperateattheirownrisk,theyshallneverthelessberespectedaftertheyhavebeenrecognizedassuch.

2. “Contactzone”meansanyareaonlandwheretheforwardelementsofopposingforcesareincontactwitheachother,especiallywheretheyareexposedtodirectfirefromtheground.


Article 27 — Medical aircraft in areas controlled by an adverse Party

1. ThemedicalaircraftofaPartytotheconflictshallcontinuetobepro-tectedwhileflyingover landorseaareasphysicallycontrolledbyanadverseParty,providedthatprioragreementtosuchflightshasbeenobtainedfromthecompetentauthorityofthatadverseParty.

2. A medical aircraft which flies over an area physically controlled byanadversePartywithout,orindeviationfromthetermsof,anagree-mentprovidedforinparagraph1,eitherthroughnavigationalerrororbecauseofanemergencyaffectingthesafetyoftheflight,shallmakeevery effort to identify itself and to inform the adverse Party of thecircumstances.AssoonassuchmedicalaircrafthasbeenrecognizedbytheadverseParty,thatPartyshallmakeallreasonableeffortstogivetheordertolandortoalightonwater,referredtoinArticle30,para-graph1,ortotakeothermeasurestosafeguarditsowninterests,and,ineithercase,toallowtheaircrafttimeforcompliance,beforeresort-ingtoanattackagainsttheaircraft.

Article 28 — Restrictions on operations of medical aircraft

1. The Parties to the conflict are prohibited from using their medicalaircrafttoattempttoacquireanymilitaryadvantageoveranadverseParty.Thepresenceofmedicalaircraftshallnotbeusedinanattempttorendermilitaryobjectivesimmunefromattack.

2. Medical aircraft shall not be used to collect or transmit intelligencedata and shall not carry any equipment intended for such purposes.Theyareprohibitedfromcarryinganypersonsorcargonotincludedwithin the definition in Article8, sub-paragraph f). The carrying onboardofthepersonaleffectsoftheoccupantsorofequipmentintendedsolely to facilitate navigation, communication, or identification shallnotbeconsideredasprohibited.

3. Medicalaircraftshallnotcarryanyarmamentexceptsmallarmsandammunitiontakenfromthewounded,sickandshipwreckedonboardand not yet handed to the proper service, and such light individualweaponsasmaybenecessarytoenablethemedicalpersonnelonboardtodefendthemselvesandthewounded,sickandshipwreckedintheircharge.

4. WhilecarryingouttheflightsreferredtoinArticles26and27,medicalaircraftshallnot,exceptbyprioragreementwiththeadverseParty,beusedtosearchforthewounded,sickandshipwrecked.


Article 29 — Notifications and agreements concerning medical aircraft

1. NotificationsunderArticle25,orrequestsforprioragreementunderArticles26,27,28(paragraph4),or31shallstatetheproposednum-berofmedicalaircraft,theirflightplansandmeansofidentification,andshallbeunderstoodtomeanthateveryflightwillbecarriedoutincompliancewithArticle28.

2. A Party which receives a notification given under Article 25 shall atonceacknowledgereceiptofsuchnotification.

3. A Party which receives a request for prior agreement under Articles26,27,28(paragraph4),or31shall,asrapidlyaspossible,notifytherequestingParty:a) thattherequestisagreedto;b) thattherequestisdenied;orc) ofreasonablealternativeproposalstotherequest.Itmayalsopro-

poseaprohibitionorrestrictionofotherflightsintheareaduringthetimeinvolved.IfthePartywhichsubmittedtherequestacceptsthealternativeproposals,itshallnotifytheotherPartyofsuchac-ceptance.

4. ThePartiesshalltakethenecessarymeasurestoensurethatnotifica-tionsandagreementscanbemaderapidly.

5. ThePartiesshallalsotakethenecessarymeasurestodisseminaterap-idlythesubstanceofanysuchnotificationsandagreementstothemili-taryunitsconcernedandshallinstructthoseunitsregardingthemeansofidentificationthatwillbeusedbythemedicalaircraftinquestion.

Article 30 — Landing and inspection of medical aircraft

1. MedicalaircraftflyingoverareaswhicharephysicallycontrolledbyanadverseParty,oroverareasthephysicalcontrolofwhichisnotclearlyestablished,maybeorderedtolandortoalightonwater,asappropri-ate,topermitinspectioninaccordancewiththefollowingparagraphs.Medicalaircraftshallobeyanysuchorder.

2. Ifsuchanaircraftlandsoralightsonwater,whetherorderedtodosoorforotherreasons,itmaybesubjectedtoinspectionsolelytodeterminethemattersreferredtoinparagraphs3and4.Anysuchinspectionshallbecommencedwithoutdelayandshallbeconductedexpeditiously.TheinspectingPartyshallnotrequirethewoundedandsicktoberemovedfromtheaircraftunless their removal is essential for the inspection.


ThatPartyshallinanyeventensurethattheconditionofthewoundedandsickisnotadverselyaffectedbytheinspectionorbytheremoval.

3. Iftheinspectiondisclosesthattheaircraft:a) isamedicalaircraftwithinthemeaningofArticle8,sub-paragraphj),b) isnotinviolationoftheconditionsprescribedinArticle28,andc) hasnotflownwithoutorinbreachofaprioragreementwheresuch

agreementisrequired,theaircraftandthoseofitsoccupantswhobelongtotheadversePartyortoaneutralorotherStatenotaPartytotheconflictshallbeauthorizedtocontinuetheflightwithoutde-lay.

4. Iftheinspectiondisclosesthattheaircraft:a) isnotamedicalaircraftwithinthemeaningofArticle8,sub-para-

graph j),b) isinviolationoftheconditionsprescribedinArticle28,orc) has flown without or in breach of a prior agreement where such

agreementisrequired, theaircraftmaybeseized.Itsoccupantsshallbetreatedinconformity

with the relevant provisions of the Conventions and of this Protocol.Any aircraft seized which had been assigned as a permanent medicalaircraftmaybeusedthereafteronlyasamedicalaircraft.

Article 31 — Neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict

1. Exceptbyprioragreement,medicalaircraftshallnotflyoverorlandintheterritoryofaneutralorotherStatenotaPartytotheconflict.How-ever,withsuchanagreement, theyshallberespected throughout theirflightandalsoforthedurationofanycallsintheterritory.Neverthelesstheyshallobeyanysummonstolandortoalightonwater,asappropriate.

2. Shouldamedicalaircraft,intheabsenceofanagreementorindevia-tionfromthetermsofanagreement,flyovertheterritoryofaneutralorotherStatenotaPartytotheconflict,eitherthroughnavigationalerrororbecauseofanemergencyaffecting the safetyof theflight, itshallmakeeveryefforttogivenoticeoftheflightandtoidentifyitself.Assoonassuchmedicalaircraftisrecognized,thatStateshallmakeallreasonableeffortstogivetheordertolandortoalightonwaterreferredtoinArticle30,paragraph1,ortotakeothermeasurestosafeguarditsowninterests,and,ineithercase,toallowtheaircrafttimeforcompli-ance,beforeresortingtoanattackagainsttheaircraft.

3. Ifamedicalaircraft,eitherbyagreementorinthecircumstancesmen-tioned inparagraph2, landsoralightsonwater in the territoryofa


neutralorotherStatenotPartytotheconflict,whetherorderedtodosoorforotherreasons,theaircraftshallbesubjecttoinspectionforthepurposesofdeterminingwhether it is in factamedical aircraft.Theinspectionshallbecommencedwithoutdelayandshallbeconductedexpeditiously.TheinspectingPartyshallnotrequirethewoundedandsickof thePartyoperating theaircraft tobe removed from itunlesstheirremovalisessentialfortheinspection.TheinspectingPartyshallinanyeventensurethattheconditionofthewoundedandsickisnotadverselyaffectedbythe inspectionortheremoval.If the inspectiondisclosesthattheaircraftisinfactamedicalaircraft,theaircraftwithitsoccupants,other than thosewhomustbedetained inaccordancewiththerulesof international lawapplicable inarmedconflict,shallbeallowedtoresumeitsflight,andreasonablefacilitiesshallbegivenfor thecontinuationof theflight. If the inspectiondiscloses that theaircraftisnotamedicalaircraft, itshallbeseizedandtheoccupantstreatedinaccordancewithparagraph 4.

4. Thewounded,sickandshipwreckeddisembarked,otherwisethantem-porarily,fromamedicalaircraftwiththeconsentofthelocalauthori-tiesintheterritoryofaneutralorotherStatenotaPartytotheconflictshall,unlessagreedotherwisebetweenthatStateandthePartiestotheconflict, be detained by that State where so required by the rules ofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict,insuchamannerthattheycannotagaintakepartinthehostilities.Thecostofhospitaltreat-mentandinternmentshallbebornebytheStatetowhichthosepersonsbelong.

5. NeutralorotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflictshallapplyanycondi-tionsandrestrictionsonthepassageofmedicalaircraftover,oronthelandingofmedicalaircraftin,theirterritoryequallytoallPartiestotheconflict.

SECTION IIIMISSING AND DEAD PERSONS

Article 32 — General principle

IntheimplementationofthisSection,theactivitiesoftheHighContractingParties,ofthePartiestotheconflictandoftheinternationalhumanitarianorganizationsmentionedintheConventionsandinthisProtocolshallbepromptedmainlybytherightoffamiliestoknowthefateoftheirrelatives.


Article 33 — Missing persons

1. Assoonascircumstancespermit,andatthelatestfromtheendofac-tivehostilities,eachPartytotheconflictshallsearchforthepersonswho have been reported missing by an adverse Party. Such adversePartyshalltransmitallrelevantinformationconcerningsuchpersonsinordertofacilitatesuchsearches.

2. Inordertofacilitatethegatheringofinformationpursuanttothepre-cedingparagraph,eachPartytotheconflictshall,withrespecttoper-sonswhowouldnotreceivemorefavourableconsiderationundertheConventionsandthisProtocol:a) recordtheinformationspecifiedinArticle138oftheFourthCon-

ventioninrespectofsuchpersonswhohavebeendetained,impris-onedorotherwiseheldincaptivityformorethantwoweeksasare-sultofhostilitiesoroccupation,orwhohavediedduringanyperiodofdetention;

b) tothefullestextentpossible,facilitateand,ifneedbe,carryoutthesearchforandtherecordingofinformationconcerningsuchper-sonsiftheyhavediedinothercircumstancesasaresultofhostili-tiesoroccupation.

3. Information concerning persons reported missing pursuant to para-graph1andrequestsforsuchinformationshallbetransmittedeitherdirectlyorthroughtheProtectingPowerortheCentralTracingAgencyoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossornationalRedCross(RedCrescent,RedLionandSun)Societies.WheretheinformationisnottransmittedthroughtheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossanditsCentralTracingAgency,eachPartytotheconflictshallensurethatsuchinformationisalsosuppliedtotheCentralTracingAgency.

4. ThePartiestotheconflictshallendeavourtoagreeonarrangementsforteamstosearchfor,identifyandrecoverthedeadfrombattlefiedareas,includingarrangements,ifappropriate,forsuchteamstobeaccompa-niedbypersonneloftheadversePartywhilecarryingoutthesemissionsinareascontrolledbytheadverseParty.Personnelofsuchteamsshallberespectedandprotectedwhileexclusivelycarryingouttheseduties.

Article 34 — Remains of deceased

1. Theremainsofpersonswhohavediedforreasonsrelatedtooccupa-tionorindetentionresultingfromoccupationorhostilitiesandthoseofpersonsnotnationalsof thecountry inwhich theyhavediedasaresult of hostilities shall be respected, and the gravesites of all suchpersonsshallberespected,maintainedandmarkedasprovidedforin


Article 130oftheFourthConvention,wheretheirremainsorgravesiteswould not receive more favourable consideration under the Conven-tionsandthisProtocol.

2. AssoonascircumstancesandtherelationsbetweentheadversePartiespermit,theHighContractingPartiesinwhoseterritoriesgravesand,asthecasemaybe,otherlocationsoftheremainsofpersonswhohavediedasaresultofhostilitiesorduringoccupationorindetentionaresituated,shallconcludeagreementsinorder:a) tofacilitateaccesstothegravesitesbyrelativesofthedeceasedand

byrepresentativesofofficialgravesregistrationservicesandtoreg-ulatethepracticalarrangementsforsuchaccess;

b) toprotectandmaintainsuchgravesitespermanently;c) tofacilitatethereturnoftheremainsofthedeceasedandofper-

sonaleffects to thehomecountryupon itsrequestor,unless thatcountryobjects,upontherequestofthenextofkin.

3. Intheabsenceoftheagreementsprovidedforinparagraph2b)orc)andifthehomecountryofsuchdeceasedisnotwillingtoarrangeatitsexpenseforthemaintenanceofsuchgravesites,theHighContract-ingPartyinwhoseterritorythegravesitesaresituatedmayoffertofa-cilitatethereturnoftheremainsofthedeceasedtothehomecountry.WheresuchanofferhasnotbeenacceptedtheHighContractingPartymay,aftertheexpiryoffiveyearsfromthedateoftheofferanduponduenoticetothehomecountry,adoptthearrangementslaiddowninitsownlawsrelatingtocemeteriesandgraves.

4. AHighContractingPartyinwhoseterritorythegravesitesreferredtointhisArticlearesituatedshallbepermittedtoexhumetheremainsonly:a) inaccordancewithparagraphs2c)and3,orb) whereexhumationisamatterofoverridingpublicnecessity,includ-

ingcasesofmedicaland investigativenecessity, inwhichcase theHighContractingPartyshallatalltimesrespecttheremains,andshallgivenoticetothehomecountryofitsintentiontoexhumetheremainstogetherwithdetailsoftheintendedplaceofreinterment.


PART IIIMETHODS AND MEANS OF WARFARE COMbATANT AND PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS

SECTION IMethods and means of warfare

Article 35 — basic rules

1. Inanyarmedconflict,therightofthePartiestotheconflicttochoosemethodsormeansofwarfareisnotunlimited.

2. Itisprohibitedtoemployweapons,projectilesandmaterialandmeth-odsofwarfareofanaturetocausesuperfluousinjuryorunnecessarysuffering.

3. Itisprohibitedtoemploymethodsormeansofwarfarewhicharein-tended,ormaybeexpected,tocausewidespread,long-termandseveredamagetothenaturalenvironment.

Article 36 — New weapons

Inthestudy,development,acquisitionoradoptionofanewweapon,meansormethodofwarfare,aHighContractingPartyisunderanobligationtodeterminewhetheritsemploymentwould,insomeorallcircumstances,beprohibitedbythisProtocolorbyanyotherruleofinternationallawapplica-bletotheHighContractingParty.

Article 37 — Prohibition of perfidy

1. Itisprohibitedtokill,injureorcaptureanadversarybyresorttoper-fidy.Actsinvitingtheconfidenceofanadversarytoleadhimtobelievethatheisentitledto,orisobligedtoaccord,protectionundertherulesofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict,withintenttobetraythatconfidence,shallconstituteperfidy.Thefollowingactsareexam-plesofperfidy:a) thefeigningofanintenttonegotiateunderaflagoftruceorofa

surrender;b) thefeigningofanincapacitationbywoundsorsickness;c) thefeigningofcivilian,non-combatantstatus;andd) thefeigningofprotectedstatusbytheuseofsigns,emblemsoruni-

formsoftheUnitedNationsorofneutralorotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflict.


2. Rusesofwararenotprohibited.Suchrusesareactswhichareintendedtomisleadanadversaryorto inducehimtoactrecklesslybutwhichinfringenoruleofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflictandwhicharenotperfidiousbecausetheydonotinvitetheconfidenceofanadversarywithrespecttoprotectionunderthatlaw.Thefollowingareexamplesofsuchruses:theuseofcamouflage,decoys,mockoperationsandmisinformation.

Article 38 — Recognized emblems

1. Itisprohibitedtomakeimproperuseofthedistinctiveemblemoftheredcross,redcrescentorredlionandsunorofotheremblems,signsorsignalsprovidedforbytheConventionsorbythisProtocol.Itisalsoprohibited tomisusedeliberately inanarmedconflictother interna-tionallyrecognizedprotectiveemblems,signsorsignals,includingtheflagoftruce,andtheprotectiveemblemofculturalproperty.

2. ItisprohibitedtomakeuseofthedistinctiveemblemoftheUnitedNa-tions,exceptasauthorizedbythatOrganization.

Article 39 — Emblems of nationality

1. Itisprohibitedtomakeuseinanarmedconflictoftheflagsormilitaryemblems,insigniaoruniformsofneutralorotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflict.

2. Itisprohibitedtomakeuseoftheflagsormilitaryemblems,insigniaoruniformsofadversePartieswhileengaginginattacksorinordertoshield,favour,protectorimpedemilitaryoperations.

3. NothinginthisArticleorinArticle37,paragraph1d),shallaffecttheexisting generally recognized rules of international law applicable toespionageortotheuseofflagsintheconductofarmedconflictatsea.

Article 40 — Quarter

Itisprohibitedtoorderthatthereshallbenosurvivors,tothreatenanad-versarytherewithortoconducthostilitiesonthisbasis.

Article 41 — Safeguard of an enemy hors de combat

1. Apersonwhoisrecognizedorwho, inthecircumstances,shouldberecognizedtobehorsdecombatshallnotbemadetheobjectofattack.

2. Apersonishors de combat if:a) heisinthepowerofanadverseParty;


b) heclearlyexpressesanintentiontosurrender;orc) hehasbeenrenderedunconsciousorisotherwiseincapacitatedby

woundsorsickness,andthereforeisincapableofdefendinghimself; providedthatinanyofthesecasesheabstainsfromanyhostileactand

doesnotattempttoescape.

3. When persons entitled to protection as prisoners of war have fallenintothepowerofanadversePartyunderunusualconditionsofcombatwhichpreventtheirevacuationasprovidedforinPartIII,SectionI,ofthe Third Convention, they shall be released and all feasible precau-tionsshallbetakentoensuretheirsafety.

Article 42 — Occupants of aircraft

1. Nopersonparachutingfromanaircraftindistressshallbemadetheobjectofattackduringhisdescent.

2. UponreachingthegroundinterritorycontrolledbyanadverseParty,apersonwhohasparachutedfromanaircraftindistressshallbegivenanopportunitytosurrenderbeforebeingmadetheobjectofattack,un-lessitisapparentthatheisengaginginahostileact.

3. AirbornetroopsarenotprotectedbythisArticle.

SECTION IICombatant and prisoner-of-war status

Article 43 — Armed forces

1. ThearmedforcesofaPartytoaconflictconsistofallorganizedarmedforces, groups andunitswhichareundera command responsible tothatPartyfortheconductofitssubordinates,evenifthatPartyisrep-resentedbyagovernmentoranauthoritynotrecognizedbyanadverseParty. Such armed forces shall be subject to an internal disciplinarysystemwhich,inter alia,shallenforcecompliancewiththerulesofin-ternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict.

2. MembersofthearmedforcesofaPartytoaconflict(otherthanmedi-calpersonnelandchaplainscoveredbyArticle33oftheThirdConven-tion)arecombatants, that is tosay, theyhavetherighttoparticipatedirectlyinhostilities.

3. WheneveraPartytoaconflict incorporatesaparamilitaryorarmedlawenforcementagencyintoitsarmedforcesitshallsonotifytheotherPartiestotheconflict.


Article 44 — Combatants and prisoners of war

1. Anycombatant,asdefinedinArticle43,whofallsintothepowerofanadversePartyshallbeaprisonerofwar.

2. Whileallcombatantsareobligedtocomplywiththerulesofinterna-tional lawapplicable inarmedconflict,violationsoftheserulesshallnotdepriveacombatantofhisrighttobeacombatantor,ifhefallsintothepowerofanadverseParty,ofhisrighttobeaprisonerofwar,exceptasprovidedinparagraphs3and4.

3. Inordertopromotetheprotectionofthecivilianpopulationfromtheeffectsofhostilities,combatantsareobligedtodistinguishthemselvesfromthecivilianpopulationwhiletheyareengagedinanattackorinamilitaryoperationpreparatory toanattack.Recognizing,however,thattherearesituationsinarmedconflictswhere,owingtothenatureofthehostilitiesanarmedcombatantcannotsodistinguishhimself,heshallretainhisstatusasacombatant,providedthat,insuchsituations,hecarrieshisarmsopenly:a) duringeachmilitaryengagement,andb) duringsuchtimeasheisvisibletotheadversarywhileheisengaged

inamilitarydeploymentprecedingthe launchingofanattack inwhichheistoparticipate.

ActswhichcomplywiththerequirementsofthisparagraphshallnotbeconsideredasperfidiouswithinthemeaningofArticle37,paragraph1c).

4. AcombatantwhofallsintothepowerofanadversePartywhilefailingtomeettherequirementssetforthinthesecondsentenceofparagraph3shallforfeithisrighttobeaprisonerofwar,butheshall,neverthe-less,begivenprotectionsequivalentinallrespectstothoseaccordedtoprisonersofwarbytheThirdConventionandbythisProtocol.Thisprotectionincludesprotectionsequivalenttothoseaccordedtoprison-ersofwarbytheThirdConventioninthecasewheresuchapersonistriedandpunishedforanyoffenceshehascommitted.

5. AnycombatantwhofallsintothepowerofanadversePartywhilenotengagedinanattackorinamilitaryoperationpreparatorytoanattackshallnotforfeithisrightstobeacombatantandaprisonerofwarbyvirtueofhisprioractivities.

6. ThisArticleiswithoutprejudicetotherightofanypersontobeapris-onerofwarpursuanttoArticle4oftheThirdConvention.

7. ThisArticleisnotintendedtochangethegenerallyacceptedpracticeofStateswithrespecttothewearingoftheuniformbycombatantsas-signedtotheregular,uniformedarmedunitsofaPartytotheconflict.


8. InadditiontothecategoriesofpersonsmentionedinArticle13oftheFirst andSecondConventions, allmembersof thearmed forcesof aPartytotheconflict,asdefinedinArticle43ofthisProtocol,shallbeentitledtoprotectionunderthoseConventionsiftheyarewoundedorsickor,inthecaseoftheSecondConvention,shipwreckedatseaorinotherwaters.

Article 45 — Protection of persons who have taken part in hostilities

1. Apersonwho takespart inhostilitiesand falls into thepowerofanadversePartyshallbepresumedtobeaprisonerofwar,andthereforeshallbeprotectedbytheThirdConvention,ifheclaimsthestatusofprisonerofwar,orifheappearstobeentitledtosuchstatus,orifthePartyonwhichhedependsclaimssuchstatusonhisbehalfbynotifi-cationtothedetainingPowerortotheProtectingPower.Shouldanydoubtariseas towhetheranysuchpersonisentitledto thestatusofprisonerofwar,heshallcontinuetohavesuchstatusand,therefore,tobeprotectedbytheThirdConventionandthisProtocoluntilsuchtimeashisstatushasbeendeterminedbyacompetenttribunal.

2. IfapersonwhohasfallenintothepowerofanadversePartyisnotheldasaprisonerofwarandistobetriedbythatPartyforanoffencearisingoutofthehostilities,heshallhavetherighttoasserthisentitlementtoprisoner-of-warstatusbeforeajudicialtribunalandtohavethatques-tion adjudicated. Whenever possible under the applicable procedure,this adjudication shall occur before the trial for the offence. The rep-resentativesoftheProtectingPowershallbeentitledtoattendthepro-ceedingsinwhichthatquestionisadjudicated,unless,exceptionally,theproceedingsareheldincameraintheinterestofStatesecurity.InsuchacasethedetainingPowershalladvisetheProtectingPoweraccordingly.

3. Any person who has taken part in hostilities, who is not entitled toprisoner-of-warstatusandwhodoesnotbenefitfrommorefavourabletreatment in accordance with the Fourth Convention shall have therightatalltimestotheprotectionofArticle75ofthisProtocol.Inoc-cupiedterritory,anysuchperson,unlessheisheldasaspy,shallalsobeentitled,notwithstandingArticle5oftheFourthConvention,tohisrightsofcommunicationunderthatConvention.

Article 46 — Spies

1. NotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoftheConventionsorofthisPro-tocol,anymemberofthearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflictwhofalls into thepowerofanadversePartywhileengaging inespionage


shall not have the right to the status of prisoner of war and may betreatedasaspy.

2. AmemberofthearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflictwho,onbehalfofthatPartyandinterritorycontrolledbyanadverseParty,gathersorattemptstogatherinformationshallnotbeconsideredasengaginginespionageif,whilesoacting,heisintheuniformofhisarmedforces.

3. AmemberofthearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflictwhoisaresi-dentofterritoryoccupiedbyanadversePartyandwho,onbehalfofthePartyonwhichhedepends,gathersorattemptstogatherinformationofmilitaryvaluewithinthatterritoryshallnotbeconsideredasengag-inginespionageunlesshedoessothroughanactoffalsepretencesordeliberately inaclandestinemanner.Moreover, sucha resident shallnotlosehisrighttothestatusofprisonerofwarandmaynotbetreatedasaspyunlessheiscapturedwhileengaginginespionage.

4. AmemberofthearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflictwhoisnotaresidentofterritoryoccupiedbyanadversePartyandwhohasengagedinespionageinthatterritoryshallnotlosehisrighttothestatusofpris-onerofwarandmaynotbetreatedasaspyunlessheiscapturedbeforehehasrejoinedthearmedforcestowhichhebelongs.

Article 47 — Mercenaries

1. Amercenaryshallnothavetherighttobeacombatantoraprisonerofwar.

2. Amercenaryisanypersonwho:a) isspeciallyrecruitedlocallyorabroadinordertofightinanarmed

conflict;b) does,infact,takeadirectpartinthehostilities;c) ismotivatedtotakepartinthehostilitiesessentiallybythedesire

forprivategainand,infact,ispromised,byoronbehalfofaPartytotheconflict,materialcompensationsubstantiallyinexcessofthatpromisedorpaidtocombatantsofsimilarranksandfunctionsinthearmedforcesofthatParty;

d) isneitheranationalofaPartytotheconflictnoraresidentofterri-torycontrolledbyaPartytotheconflict;

e) isnotamemberofthearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflict;andf) hasnotbeensentbyaStatewhichisnotaPartytotheconflicton

officialdutyasamemberofitsarmedforces.


PART IVCIVILIAN POPULATION

SECTION IGeneral protection against effects of hostilities

CHAPTER Ibasic rule and field of application

Article 48 — basic rule

Inordertoensurerespectforandprotectionofthecivilianpopulationandcivilianobjects,thePartiestotheconflictshallatalltimesdistinguishbe-tweenthecivilianpopulationandcombatantsandbetweencivilianobjectsandmilitaryobjectivesandaccordingly shalldirect theiroperationsonlyagainstmilitaryobjectives.

Article 49 — Definition of attacks and scope of application

1. “Attacks”meansactsofviolenceagainsttheadversary,whetherinof-fenceorindefence.

2. TheprovisionsofthisProtocolwithrespecttoattacksapplytoallattacksinwhateverterritoryconducted,includingthenationalterritorybelong-ingtoaPartytotheconflictbutunderthecontrolofanadverseParty.

3. TheprovisionsofthisSectionapplytoanyland,airorseawarfarewhichmayaffect thecivilianpopulation, individualciviliansorcivilianob-jectsonland.Theyfurtherapplytoallattacksfromtheseaorfromtheairagainstobjectiveson landbutdonototherwiseaffect therulesofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflictatseaorintheair.

4. Theprovisionsof thisSectionareadditional to the rules concerninghumanitarianprotectioncontainedintheFourthConvention,particu-larlyinPartIIthereof,andinotherinternationalagreementsbindingupontheHighContractingParties,aswellastootherrulesofinterna-tionallawrelatingtotheprotectionofciviliansandcivilianobjectsonland,atseaorintheairagainsttheeffectsofhostilities.


CHAPTER IICivilians and civilian population

Article 50 — Definition of civilians and civilian population

1. AcivilianisanypersonwhodoesnotbelongtooneofthecategoriesofpersonsreferredtoinArticle4A1),2),3)and6)oftheThirdCon-ventionandinArticle43ofthisProtocol.Incaseofdoubtwhetherapersonisacivilian,thatpersonshallbeconsideredtobeacivilian.

2. Thecivilianpopulationcomprisesallpersonswhoarecivilians.

3. Thepresencewithinthecivilianpopulationofindividualswhodonotcomewithinthedefinitionofciviliansdoesnotdeprivethepopulationofitsciviliancharacter.

Article 51 — Protection of the civilian population

1. Thecivilianpopulationandindividualciviliansshallenjoygeneralpro-tectionagainstdangersarisingfrommilitaryoperations.Togiveeffecttothisprotection,thefollowingrules,whichareadditionaltootherap-plicablerulesofinternationallaw,shallbeobservedinallcircumstances.

2. The civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shallnotbetheobjectofattack.Actsorthreatsofviolencetheprimarypur-pose of which is to spread terror among the civilian population areprohibited.

3. CiviliansshallenjoytheprotectionaffordedbythisSection,unlessandforsuchtimeastheytakeadirectpartinhostilities.

4. Indiscriminateattacksareprohibited.Indiscriminateattacksare:a) thosewhicharenotdirectedataspecificmilitaryobjective;b) thosewhichemployamethodormeansofcombatwhichcannotbe

directedataspecificmilitaryobjective;orc) those which employ a method or means of combat the effects of

whichcannotbelimitedasrequiredbythisProtocol; andconsequently, ineachsuchcase,areofanature tostrikemilitary

objectivesandciviliansorcivilianobjectswithoutdistinction.

5. Amongothers, thefollowingtypesofattacksaretobeconsideredasindiscriminate:a) anattackbybombardmentbyanymethodsormeanswhichtreatsas

asinglemilitaryobjectiveanumberofclearlyseparatedanddistinctmilitaryobjectiveslocatedinacity,town,villageorotherareacon-tainingasimilarconcentrationofciviliansorcivilianobjects;and


b) anattackwhichmaybeexpectedtocauseincidentallossofcivilianlife,injurytocivilians,damagetocivilianobjects,oracombinationthereof,whichwouldbeexcessive in relation to theconcreteanddirectmilitaryadvantageanticipated.

6. Attacksagainstthecivilianpopulationorciviliansbywayofreprisalsareprohibited.

7. Thepresenceormovementsofthecivilianpopulationorindividualci-viliansshallnotbeusedtorendercertainpointsorareasimmunefrommilitaryoperations,inparticularinattemptstoshieldmilitaryobjec-tivesfromattacksortoshield,favourorimpedemilitaryoperations.ThePartiestotheconflictshallnotdirectthemovementofthecivilianpopulationorindividualciviliansinordertoattempttoshieldmilitaryobjectivesfromattacksortoshieldmilitaryoperations.

8. AnyviolationoftheseprohibitionsshallnotreleasethePartiestotheconflictfromtheirlegalobligationswithrespecttothecivilianpopula-tionandcivilians, includingtheobligationtotaketheprecautionarymeasuresprovidedforinArticle57.

CHAPTER IIICivilian objects

Article 52 — General protection of civilian objects

1. Civilianobjectsshallnotbetheobjectofattackorofreprisals.Civilianobjectsareallobjectswhicharenotmilitaryobjectivesasdefinedinparagraph2.

2. Attacksshallbelimitedstrictlytomilitaryobjectives.Insofarasob-jects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objectswhichbytheirnature,location,purposeorusemakeaneffectivecon-tributiontomilitaryactionandwhosetotalorpartialdestruction,cap-tureorneutralization,inthecircumstancesrulingatthetime,offersadefinitemilitaryadvantage.

3. Incaseofdoubtwhetheranobjectwhichisnormallydedicatedtoci-vilianpurposes,suchasaplaceofworship,ahouseorotherdwellingoraschool,isbeingusedtomakeaneffectivecontributiontomilitaryaction,itshallbepresumednottobesoused.


Article 53 — Protection of cultural objects and of places of wor-ship

WithoutprejudicetotheprovisionsoftheHagueConventionforthePro-tectionofCulturalPropertyintheEventofArmedConflictof14May1954,andofotherrelevantinternationalinstruments,itisprohibited:

a) tocommitanyactsofhostilitydirectedagainstthehistoricmonu-ments,worksofartorplacesofworshipwhichconstitutethecul-turalorspiritualheritageofpeoples;

b) tousesuchobjectsinsupportofthemilitaryeffort;c) tomakesuchobjectstheobjectofreprisals.

Article 54 — Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population

1. Starvationofciviliansasamethodofwarfareisprohibited.

2. Itisprohibitedtoattack,destroy,removeorrenderuselessobjectsin-dispensable to the survival of the civilian population, such as food-stuffs,agriculturalareasfortheproductionof foodstuffs,crops, live-stock,drinkingwaterinstallationsandsuppliesandirrigationworks,forthespecificpurposeofdenyingthemfortheirsustenancevaluetothecivilianpopulationor to theadverseParty,whatever themotive,whetherinordertostarveoutcivilians,tocausethemtomoveaway,orforanyothermotive.

3. Theprohibitionsinparagraph2shallnotapplytosuchoftheobjectscoveredbyitasareusedbyanadverseParty:a) assustenancesolelyforthemembersofitsarmedforces;orb) ifnotassustenance,thenindirectsupportofmilitaryaction,pro-

vided,however,thatinnoeventshallactionsagainsttheseobjectsbe taken which may be expected to leave the civilian populationwith such inadequate food or water as to cause its starvation orforceitsmovement.

4. Theseobjectsshallnotbemadetheobjectofreprisals.

5. InrecognitionofthevitalrequirementsofanyPartytotheconflictinthedefenceofitsnationalterritoryagainstinvasion,derogationfromtheprohibitionscontainedinparagraph2maybemadebyaPartytotheconflictwithinsuchterritoryunderitsowncontrolwhererequiredbyimperativemilitarynecessity.


Article 55 — Protection of the natural environment

1. Careshallbetakeninwarfaretoprotectthenaturalenvironmentagainstwidespread, long-term and severe damage. This protection includes aprohibitionoftheuseofmethodsormeansofwarfarewhichareintend-edormaybeexpectedtocausesuchdamagetothenaturalenvironmentandtherebytoprejudicethehealthorsurvivalofthepopulation.

2. Attacks against the natural environment by way of reprisals areprohibited.

Article 56 — Protection of works and installations containing dan-gerous forces

1. Works or installations containing dangerous forces, namely dams,dykesandnuclearelectricalgeneratingstations,shallnotbemadetheobjectofattack,evenwheretheseobjectsaremilitaryobjectives,ifsuchattackmaycausethereleaseofdangerousforcesandconsequentseverelossesamongthecivilianpopulation.Othermilitaryobjectiveslocatedatorinthevicinityoftheseworksorinstallationsshallnotbemadetheobjectofattackifsuchattackmaycausethereleaseofdangerousforcesfromtheworksorinstallationsandconsequentseverelossesamongthecivilianpopulation.

2. Thespecialprotectionagainstattackprovidedbyparagraph1shallcease:a) foradamoradykeonlyifitisusedforotherthanitsnormalfunction

andinregular,significantanddirectsupportofmilitaryoperationsandifsuchattackistheonlyfeasiblewaytoterminatesuchsupport;

b) foranuclearelectricalgeneratingstationonlyifitprovideselectricpowerinregular,significantanddirectsupportofmilitaryopera-tionsandifsuchattackistheonlyfeasiblewaytoterminatesuchsupport;

c) for other military objectives located at or in the vicinity of theseworksor installationsonly if theyareused inregular, significantanddirectsupportofmilitaryoperationsandifsuchattackistheonlyfeasiblewaytoterminatesuchsupport.

3. Inallcases, thecivilianpopulationand individualciviliansshall re-mainentitledtoalltheprotectionaccordedthembyinternationallaw,includingtheprotectionoftheprecautionarymeasuresprovidedforinArticle57.Iftheprotectionceasesandanyoftheworks,installationsormilitaryobjectivesmentionedinparagraph1isattacked,allpracticalprecautionsshallbetakentoavoidthereleaseofthedangerousforces.


4. Itisprohibitedtomakeanyoftheworks,installationsormilitaryob-jectivesmentionedinparagraph1theobjectofreprisals.

5. ThePartiestotheconflictshallendeavourtoavoidlocatinganymili-taryobjectivesinthevicinityoftheworksorinstallationsmentionedinparagraph1.Nevertheless,installationserectedforthesolepurposeofdefendingtheprotectedworksorinstallationsfromattackarepermis-sibleandshallnotthemselvesbemadetheobjectofattack,providedthattheyarenotusedinhostilitiesexceptfordefensiveactionsneces-sarytorespondtoattacksagainsttheprotectedworksorinstallationsandthattheirarmamentislimitedtoweaponscapableonlyofrepellinghostileactionagainsttheprotectedworksorinstallations.

6. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictareurgedtoconcludefurtheragreementsamongthemselvestoprovideaddition-alprotectionforobjectscontainingdangerousforces.

7. InordertofacilitatetheidentificationoftheobjectsprotectedbythisArticle,thePartiestotheconflictmaymarkthemwithaspecialsignconsistingofagroupofthreebrightorangecirclesplacedonthesameaxis,asspecifiedinArticle16*ofAnnex1tothisProtocol.TheabsenceofsuchmarkinginnowayrelievesanyPartytotheconflictofitsobli-gationsunderthisArticle.

CHAPTER IVPrecautionary measures

Article 57 — Precautions in attack

1. Intheconductofmilitaryoperations,constantcareshallbetakentosparethecivilianpopulation,civiliansandcivilianobjects.

2. Withrespecttoattacks,thefollowingprecautionsshallbetaken:a) thosewhoplanordecideuponanattackshall:

i) doeverythingfeasibletoverifythattheobjectivestobeattac-kedareneitherciviliansnorcivilianobjectsandarenotsub-jecttospecialprotectionbutaremilitaryobjectiveswithinthemeaningofparagraph2ofArticle52andthatitisnotprohibi-tedbytheprovisionsofthisProtocoltoattackthem;

ii) take all feasible precautions in the choice of means andmethodsofattackwithaviewtoavoiding,andinanyeventto

* Thecross-referencetoArticle16ofAnnex1shouldnowbereadasthecross-referencetoArticle17


minimizing, incidental lossof civilian life, injury to civiliansanddamagetocivilianobjects;

iii) refrainfromdecidingtolaunchanyattackwhichmaybeex-pected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civi-lians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof,whichwouldbeexcessiveinrelationtotheconcreteanddirectmilitaryadvantageanticipated;

b) an attack shall be cancelled or suspended if it becomes apparentthattheobjectiveisnotamilitaryoneorissubjecttospecialpro-tectionorthattheattackmaybeexpectedtocauseincidentallossofcivilianlife,injurytocivilians,damagetocivilianobjects,oracombination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to theconcreteanddirectmilitaryadvantageanticipated;

c) effectiveadvancewarningshallbegivenofattackswhichmayaffectthecivilianpopulation,unlesscircumstancesdonotpermit.

3. Whenachoiceispossiblebetweenseveralmilitaryobjectivesforob-tainingasimilarmilitaryadvantage,theobjectivetobeselectedshallbethattheattackonwhichmaybeexpectedtocausetheleastdangertocivilianlivesandtocivilianobjects.

4. Intheconductofmilitaryoperationsatseaorintheair,eachPartytotheconflictshall,inconformitywithitsrightsanddutiesundertherulesofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict,takeallreasonablepre-cautionstoavoidlossesofcivilianlivesanddamagetocivilianobjects.

5. NoprovisionofthisArticlemaybeconstruedasauthorizinganyat-tacksagainstthecivilianpopulation,civiliansorcivilianobjects.

Article 58 — Precautions against the effects of attacks

ThePartiestotheconflictshall,tothemaximumextentfeasible:a) withoutprejudicetoArticle49oftheFourthConvention,endeavour

toremovethecivilianpopulation,individualciviliansandcivilianobjectsundertheircontrolfromthevicinityofmilitaryobjectives;

b) avoidlocatingmilitaryobjectiveswithinorneardenselypopulatedareas;

c) taketheothernecessaryprecautionstoprotectthecivilianpopula-tion, individual civilians and civilian objects under their controlagainstthedangersresultingfrommilitaryoperations.


CHAPTER VLocalities and zones under special protection

Article 59 — Non-defended localities.

1. It isprohibitedforthePartiestotheconflicttoattack,byanymeanswhatsoever,non-defendedlocalities.

2. The appropriate authorities of a Party to the conflict may declare asanon-defended localityany inhabitedplacenearor ina zonewherearmedforcesareincontactwhichisopenforoccupationbyanadverseParty.Suchalocalityshallfulfilthefollowingconditions:a) all combatants, as well as mobile weapons and mobile military

equipment,musthavebeenevacuated;b) nohostileuseshallbemadeoffixedmilitaryinstallationsorestab-

lishments;c) noactsofhostilityshallbecommittedbytheauthoritiesorbythe

population;andd) noactivitiesinsupportofmilitaryoperationsshallbeundertaken.

3. Thepresence,inthislocality,ofpersonsspeciallyprotectedundertheConventionsandthisProtocol,andofpoliceforcesretainedforthesolepurposeofmaintaininglawandorder,isnotcontrarytotheconditionslaiddowninparagraph2.

4. Thedeclarationmadeunderparagraph2shallbeaddressedtothead-versePartyandshalldefineanddescribe,aspreciselyaspossible,thelimitsofthenon-defendedlocality.ThePartytotheconflicttowhichthe declaration is addressed shall acknowledge its receipt and shalltreatthelocalityasanon-defendedlocalityunlesstheconditionslaiddown inparagraph2arenot in fact fulfilled, inwhichevent it shallimmediatelysoinformthePartymakingthedeclaration.Eveniftheconditionslaiddowninparagraph2arenotfulfilled,thelocalityshallcontinue to enjoy theprotection provided by theother provisions ofthis Protocol and the other rules of international law applicable inarmedconflict.

5. The Parties to the conflict may agree on the establishment ofnon-defended localities even if such localities do not fulfil the con-ditions laid down in paragraph 2. The agreement should define anddescribe,aspreciselyaspossible,thelimitsofthenon-defendedlocal-ity;ifnecessary,itmaylaydownthemethodsofsupervision.

6. ThePartywhichisincontrolofalocalitygovernedbysuchanagree-mentshallmarkit,sofaraspossible,bysuchsignsasmaybeagreed


upon with the other Party, which shall be displayed where they areclearlyvisible,especiallyonitsperimeterandlimitsandonhighways.

7. Alocalitylosesitsstatusasanon-defendedlocalitywhenitceasestoful-filtheconditionslaiddowninparagraph2orintheagreementreferredtoinparagraph5.Insuchaneventuality,thelocalityshallcontinuetoenjoy theprotectionprovidedby theotherprovisionsof thisProtocolandtheotherrulesofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict.

Article 60 — Demilitarized zones

1. It isprohibitedforthePartiestotheconflicttoextendtheirmilitaryoperations to zones on which they have conferred by agreement thestatusofdemilitarizedzone,ifsuchextensioniscontrarytothetermsofthisagreement.

2. Theagreementshallbeanexpressagreement,maybeconcludedver-bally or in writing, either directly or through a Protecting Power oranyimpartialhumanitarianorganization,andmayconsistofrecipro-calandconcordantdeclarations.Theagreementmaybeconcludedinpeacetime,aswellasaftertheoutbreakofhostilities,andshoulddefineand describe, as precisely as possible, the limits of the demilitarizedzoneand,ifnecessary,laydownthemethodsofsupervision.

3. The subject of such an agreement shall normally be any zone whichfulfilsthefollowingconditions:a) all combatants, as well as mobile weapons and mobile military

equipment,musthavebeenevacuated;b) nohostileuseshallbemadeoffixedmilitaryinstallationsorestab-

lishments;c) noactsofhostilityshallbecommittedbytheauthoritiesorbythe

population;andd) anyactivitylinkedtothemilitaryeffortmusthaveceased.

ThePartiestotheconflictshallagreeupontheinterpretationtobegiv-entotheconditionlaiddowninsub-paragraphd)anduponpersonstobeadmittedtothedemilitarizedzoneotherthanthosementionedinparagraph4.

4. The presence, in this zone, of persons specially protected under theConventionsandthisProtocol,andofpoliceforcesretainedforthesolepurposeofmaintaininglawandorder,isnotcontrarytotheconditionslaiddowninparagraph3.

5. ThePartywhichisincontrolofsuchazoneshallmarkit,sofaraspos-sible,bysuchsignsasmaybeagreeduponwiththeotherParty,which


shallbedisplayedwheretheyareclearlyvisible,especiallyonitsperim-eterandlimitsandonhighways.

6. Ifthefightingdrawsneartoademilitarizedzone,andifthePartiestotheconflicthavesoagreed,noneofthemmayusethezoneforpurposesrelatedtotheconductofmilitaryoperationsorunilaterallyrevokeitsstatus.

7. Ifoneof theParties totheconflictcommitsamaterialbreachof theprovisionsofparagraphs3or6,theotherPartyshallbereleasedfromitsobligationsundertheagreementconferringuponthezonethestatusofdemilitarizedzone.Insuchaneventuality,thezonelosesitsstatusbutshallcontinuetoenjoytheprotectionprovidedbytheotherprovi-sionsofthisProtocolandtheotherrulesofinternationallawapplicableinarmedconflict.

CHAPTER VICivil defence

Article 61 — Definitions and scope

ForthepurposesofthisProtocol:a) “civildefence”meanstheperformanceofsomeoralloftheunder-

mentioned humanitarian tasks intended to protect the civilianpopulationagainstthedangers,andtohelpittorecoverfromtheimmediateeffects,ofhostilitiesordisastersandalsotoprovidetheconditionsnecessaryforitssurvival.Thesetasksare:i) warning;ii) evacuation;iii) managementofshelters;iv) managementofblackoutmeasures;v) rescue;vi) medicalservices,includingfirstaid,andreligiousassistance;vii) fire-fighting;viii) detectionandmarkingofdangerareas;ix) decontaminationandsimilarprotectivemeasures;x) provisionofemergencyaccommodationandsupplies;xi) emergency assistance in the restoration and maintenance of

orderindistressedareas;xii) emergencyrepairofindispensablepublicutilities;xiii) emergencydisposalofthedead;


xiv) assistanceinthepreservationofobjectsessentialforsurvival;xv) complementary activities necessary to carry out any of the

tasksmentionedabove,including,butnotlimitedto,planningandorganization;

b) “civildefenceorganizations”meansthoseestablishmentsandotherunitswhichareorganizedorauthorizedbythecompetentauthori-tiesofaPartytotheconflicttoperformanyofthetasksmentionedundersub-paragrapha),andwhichareassignedanddevotedexclu-sivelytosuchtasks;

c) “personnel”ofcivildefenceorganizationsmeansthosepersonsas-signedbyaPartytotheconflictexclusivelytotheperformanceofthetasksmentionedundersub-paragrapha), includingpersonnelassignedbythecompetentauthorityofthatPartyexclusivelytotheadministrationoftheseorganizations;

d) “matériel”ofcivildefenceorganizationsmeansequipment,suppliesandtransportsusedbytheseorganizationsfortheperformanceofthetasksmentionedundersub-paragrapha).

Article 62 — General protection

1. Civilian civil defence organizations and their personnel shall be re-spectedandprotected,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisProtocol,partic-ularlytheprovisionsofthisSection.Theyshallbeentitledtoperformtheircivildefencetasksexceptincaseofimperativemilitarynecessity.

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall also apply to civilians who, al-though not members of civilian civil defence organizations, respondtoanappealfromthecompetentauthoritiesandperformcivildefencetasksundertheircontrol.

3. Buildingsandmatérielusedforcivildefencepurposesandshelterspro-videdforthecivilianpopulationarecoveredbyArticle52.ObjectsusedforcivildefencepurposesmaynotbedestroyedordivertedfromtheirproperuseexceptbythePartytowhichtheybelong.

Article 63 — Civil defence in occupied territories

1. Inoccupiedterritories,civiliancivildefenceorganizationsshallreceivefrom the authorities the facilities necessary for the performance oftheirtasks.Innocircumstancesshalltheirpersonnelbecompelledtoperformactivitieswhichwouldinterferewiththeproperperformanceofthesetasks.TheOccupyingPowershallnotchangethestructureorpersonnelofsuchorganizationsinanywaywhichmightjeopardizethe


efficient performance of their mission. These organizations shall notberequiredtogiveprioritytothenationalsorinterestsofthatPower.

2. TheOccupyingPowershallnotcompel,coerceorinduceciviliancivildefenceorganizationstoperformtheirtasksinanymannerprejudicialtotheinterestsofthecivilianpopulation.

3. TheOccupyingPowermaydisarmcivildefencepersonnelforreasonsofsecurity.

4. TheOccupyingPower shallneitherdivert from theirproperusenorrequisitionbuildingsormatérielbelongingtoorusedbycivildefenceorganizationsifsuchdiversionorrequisitionwouldbeharmfultothecivilianpopulation.

5. Providedthatthegeneralruleinparagraph4continuestobeobserved,theOccupyingPowermayrequisitionordiverttheseresources,subjecttothefollowingparticularconditions:a) thatthebuildingsormatérielarenecessaryforotherneedsofthe

civilianpopulation;andb) thattherequisitionordiversioncontinuesonlywhilesuchnecessity

exists.

6. The Occupying Power shall neither divert nor requisition sheltersprovided for the use of the civilian population or needed by suchpopulation.

Article 64 — Civilian civil defence organizations of neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict and international co-ordinating organizations

1. Articles62,63,65and66shallalsoapplytothepersonnelandmaté-riel ofciviliancivildefenceorganizationsofneutralorotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflictwhichperformcivildefencetasksmentionedinArticle61intheterritoryofaPartytotheconflict,withtheconsentandunderthecontrolofthatParty.NotificationofsuchassistanceshallbegivenassoonaspossibletoanyadversePartyconcerned.Innocir-cumstancesshallthisactivitybedeemedtobeaninterferenceintheconflict.Thisactivityshould,however,beperformedwithdueregardtothesecurityinterestsofthePartiestotheconflictconcerned.

2. ThePartiestotheconflictreceivingtheassistancereferredtoinpara-graph1andtheHighContractingPartiesgrantingitshouldfacilitateinternationalco-ordinationofsuchcivildefenceactionswhenappro-priate.Insuchcasestherelevantinternationalorganizationsarecov-eredbytheprovisionsofthisChapter.


3. Inoccupiedterritories,theOccupyingPowermayonlyexcludeorre-stricttheactivitiesofciviliancivildefenceorganizationsofneutralorotherStatesnotPartiestotheconflictandofinternationalco-ordinat-ingorganizationsifitcanensuretheadequateperformanceofcivilde-fencetasksfromitsownresourcesorthoseoftheoccupiedterritory.

Article 65 — Cessation of protection

1. The protection to which civilian civil defence organizations, theirpersonnel,buildings,sheltersandmatérielareentitledshallnotceaseunlesstheycommitorareusedtocommit,outsidetheirpropertasks,actsharmfultotheenemy.Protectionmay,however,ceaseonlyafterawarninghasbeengivensetting,wheneverappropriate,areasonabletime-limit,andaftersuchwarninghasremainedunheeded.

2. Thefollowingshallnotbeconsideredasactsharmfultotheenemy:a) thatcivildefencetasksarecarriedoutunderthedirectionorcon-

trolofmilitaryauthorities;b) thatciviliancivildefencepersonnelco-operatewithmilitaryper-

sonnelintheperformanceofcivildefencetasks,orthatsomemili-tarypersonnelareattachedtociviliancivildefenceorganizations;

c) thattheperformanceofcivildefencetasksmayincidentallybenefitmilitaryvictims,particularlythosewhoarehors de combat.

3. Itshallalsonotbeconsideredasanactharmfultotheenemythatcivil-iancivildefencepersonnelbearlightindividualweaponsforthepur-poseofmaintainingorderorforself-defence.However,inareaswhereland fighting is taking place or is likely to take place, the Parties tothe conflict shall undertake the appropriate measures to limit theseweapons to handguns, such as pistols or revolvers, in order to assistindistinguishingbetweencivildefencepersonnelandcombatants.Al-thoughcivildefencepersonnelbearotherlightindividualweaponsinsuchareas,theyshallneverthelessberespectedandprotectedassoonastheyhavebeenrecognizedassuch.

4. The formation of civilian civil defence organizations along militarylines,andcompulsoryserviceinthem,shallalsonotdeprivethemoftheprotectionconferredbythisChapter.

Article 66 — Identification

1. EachParty totheconflictshallendeavourtoensurethat itscivilde-fenceorganizations,theirpersonnel,buildingsandmatériel,areiden-tifiable while they are exclusively devoted to the perfomance of civil


defencetasks.Sheltersprovidedforthecivilianpopulationshouldbesimilarlyidentifiable.

2. EachPartytotheconflictshallalsoendeavourtoadoptandimplementmethodsandprocedureswhichwillmakeitpossibletorecognizecivil-iansheltersaswellascivildefencepersonnel,buildingsandmatérielonwhichtheinternationaldistinctivesignofcivildefenceisdisplayed.

3. Inoccupiedterritoriesandinareaswherefightingistakingplaceorislikely to takeplace, civiliancivildefencepersonnel shouldbe recog-nizablebytheinternationaldistinctivesignofcivildefenceandbyanidentitycardcertifyingtheirstatus.

4. Theinternationaldistinctivesignofcivildefenceisanequilateralbluetriangleonanorangegroundwhenusedfortheprotectionofcivilde-fenceorganizations,theirpersonnel,buildingsandmatérielandforci-vilianshelters.

5. Inadditiontothedistinctivesign,Partiestotheconflictmayagreeupontheuseofdistinctivesignalsforcivildefenceidentificationpurposes.

6. Theapplicationoftheprovisionsofparagraphs1to4isgovernedbyChaptervofAnnex1tothisProtocol.

7. Intimeofpeace,thesigndescribedinparagraph4may,withthecon-sent of the competent national authorities, be used for civil defenceidentificationpurposes.

8. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshalltakethe measures necessary to supervise the display of the internationaldistinctivesignofcivildefenceandtopreventandrepressanymisusethereof.

9. The identification of civil defence medical and religious personnel,medicalunitsandmedicaltransportsisalsogovernedbyArticle18.

Article 67 — Members of the armed forces and military units as-signed to civil defence organizations

1. Membersofthearmedforcesandmilitaryunitsassignedtocivilde-fenceorganizationsshallberespectedandprotected,providedthat:a) suchpersonnelandsuchunitsarepermanentlyassignedandexclu-

sivelydevotedtotheperformanceofanyofthetasksmentionedinArticle61;

b) if soassigned, suchpersonneldonotperformanyothermilitarydutiesduringtheconflict;


c) suchpersonnelareclearlydistinguishablefromtheothermembersof the armed forces by prominently displaying the internationaldistinctivesignofcivildefence,whichshallbeaslargeasappropri-ate,andsuchpersonnelareprovidedwiththeidentitycardreferredtoinChaptervofAnnex1tothisProtocolcertifyingtheirstatus;

d) suchpersonnelandsuchunitsareequippedonlywith light indi-vidual weapons for the purpose of maintaining order or for self-defence.TheprovisionsofArticle65,paragraph3shallalsoapplyinthiscase;

e) suchpersonneldonotparticipatedirectlyinhostilities,anddonotcommit,orarenotusedtocommit,outsidetheircivildefencetasks,actsharmfultotheadverseParty;

f) suchpersonnelandsuchunitsperformtheircivildefencetasksonlywithinthenationalterritoryoftheirParty.

Thenon-observanceoftheconditionsstatedine)abovebyanymemberofthearmedforceswhoisboundbytheconditionsprescribedina)andb)aboveisprohibited.

2. Militarypersonnelservingwithincivildefenceorganizationsshall,iftheyfallintothepowerofanadverseParty,beprisonersofwar.Inoc-cupiedterritorytheymay,butonlyintheinterestofthecivilianpopu-lationofthatterritory,beemployedoncivildefencetasksinsofarastheneedarises,providedhoweverthat,ifsuchworkisdangerous,theyvolunteerforsuchtasks.

3. Thebuildingsandmajoritemsofequipmentandtransportsofmilitaryunits assigned to civil defence organizations shall be clearly markedwiththeinternationaldistinctivesignofcivildefence.Thisdistinctivesignshallbeaslargeasappropriate.

4. Thematérielandbuildingsofmilitaryunitspermanentlyassignedtocivildefenceorganizationsandexclusivelydevotedtotheperformanceofcivildefencetasksshall,iftheyfallintothehandsofanadverseParty,remainsubjecttothelawsofwar.Theymaynotbedivertedfromtheircivildefencepurposesolongastheyarerequiredfortheperformanceofcivildefencetasks,except incaseof imperativemilitarynecessity,unlesspreviousarrangementshavebeenmadeforadequateprovisionfortheneedsofthecivilianpopulation.


SECTION IIRelief in favour of the civilian population


TheprovisionsofthisSectionapplytothecivilianpopulationasdefinedinthisProtocolandaresupplementarytoArticles23,55,59,60,61and62andotherrelevantprovisionsoftheFourthConvention.

Article 69 — basic needs in occupied territories

1. InadditiontothedutiesspecifiedinArticle55oftheFourthConven-tionconcerningfoodandmedicalsupplies,theOccupyingPowershall,tothefullestextentofthemeansavailabletoitandwithoutanyadversedistinction,alsoensure theprovisionofclothing,bedding,meansofshelter,othersuppliesessentialtothesurvivalofthecivilianpopulationoftheoccupiedterritoryandobjectsnecessaryforreligiousworship.

2. Reliefactionsforthebenefitofthecivilianpopulationofoccupiedter-ritoriesaregovernedbyArticles59,60,61,62,108,109,110and111oftheFourthConvention,andbyArticle71ofthisProtocol,andshallbeimplementedwithoutdelay.

Article 70 — Relief actions

1. IfthecivilianpopulationofanyterritoryunderthecontrolofaPartytotheconflict,otherthanoccupiedterritory,isnotadequatelyprovid-edwiththesuppliesmentionedinArticle69,reliefactionswhicharehumanitarianandimpartial incharacterandconductedwithoutanyadverse distinction shall be undertaken, subject to the agreement ofthePartiesconcernedinsuchreliefactions.Offersofsuchreliefshallnotberegardedasinterferenceinthearmedconflictorasunfriendlyacts.Inthedistributionofreliefconsignments,priorityshallbegiventothosepersons,suchaschildren,expectantmothers,maternitycasesandnursingmothers,who,undertheFourthConventionorunderthisProtocol,aretobeaccordedprivilegedtreatmentorspecialprotection.

2. ThePartiestotheconflictandeachHighContractingPartyshallallowandfacilitaterapidandunimpededpassageofallreliefconsignments,equipment and personnel provided in accordance with this Section,evenifsuchassistanceisdestinedforthecivilianpopulationofthead-verseParty.

3. ThePartiestotheconflictandeachHighContractingPartywhichal-low the passage of relief consignments, equipment and personnel inaccordancewithparagraph2:


a) shallhavetherighttoprescribethetechnicalarrangements,includ-ingsearch,underwhichsuchpassageispermitted;

b) maymakesuchpermissionconditionalonthedistributionofthisas-sistancebeingmadeunderthelocalsupervisionofaProtectingPower;

c) shall, in no way whatsoever, divert relief consignments from thepurposeforwhichtheyareintendednordelaytheirforwarding,ex-ceptincasesofurgentnecessityintheinterestofthecivilianpopu-lationconcerned.

4. ThePartiestotheconflictshallprotectreliefconsignmentsandfacili-tatetheirrapiddistribution.

5. ThePartiestotheconflictandeachHighContractingPartyconcernedshallencourageand facilitateeffective internationalco-ordinationofthereliefactionsreferredtoinparagraph1.

Article 71 — Personnel participating in relief actions

1. Wherenecessary,reliefpersonnelmayformpartoftheassistancepro-videdinanyreliefaction,inparticularforthetransportationanddis-tribution of relief consignments; the participation of such personnelshallbesubjecttotheapprovalofthePartyinwhoseterritorytheywillcarryouttheirduties.

2. Suchpersonnelshallberespectedandprotected.

3. EachPartyinreceiptofreliefconsignmentsshall,tothefullestextentpracticable, assist the relief personnel referred to in paragraph 1 incarryingout theirreliefmission.Only incaseof imperativemilitarynecessitymaytheactivitiesofthereliefpersonnelbelimitedortheirmovementstemporarilyrestricted.

4. UndernocircumstancesmayreliefpersonnelexceedthetermsoftheirmissionunderthisProtocol.InparticulartheyshalltakeaccountofthesecurityrequirementsofthePartyinwhoseterritorytheyarecarryingouttheirduties.Themissionofanyofthepersonnelwhodonotrespecttheseconditionsmaybeterminated.


SECTION IIITreatment of persons in the power of a party to the conflict

CHAPTER IField of application and protection of perons and objects


TheprovisionsofthisSectionareadditionaltotherulesconcerninghumani-tarianprotectionofciviliansandcivilianobjectsinthepowerofaPartytotheconflictcontainedintheFourthConvention,particularlyPartsIandIIIthereof,aswellastootherapplicablerulesofinternationallawrelatingtotheprotectionoffundamentalhumanrightsduringinternationalarmedconflict.

Article 73 — Refugees and stateless persons

Personswho,beforethebeginningofhostilities,wereconsideredasstatelesspersonsorrefugeesundertherelevantinternationalinstrumentsacceptedby the Parties concerned or under the national legislation of the State ofrefugeorStateofresidenceshallbeprotectedpersonswithinthemeaningofPartsIandIIIoftheFourthConvention,inallcircumstancesandwithoutanyadversedistinction.

Article 74 — Reunion of dispersed families

TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshallfacilitateineverypossiblewaythereunionoffamiliesdispersedasaresultofarmedconflicts and shall encourage in particular the work of the humanitarianorganizationsengagedinthistaskinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheConventionsandof thisProtocoland inconformitywith theirrespectivesecurityregulations.

Article 75 — Fundamental guarantees

1. InsofarastheyareaffectedbyasituationreferredtoinArticle1ofthisProtocol,personswhoareinthepowerofaPartytotheconflictandwhodonotbenefitfrommorefavourabletreatmentundertheConven-tionsorunderthisProtocolshallbetreatedhumanelyinallcircum-stancesandshallenjoy,asaminimum,theprotectionprovidedbythisArticlewithoutanyadversedistinctionbaseduponrace,colour, sex,language,religionorbelief,politicalorotheropinion,nationalorsocialorigin,wealth,birthorotherstatus,oronanyothersimilarcriteria.


EachPartyshallrespecttheperson,honour,convictionsandreligiouspracticesofallsuchpersons.

2. Thefollowingactsareandshallremainprohibitedatanytimeandinanyplacewhatsoever,whethercommittedbycivilianorbymilitaryagents:a) violencetothelife,health,orphysicalormentalwell-beingofper-

sons,inparticular:i) murder;ii) tortureofallkinds,whetherphysicalormental;iii) corporalpunishment;andiv) mutilation;

b) outragesuponpersonaldignity,inparticularhumiliatinganddegrad-ingtreatment,enforcedprostitutionandanyformofindecentassault;

c) thetakingofhostages;d) collectivepunishments;ande) threatstocommitanyoftheforegoingacts.

3. Any person arrested, detained or interned for actions related to thearmed conflict shall be informed promptly, in a language he under-stands,ofthereasonswhythesemeasureshavebeentaken.Exceptincases of arrest or detention for penal offences, such persons shall bereleasedwiththeminimumdelaypossibleandinanyeventassoonasthecircumstancesjustifyingthearrest,detentionorinternmenthaveceasedtoexist.

4. Nosentencemaybepassedandnopenaltymaybeexecutedonapersonfoundguiltyofapenaloffencerelatedtothearmedconflictexceptpur-suanttoaconvictionpronouncedbyanimpartialandregularlycon-stitutedcourtrespectingthegenerallyrecognizedprinciplesofregularjudicialprocedure,whichincludethefollowing:a) theprocedureshallprovideforanaccusedtobeinformedwithout

delayoftheparticularsoftheoffenceallegedagainsthimandshallaffordtheaccusedbeforeandduringhistrialallnecessaryrightsandmeansofdefence;

b) nooneshallbeconvictedofanoffenceexceptonthebasisofindi-vidualpenalresponsibility;

c) nooneshallbeaccusedorconvictedofacriminaloffenceonac-countofanyactoromissionwhichdidnotconstituteacriminaloffenceunderthenationalorinternationallawtowhichhewassub-jectatthetimewhenitwascommitted;norshallaheavierpenaltybe imposed than thatwhichwas applicable at the timewhen thecriminaloffencewascommitted;if,afterthecommissionoftheof-


fence,provisionismadebylawfortheimpositionofalighterpen-alty,theoffendershallbenefitthereby;

d) anyonechargedwithanoffenceispresumedinnocentuntilprovedguiltyaccordingtolaw;

e) anyonechargedwithanoffenceshallhavetherighttobetriedinhispresence;

f) nooneshallbecompelled to testifyagainsthimselfor toconfessguilt;

g) anyonechargedwithanoffenceshallhavetherighttoexamine,orhaveexamined,thewitnessesagainsthimandtoobtaintheatten-danceandexaminationofwitnessesonhisbehalfunderthesameconditionsaswitnessesagainsthim;

h) nooneshallbeprosecutedorpunishedbythesamePartyforanof-fenceinrespectofwhichafinaljudgementacquittingorconvictingthat person has been previously pronounced under the same lawandjudicialprocedure;

i) anyoneprosecuted foranoffence shallhave the right tohave thejudgementpronouncedpublicly;and

j) aconvictedpersonshallbeadvisedonconvictionofhisjudicialandother remedies and of the time-limits within which they may beexercised.

5. Women whose liberty has been restricted for reasons related to thearmedconflictshallbeheldinquartersseparatedfrommen’squarters.Theyshallbeundertheimmediatesupervisionofwomen.Nevertheless,incaseswherefamiliesaredetainedorinterned,theyshall,wheneverpossible,beheldinthesameplaceandaccommodatedasfamilyunits.

6. Personswhoarearrested,detainedor internedforreasonsrelatedtothearmedconflictshallenjoytheprotectionprovidedbythisArticleuntilfinalrelease,repatriationorre-establishment,evenaftertheendofthearmedconflict.

7. In order to avoid any doubt concerning the prosecution and trial ofpersonsaccusedofwarcrimesorcrimesagainsthumanity,thefollow-ingprinciplesshallapply:a) personswhoareaccusedofsuchcrimesshouldbesubmittedforthe

purposeofprosecutionandtrialinaccordancewiththeapplicablerulesofinternationallaw;and

b) anysuchpersonswhodonotbenefit frommorefavourable treat-mentundertheConventionsorthisProtocolshallbeaccordedthetreatment provided by this Article, whether or not the crimes of


which they are accused constitute grave breaches of the Conven-tionsorofthisProtocol.

8. NoprovisionofthisArticlemaybeconstruedaslimitingorinfring-inganyothermore favourableprovisiongrantinggreaterprotection,underanyapplicablerulesofinternationallaw,topersonscoveredbyparagraph1.

CHAPTER IIMeasures in favour of women and children

Article 76 — Protection of women

1. Womenshallbetheobjectofspecialrespectandshallbeprotectedinparticularagainstrape,forcedprostitutionandanyotherformofinde-centassault.

2. Pregnantwomenandmothershavingdependent infantswhoarear-rested,detainedorinternedforreasonsrelatedtothearmedconflict,shallhavetheircasesconsideredwiththeutmostpriority.

3. To themaximumextent feasible, theParties to theconflict shall en-deavourtoavoidthepronouncementofthedeathpenaltyonpregnantwomenormothershavingdependentinfants,foranoffencerelatedtothe armed conflict. The death penalty for such offences shall not beexecutedonsuchwomen.

Article 77 — Protection of children

1. Childrenshallbe theobjectof special respectandshallbeprotectedagainstanyformof indecentassault.ThePartiestotheconflictshallprovidethemwiththecareandaidtheyrequire,whetherbecauseoftheirageorforanyotherreason.

2. ThePartiestotheconflictshalltakeallfeasiblemeasuresinorderthatchildrenwhohavenotattainedtheageoffifteenyearsdonottakeadi-rectpartinhostilitiesand,inparticular,theyshallrefrainfromrecruit-ingthemintotheirarmedforces.Inrecruitingamongthosepersonswhohaveattainedtheageoffifteenyearsbutwhohavenotattainedtheageofeighteenyears,thePartiestotheconflictshallendeavourtogiveprioritytothosewhoareoldest.

3. If,inexceptionalcases,despitetheprovisionsofparagraph2,childrenwhohavenotattainedtheageoffifteenyearstakeadirectpartinhos-tilitiesandfallintothepowerofanadverseParty,theyshallcontinue


tobenefitfromthespecialprotectionaccordedbythisArticle,whetherornottheyareprisonersofwar.

4. Ifarrested,detainedorinternedforreasonsrelatedtothearmedcon-flict,childrenshallbeheld inquarters separate fromthequartersofadults,exceptwherefamiliesareaccommodatedasfamilyunitsaspro-videdinArticle75,paragraph5.

5. Thedeathpenaltyforanoffencerelatedtothearmedconflictshallnotbeexecutedonpersonswhohadnotattainedtheageofeighteenyearsatthetimetheoffencewascommitted.

Article 78 — Evacuation of children

1. No Party to the conflict shall arrange for the evacuation of children,otherthanitsownnationals,toaforeigncountryexceptforatemporaryevacuationwherecompellingreasonsofthehealthormedicaltreatmentofthechildrenor,exceptinoccupiedterritory,theirsafety,sorequire.Wheretheparentsorlegalguardianscanbefound,theirwrittencon-senttosuchevacuationisrequired.Ifthesepersonscannotbefound,thewrittenconsenttosuchevacuationofthepersonswhobylaworcustomareprimarily responsible for thecareof thechildren is required.AnysuchevacuationshallbesupervisedbytheProtectingPower inagree-ment with the Parties concerned, namely, the Party arranging for theevacuation,thePartyreceivingthechildrenandanyPartieswhosena-tionalsarebeingevacuated.Ineachcase,allPartiestotheconflictshalltakeallfeasibleprecautionstoavoidendangeringtheevacuation.

2. Wheneveranevacuationoccurspursuanttoparagraph1,eachchild’seducation,includinghisreligiousandmoraleducationashisparentsdesire, shall be provided while he is away with the greatest possiblecontinuity.

3. WithaviewtofacilitatingthereturntotheirfamiliesandcountryofchildrenevacuatedpursuanttothisArticle,theauthoritiesofthePartyarranging for the evacuation and, as appropriate, the authorities ofthe receiving country shall establish for each child a card with pho-tographs,whichtheyshallsendtotheCentralTracingAgencyoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross.Eachcardshallbear,when-everpossible,andwheneveritinvolvesnoriskofharmtothechild,thefollowinginformation:a) surname(s)ofthechild;b) thechild’sfirstname(s);c) thechild’ssex;


d) theplaceanddateofbirth(or,ifthatdateisnotknown,theapproxi-mateage);

e) thefather’sfullname;f) themother’sfullnameandhermaidenname;g) thechild’snextofkin;h) thechild’snationality;i) thechild’snativelanguage,andanyotherlanguageshespeaks;j) theaddressofthechild’sfamily;k) anyidentificationnumberforthechild;l) thechild’sstateofhealth;m) thechild’sbloodgroup;n) anydistinguishingfeatures;o) thedateonwhichandtheplacewherethechildwasfound;p) thedateonwhichandtheplacefromwhichthechildleftthecountry;q) thechild’sreligion,ifany;r) thechild’spresentaddressinthereceivingcountry;s) shouldthechilddiebeforehisreturn,thedate,placeandcircum-

stancesofdeathandplaceofinterment.

CHAPTER IIIJournalists

Article 79 — Measures of protection for journalists

1. Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas ofarmedconflictshallbeconsideredascivilianswithinthemeaningofArticle50,paragraph1.

2. TheyshallbeprotectedassuchundertheConventionsandthisProto-col,providedthat theytakenoactionadverselyaffectingtheirstatusascivilians,andwithoutprejudicetotherightofwarcorrespondentsaccreditedtothearmedforcestothestatusprovidedforinArticle4A4)oftheThirdConvention.

3. TheymayobtainanidentitycardsimilartothemodelinAnnexIIofthisProtocol. This card,which shall be issuedby thegovernmentoftheStateofwhichthejournalistisanationalorinwhoseterritoryheresidesorinwhichthenewsmediumemployinghimislocated,shallattesttohisstatusasajournalist.


PART VExECUTION OF THE CONVENTIONS AND OF THIS PROTOCOL

SECTION IGeneral provisions

Article 80 — Measures for execution

1. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshallwith-outdelaytakeallnecessarymeasuresfortheexecutionoftheirobliga-tionsundertheConventionsandthisProtocol.

2. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshallgiveordersandinstructionstoensureobservanceoftheConventionsandthisProtocol,andshallsupervisetheirexecution.

Article 81 — Activities of the Red Cross and other humanitarian organizations

1. ThePartiestotheconflictshallgranttotheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossallfacilitieswithintheirpowersoastoenableittocarryoutthehumanitarianfunctionsassignedtoitbytheConventionsandthisProtocolinordertoensureprotectionandassistancetothevictimsof conflicts; the International Committee of the Red Cross may alsocarryoutanyotherhumanitarianactivitiesinfavourofthesevictims,subjecttotheconsentofthePartiestotheconflictconcerned.

2. ThePartiestotheconflictshallgranttotheirrespectiveRedCross(RedCrescent,RedLionandSun)organizationsthefacilitiesnecessaryforcarryingouttheirhumanitarianactivitiesinfavourofthevictimsoftheconflict,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheConventionsandthisProtocolandtheFundamentalPrinciplesoftheRedCrossasfor-mulatedbytheInternationalConferencesoftheRedCross.

3. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshallfa-cilitateineverypossiblewaytheassistancewhichRedCross(RedCres-cent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations and the League of Red CrossSocieties1 extend to the victims of conflicts in accordance with theprovisionsoftheConventionsandthisProtocolandwiththeFunda-mentalPrinciplesoftheRedCrossasformulatedbytheInternationalConferencesoftheRedCross.

1 On10February1992theSwissFederalCouncil,governmentoftheStatedepositaryofthe1949GenevaConven-tions,notifiedallStatespartytotheConventionsthaton28November1991theLeagueofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocietieshadchangeditsnameto“InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties”.


4. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshall,asfaraspossible,makefacilitiessimilartothosementionedinparagraphs2and3availabletotheotherhumanitarianorganizationsreferredtointheConventionsand thisProtocolwhicharedulyauthorizedby therespectivePartiestotheconflictandwhichperformtheirhumanitar-ianactivitiesinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheConventionsandthisProtocol.

Article 82 — Legal advisers in armed forces

TheHighContractingPartiesatalltimes,andthePartiestotheconflictintimeofarmedconflict,shallensurethatlegaladvisersareavailable,whennecessary, to advise military commanders at the appropriate level on theapplicationoftheConventionsandthisProtocolandontheappropriatein-structiontobegiventothearmedforcesonthissubject.

Article 83 — Dissemination

1. TheHighContractingPartiesundertake, intimeofpeaceas intimeof armed conflict, to disseminate the Conventions and this Protocolaswidelyaspossibleintheirrespectivecountriesand,inparticular,toincludethestudythereofintheirprogrammesofmilitaryinstructionandtoencouragethestudythereofbythecivilianpopulation,sothatthoseinstrumentsmaybecomeknowntothearmedforcesandtothecivilianpopulation.

2. Anymilitaryorcivilianauthoritieswho,intimeofarmedconflict,as-sumeresponsibilitiesinrespectoftheapplicationoftheConventionsandthisProtocolshallbefullyacquaintedwiththetextthereof.

Article 84 — Rules of application

TheHighContractingPartiesshallcommunicatetooneanother,assoonaspossible,throughthedepositaryand,asappropriate,throughtheProtect-ingPowers,theirofficialtranslationsofthisProtocol,aswellasthelawsandregulationswhichtheymayadopttoensureitsapplication.


SECTION IIRepression of breaches of the Conventions and of this Protocol

Article 85 — Repression of breaches of this Protocol

1. TheprovisionsoftheConventionsrelatingtotherepressionofbreachesand grave breaches, supplemented by this Section, shall apply to therepressionofbreachesandgravebreachesofthisProtocol.

2. ActsdescribedasgravebreachesintheConventionsaregravebreachesofthisProtocolifcommittedagainstpersonsinthepowerofanadversePartyprotectedbyArticles44,45and73ofthisProtocol,oragainstthewounded,sickandshipwreckedoftheadversePartywhoareprotectedbythisProtocol,oragainstthosemedicalorreligiouspersonnel,medi-calunitsormedicaltransportswhichareunderthecontrolofthead-versePartyandareprotectedbythisProtocol.

3. InadditiontothegravebreachesdefinedinArticle11, thefollowingactsshallberegardedasgravebreachesofthisProtocol,whencommit-tedwilfully,inviolationoftherelevantprovisionsofthisProtocol,andcausingdeathorseriousinjurytobodyorhealth:a) makingthecivilianpopulationorindividualcivilianstheobjectof

attack;b) launching an indiscriminate attack affecting the civilian popula-

tionorcivilianobjectsintheknowledgethatsuchattackwillcauseexcessive lossof life, injury tociviliansordamage tocivilianob-jects,asdefinedinArticle57,paragraph2a)iii);

c) launchinganattackagainstworksorinstallationscontainingdan-gerousforcesintheknowledgethatsuchattackwillcauseexcessivelossoflife,injurytociviliansordamagetocivilianobjects,asde-finedinArticle57,paragraph2a)iii);

d) makingnon-defendedlocalitiesanddemilitarizedzonestheobjectofattack;

e) makingapersontheobjectofattackintheknowledgethatheishors de combat;

f) theperfidioususe,inviolationofArticle37,ofthedistinctiveem-blemoftheredcross,redcrescentorredlionandsunorofotherprotectivesignsrecognizedbytheConventionsorthisProtocol.

4. Inadditiontothegravebreachesdefinedintheprecedingparagraphsand in the Conventions, the following shall be regarded as gravebreachesofthisProtocol,whencommittedwilfullyandinviolationoftheConventionsortheProtocol:


a) thetransferbytheOccupyingPowerofpartsofitsowncivilianpopu-lationintotheterritoryitoccupies,orthedeportationortransferofallorpartsofthepopulationoftheoccupiedterritorywithinorout-sidethisterritory,inviolationofArticle49oftheFourthConvention;

b) unjustifiabledelayintherepatriationofprisonersofwarorcivilians;c) practicesofapartheidandotherinhumananddegradingpractices

involvingoutragesuponpersonaldignity,basedonracialdiscrimi-nation;

d) makingtheclearly-recognizedhistoricmonuments,worksofartorplacesofworshipwhichconstitutetheculturalorspiritualheritageofpeoplesandtowhichspecialprotectionhasbeengivenbyspecialarrangement, for example, within the framework of a competentinternationalorganization,theobjectofattack,causingasaresultextensive destruction thereof, where there is no evidence of theviolationbytheadversePartyofArticle53,sub-paragraphb),andwhensuchhistoricmonuments,worksofartandplacesofworshiparenotlocatedintheimmediateproximityofmilitaryobjectives;

e) deprivingapersonprotectedbytheConventionsorreferredtoinparagraph2ofthisArticleoftherightsoffairandregulartrial.

5. WithoutprejudicetotheapplicationoftheConventionsandofthisProto-col,gravebreachesoftheseinstrumentsshallberegardedaswarcrimes.

Article 86 — Failure to act

1. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshallre-pressgravebreaches,andtakemeasuresnecessarytosuppressallotherbreaches,of theConventionsorof thisProtocolwhichresult fromafailuretoactwhenunderadutytodoso.

2. ThefactthatabreachoftheConventionsorofthisProtocolwascom-mittedbyasubordinatedoesnotabsolvehissuperiorsfrompenalordisciplinaryresponsibility,asthecasemaybe,iftheyknew,orhadin-formationwhichshouldhaveenabledthemtoconcludeinthecircum-stancesat the time, thathewascommittingorwasgoingtocommitsuchabreachandiftheydidnottakeallfeasiblemeasureswithintheirpowertopreventorrepressthebreach.

Article 87 — Duty of commanders

1. TheHighContractingPartiesandthePartiestotheconflictshallre-quire military commanders, with respect to members of the armedforces under their command and other persons under their control,


topreventand,wherenecessary,tosuppressandreporttocompetentauthoritiesbreachesoftheConventionsandofthisProtocol.

2. Inorder topreventandsuppressbreaches,HighContractingPartiesandPartiestotheconflictshallrequirethat,commensuratewiththeirlevelofresponsibility,commandersensurethatmembersofthearmedforcesundertheircommandareawareoftheirobligationsundertheConventionsandthisProtocol.

3. TheHighContractingPartiesandPartiestotheconflictshallrequireanycommanderwhoisawarethatsubordinatesorotherpersonsunderhiscontrolaregoingtocommitorhavecommittedabreachoftheConven-tionsorofthisProtocol,toinitiatesuchstepsasarenecessarytopreventsuchviolationsoftheConventionsorthisProtocol,and,whereappropri-ate,toinitiatedisciplinaryorpenalactionagainstviolatorsthereof.

Article 88 — Mutual assistance in criminal matters

1. The High Contracting Parties shall afford one another the greatestmeasureofassistanceinconnexionwithcriminalproceedingsbroughtinrespectofgravebreachesoftheConventionsorofthisProtocol.

2. Subject to the rights and obligations established in the ConventionsandinArticle85,paragraph1,ofthisProtocol,andwhencircumstanc-espermit,theHighContractingPartiesshallco-operateinthematterofextradition.TheyshallgivedueconsiderationtotherequestoftheStateinwhoseterritorytheallegedoffencehasoccurred.

3. ThelawoftheHighContractingPartyrequestedshallapplyinallcases.Theprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraphsshallnot,however,affecttheobligationsarisingfromtheprovisionsofanyothertreatyofabi-lateralormultilateralnaturewhichgovernsorwillgovernthewholeorpartofthesubjectofmutualassistanceincriminalmatters.

Article 89 — Co-operation

In situations of serious violations of the Conventions or of this Protocol,the High Contracting Parties undertake to act, jointly or individually, inco-operationwith theUnitedNationsand inconformitywith theUnitedNationsCharter.

Article 90 — International Fact-Finding Commission

1. a) AnInternationalFact-FindingCommission(hereinafterreferredtoas“theCommission”)consistingoffifteenmembersofhighmoralstandingandacknowledgedimpartialityshallbeestablished.


b) WhennotlessthantwentyHighContractingPartieshaveagreedtoacceptthecompetenceoftheCommissionpursuanttoparagraph 2,thedepositaryshall then,andat intervalsoffiveyears thereafter,convene a meeting of representatives of those High ContractingPartiesforthepurposeofelectingthemembersoftheCommission.Atthemeeting,therepresentativesshallelectthemembersoftheCommissionbysecretballotfromalistofpersonstowhicheachofthoseHighContractingPartiesmaynominateoneperson.

c) ThemembersoftheCommissionshallserveintheirpersonalca-pacityandshallholdofficeuntiltheelectionofnewmembersattheensuingmeeting.

d) Attheelection,theHighContractingPartiesshallensurethatthepersonstobeelectedtotheCommissionindividuallypossessthequalificationsrequiredandthat,intheCommissionasawhole,eq-uitablegeographicalrepresentationisassured.

e) Inthecaseofacasualvacancy,theCommissionitselfshallfillthevacancy,havingdueregardtotheprovisionsoftheprecedingsub-paragraphs.

f) ThedepositaryshallmakeavailabletotheCommissiontheneces-saryadministrativefacilitiesfortheperformanceofitsfunctions.

2. a) TheHighContractingPartiesmayatthetimeofsigning,ratifyingoracceding to theProtocol,oratanyother subsequent time,de-clarethattheyrecognizeipso factoandwithoutspecialagreement,inrelationtoanyotherHighContractingPartyacceptingthesameobligation,thecompetenceoftheCommissiontoenquireintoal-legationsbysuchotherParty,asauthorizedbythisArticle.

b) Thedeclarationsreferredtoaboveshallbedepositedwiththede-positary,whichshalltransmitcopiesthereoftotheHighContract-ingParties.

c) TheCommissionshallbecompetentto:i) enquireintoanyfactsallegedtobeagravebreachasdefinedin

theConventionsandthisProtocolorotherseriousviolationoftheConventionsorofthisProtocol;

ii) facilitate,throughitsgoodoffices,therestorationofanattitudeofrespectfortheConventionsandthisProtocol.

d) Inothersituations,theCommissionshallinstituteanenquiryattherequestofaPartytotheconflictonlywiththeconsentoftheotherPartyorPartiesconcerned.

e) Subjecttotheforegoingprovisionsofthisparagraph,theprovisionsofArticle52oftheFirstConvention,Article53oftheSecondConven-


tion,Article132oftheThirdConventionandArticle149oftheFourthConventionshallcontinuetoapplytoanyallegedviolationoftheCon-ventionsandshallextendtoanyallegedviolationofthisProtocol.

3. a) Unless otherwise agreed by the Parties concerned, all enquiriesshallbeundertakenbyaChamberconsistingofsevenmembersap-pointedasfollows:i) fivemembersoftheCommission,notnationalsofanyPartyto

theconflict,appointedbythePresidentoftheCommissiononthebasisofequitablerepresentationofthegeographicalareas,afterconsultationwiththePartiestotheconflict;

ii) twoadhocmembers,notnationalsofanyPartytotheconflict,onetobeappointedbyeachside.

b) Upon receipt of the request for an enquiry, the President of theCommissionshallspecifyanappropriatetime-limitforsettingupaChamber.Ifanyadhocmemberhasnotbeenappointedwithinthetime-limit,thePresidentshallimmediatelyappointsuchadditionalmember or members of the Commission as may be necessary tocompletethemembershipoftheChamber.

4. a) TheChambersetupunderparagraph3toundertakeanenquiryshallinvitethePartiestotheconflicttoassistitandtopresentevidence.TheChambermayalsoseeksuchotherevidenceasitdeemsappro-priateandmaycarryoutaninvestigationofthesituationin loco.

b) AllevidenceshallbefullydisclosedtotheParties,whichshallhavetherighttocommentonittotheCommission.

c) EachPartyshallhavetherighttochallengesuchevidence.

5. a) TheCommissionshallsubmittothePartiesareportonthefindingsoffactoftheChamber,withsuchrecommendationsasitmaydeemappropriate.

b) If theChamber isunable to secure sufficient evidence for factualandimpartialfindings,theCommissionshallstatethereasonsforthatinability.

c) TheCommissionshallnotreportitsfindingspublicly,unlessallthePartiestotheconflicthaverequestedtheCommissiontodoso.

6. The Commission shall establish its own rules, including rules for thepresidency of the Commission and the presidency of the Chamber.ThoserulesshallensurethatthefunctionsofthePresidentoftheCom-missionareexercisedatalltimesandthat,inthecaseofanenquiry,theyareexercisedbyapersonwhoisnotanationalofaPartytotheconflict.


7. TheadministrativeexpensesoftheCommissionshallbemetbycontribu-tionsfromtheHighContractingPartieswhichmadedeclarationsunderparagraph2,andbyvoluntarycontributions.ThePartyorPartiestotheconflict requestinganenquiryshalladvance thenecessary funds forex-penses incurred by a Chamber and shall be reimbursed by the Party orPartiesagainstwhichtheallegationsaremadetotheextentoffiftypercentofthecostsoftheChamber.Wheretherearecounter-allegationsbeforetheChambereachsideshalladvancefiftypercentofthenecessaryfunds.

Article 91 — Responsibility

APartytotheconflictwhichviolatestheprovisionsoftheConventionsorofthisProtocolshall,ifthecasedemands,beliabletopaycompensation.Itshallberesponsibleforallactscommittedbypersonsformingpartofitsarmedforces.

PART VIFINAL PROVISIONS

Article 92 — Signature

ThisProtocolshallbeopenforsignaturebythePartiestotheConventionssixmonthsafterthesigningoftheFinalActandwillremainopenforape-riodoftwelvemonths.

Article 93 — Ratification

ThisProtocolshallberatifiedassoonaspossible.Theinstrumentsofratifi-cationshallbedepositedwiththeSwissFederalCouncil,depositaryoftheConventions,

Article 94 — Accession

ThisProtocolshallbeopenforaccessionbyanyPartytotheConventionswhichhasnotsignedit.Theinstrumentsofaccessionshallbedepositedwiththedepositary.

Article 95 — Entry into force

1. ThisProtocolshallenterintoforcesixmonthsaftertwoinstrumentsofratificationoraccessionhavebeendeposited.

2. ForeachPartytotheConventionsthereafterratifyingoraccedingtothisProtocol, itshallenter intoforcesixmonthsafterthedepositbysuchPartyofitsinstrumentofratificationoraccession.


Article 96 — Treaty relations upon entry into force of this Protocol

1. WhenthePartiestotheConventionsarealsoPartiestothisProtocol,theConventionsshallapplyassupplementedbythisProtocol.

2. WhenoneofthePartiestotheconflictisnotboundbythisProtocol,the Parties to the Protocol shall remain bound by it in their mutualrelations.TheyshallfurthermorebeboundbythisProtocolinrelationtoeachofthePartieswhicharenotboundbyit,ifthelatteracceptsandappliestheprovisionsthereof.

3. TheauthorityrepresentingapeopleengagedagainstaHighContract-ingPartyinanarmedconflictofthetypereferredtoinArticle1,para-graph4,mayundertaketoapplytheConventionsandthisProtocolinrelationtothatconflictbymeansofaunilateraldeclarationaddressedtothedepositary.Suchdeclarationshall,uponitsreceiptbythedeposi-tary,haveinrelationtothatconflictthefollowingeffects:a) the Conventions and this Protocol are brought into force for the

saidauthorityasaPartytotheconflictwithimmediateeffect;b) thesaidauthorityassumesthesamerightsandobligationsasthose

whichhavebeenassumedbyaHighContractingPartytotheCon-ventionsandthisProtocol;and

c) theConventionsandthisProtocolareequallybindinguponallPar-tiestotheconflict.

Article 97 — Amendment

1. AnyHighContractingPartymayproposeamendmentstothisProtocol.Thetextofanyproposedamendmentshallbecommunicatedtothede-positary,whichshalldecide,afterconsultationwithalltheHighContract-ingPartiesandtheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,whetheraconferenceshouldbeconvenedtoconsidertheproposedamendment.

2. ThedepositaryshallinvitetothatconferencealltheHighContractingPartiesaswellasthePartiestotheConventions,whetherornottheyaresignatoriesofthisProtocol.

Article 98 — Revision of Annex I

1. NotlaterthanfouryearsaftertheentryintoforceofthisProtocolandthereafteratintervalsofnotlessthanfouryears,theInternationalCom-mitteeoftheRedCrossshallconsulttheHighContractingPartiescon-cerningAnnex1tothisProtocoland, if itconsiders itnecessary,mayproposeameetingoftechnicalexpertstoreviewAnnex1andtoproposesuchamendmentstoitasmayappeartobedesirable.Unless,withinsix


monthsofthecommunicationofaproposal forsuchameetingtotheHigh Contracting Parties, one third of them object, the InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossshallconvenethemeeting,invitingalsoob-serversofappropriateinternationalorganizations.SuchameetingshallalsobeconvenedbytheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossatanytimeattherequestofonethirdoftheHighContractingParties.

2. The depositary shall convene a conference of the High ContractingParties and the Parties to the Conventions to consider amendmentsproposedbythemeetingoftechnicalexpertsif,afterthatmeeting,theInternational Committee of the Red Cross or one third of the HighContractingPartiessorequest.

3. AmendmentstoAnnex1maybeadoptedatsuchaconferencebyatwo-thirdsmajorityoftheHighContractingPartiespresentandvoting.

4. ThedepositaryshallcommunicateanyamendmentsoadoptedtotheHighContractingPartiesandto theParties to theConventions.Theamendmentshallbeconsideredtohavebeenacceptedattheendofaperiodofoneyearafter ithasbeensocommunicated,unlesswithinthat period a declaration of non-acceptance of the amendment hasbeencommunicatedtothedepositarybynotlessthanonethirdoftheHighContractingParties.

5. Anamendmentconsideredtohavebeenacceptedinaccordancewithparagraph4shallenterintoforcethreemonthsafteritsacceptanceforallHighContractingPartiesotherthanthosewhichhavemadeadecla-rationofnon-acceptanceinaccordancewiththatparagraph.AnyPartymakingsuchadeclarationmayatanytimewithdrawitandtheamend-mentshallthenenterintoforceforthatPartythreemonthsthereafter.

6. ThedepositaryshallnotifytheHighContractingPartiesandthePar-tiestotheConventionsoftheentryintoforceofanyamendment,ofthePartiesboundthereby,ofthedateofitsentryintoforceinrelationtoeachParty,ofdeclarationsofnon-acceptancemadeinaccordancewithparagraph4,andofwithdrawalsofsuchdeclarations.

Article 99 — Denunciation

1. IncaseaHighContractingPartyshoulddenouncethisProtocol,thede-nunciationshallonlytakeeffectoneyearafterreceiptoftheinstrumentofdenunciation.If,however,ontheexpiryofthatyearthedenouncingPartyisengagedinoneofthesituationsreferredtoinArticle 1,thede-nunciationshallnottakeeffectbeforetheendofthearmedconflictoroccupationandnot,inanycase,beforeoperationsconnectedwiththe


finalrelease,repatriationorre-establishmentofthepersonsprotectedbytheConventionsorthisProtocolhavebeenterminated.

2. Thedenunciationshallbenotifiedinwritingtothedepositary,whichshalltransmitittoalltheHighContractingParties.

3. Thedenunciationshallhaveeffectonly inrespectof thedenouncingParty.

4. Any denunciation under paragraph 1 shall not affect the obligationsalreadyincurred,byreasonofthearmedconflict,underthisProtocolbysuchdenouncingPartyinrespectofanyactcommittedbeforethisdenunciationbecomeseffective.

Article 100 — Notifications

ThedepositaryshallinformtheHighContractingPartiesaswellasthePartiestotheConventions,whetherornottheyaresignatoriesofthisProtocol,of:

a) signaturesaffixedtothisProtocolandthedepositofinstrumentsofratificationandaccessionunderArticles93and94;

b) thedateofentryintoforceofthisProtocolunderArticle95;c) communications and declarations received under Articles 84, 90

and97;d) declarationsreceivedunderArticle96,paragraph3,whichshallbe

communicatedbythequickestmethods;ande) denunciationsunderArticle99.

Article 101 — Registration

1. Afteritsentryintoforce,thisProtocolshallbetransmittedbythedeposi-tarytotheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsforregistrationandpublica-tion,inaccordancewithArticle102oftheCharteroftheUnitedNations.

2. ThedepositaryshallalsoinformtheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsofallratifications,accessionsanddenunciationsreceivedbyitwithre-specttothisProtocol.

Article 102 — Authentic texts

TheoriginalofthisProtocol,ofwhichtheArabic,Chinese,English,French,RussianandSpanishtextsareequallyauthentic,shallbedepositedwiththedepositary,whichshalltransmitcertifiedtruecopiesthereoftoallthePar-tiestotheConventions.


ANNEX I*REGULATIONS CONCERNING IDENTIFICATION

Article 1 — General provisions

1. TheregulationsconcerningidentificationinthisAnneximplementtherelevantprovi-sionsoftheGenevaConventionsandtheProtocol;theyareintendedtofacilitatetheidentificationofpersonnel,material,units,transportsandinstallationsprotectedun-dertheGenevaConventionsandtheProtocol.

2. Theserulesdonotinandofthemselvesestablishtherighttoprotection.ThisrightisgovernedbytherelevantarticlesintheConventionsandtheProtocol.

3. Thecompetentauthoritiesmay,subjecttotherelevantprovisionsoftheGenevaCon-ventionsandtheProtocol,atalltimesregulatetheuse,display,illuminationandde-tectabilityofthedistinctiveemblemsandsignals.

4. TheHighContractingPartiesandinparticularthePartiestotheconflictareinvitedatalltimestoagreeuponadditionalorothersignals,meansorsystemswhichenhancethepossibilityofidentificationandtakefulladvantageoftechnologicaldevelopmentsinthisfield.

CHAPTER IIdentity cards

Article 2 — Identity card for permanent civilian medical and religious personnel**

1. TheidentitycardforpermanentcivilianmedicalandreligiouspersonnelreferredtoinArticle18,paragraph3,oftheProtocolshould:a) bearthedistinctiveemblemandbeofsuchsizethatitcanbecarriedinthepocket;b) beasdurableaspracticable;c) bewordedinthenationalorofficiallanguageand,inadditionandwhenappropri-

ate,inthelocallanguageoftheregionconcerned;d) mentionthename,thedateofbirth(or,ifthatdateisnotavailable,theageatthe

timeofissue)andtheidentitynumber,ifany,oftheholder;e) stateinwhatcapacitytheholderisentitledtotheprotectionoftheConventionsand

oftheProtocol;f) bear thephotographof theholderaswell ashis signatureorhis thumbprint, or

both;

* Seetheeditor’snoteatthebeginningofthisbooklet.

**ThiswasformerlyArticle1,ofwhichparac)read:“bewordedinthenationalorofficiallanguage(andmayinadditionbewordedinotherlanguages)”.


g) bearthestampandsignatureofthecompetentauthority;h) statethedateofissueanddateofexpiryofthecard;i) indicate,wheneverpossible,theholder’sbloodgroup,onthereverse

sideofthecard.

2. The identity card shall be uniform throughout the territory of eachHighContractingPartyand,asfaraspossible,ofthesametypeforallPartiestotheconflict.ThePartiestotheconflictmaybeguidedbythesingle-languagemodelshowninFigure1.Attheoutbreakofhostilities,theyshalltransmittoeachotheraspecimenofthemodeltheyareus-ing,ifsuchmodeldiffersfromthatshowninFigure1.Theidentitycardshallbemadeout,ifpossible,induplicate,onecopybeingkeptbytheissuingauthority,whichshouldmaintaincontrolofthecardswhichithasissued.

3. In no circumstances may permanent civilian medical and religiouspersonnelbedeprivedoftheiridentitycards.Intheeventofthelossofacard,theyshallbeentitledtoobtainaduplicatecopy.

Article 3 — Identity card for temporary civilian medical and religious personnel

1. Theidentitycardfortemporarycivilianmedicalandreligiousperson-nelshould,wheneverpossible,besimilartothatprovidedforinArticle2oftheseRegulations.ThePartiestotheconflictmaybeguidedbythemodelshowninFigure1.

2. When circumstances preclude the provision to temporary civilianmedicalandreligiouspersonnelofidentitycardssimilartothosede-scribed in Article 2 of these Regulations, the said personnel may beprovidedwithacertificatesignedbythecompetentauthoritycertifyingthatthepersontowhomitisissuedisassignedtodutyastemporarypersonnelandstating,ifpossible,thedurationofsuchassignmentandhisrighttowearthedistinctiveemblem.Thecertificateshouldmentiontheholder’snameanddateofbirth(orifthatisnotavailable,hisageatthetimewhenthecertificatewasissued),hisfunctionandidentitynumber,ifany.Itshallbearhissignatureorhisthumbprint,orboth.


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Fig. 1: Model of identity card (format: 74 mm x 105 mm)


CHAPTER IIThe distinctive emblem

Article 4 — Shape

Thedistinctiveemblem(redonawhiteground)shallbeaslargeasappropriateunderthecircumstances.Fortheshapesofthecross,thecrescentorthelionandsun*,theHighCon-tractingPartiesmaybeguidedbythemodelsshowninFigure2.

Article 5 — Use

1. Thedistinctiveemblemshall,wheneverpossible,bedisplayedonaflatsurface,onflagsorinanyotherwayappropriatetothelayoftheland,sothatitisvisiblefromasmanydirectionsandfromasfarawayaspossible,andinparticularfromtheair.

2. At night or when visibility is reduced, the distinctive emblem may be lighted orilluminated.

3. Thedistinctiveemblemmaybemadeofmaterialswhichmakeitrecognizablebytech-nicalmeansofdetection.Theredpartshouldbepaintedontopofblackprimerpaintinordertofacilitateitsidentification,inparticularbyinfraredinstruments.

4. Medicalandreligiouspersonnelcarryingouttheirdutiesinthebattleareashall,asfaraspossible,wearheadgearandclothingbearingthedistinctiveemblem.

Fig. 2: Distinctive emblems in red on a white ground

*NoStatehasusedtheemblemofthelionandsunsince1980.


CHAPTER IIIDistinctive signals

Article 6 — Use

1. All distinctive signals specified in this Chapter may be used by medical units ortransports.

2. Thesesignals,at theexclusivedisposalofmedicalunitsandtransports, shallnotbeusedforanyotherpurpose,theuseofthelightsignalbeingreserved(seeparagraph3below).

3. IntheabsenceofaspecialagreementbetweenthePartiestotheconflictreservingtheuseofflashingbluelightsfortheidentificationofmedicalvehicles,shipsandcraft,theuseofsuchsignalsforothervehicles,shipsandcraftisnotprohibited.

4. Temporarymedicalaircraftwhichcannot,eitherforlackoftimeorbecauseoftheircharacteristics,bemarkedwiththedistinctiveemblem,mayusethedistinctivesignalsauthorizedinthisChapter.

Article 7 — Light signal

1. Thelightsignal,consistingofaflashingbluelightasdefinedintheAirworthinessTech-nicalManualof the InternationalCivilAviationOrganization (ICAO)Doc.9051, isestablishedfortheuseofmedicalaircrafttosignaltheiridentity.Nootheraircraftshallusethissignal.Medicalaircraftusingtheflashingbluelightshouldexhibitsuchlightsasmaybenecessarytomakethelightsignalvisiblefromasmanydirectionsaspossible.

2. InaccordancewiththeprovisionsofChapterXIv,para.4oftheInternationalMari-timeOrganization(IMO)InternationalCodeofSignals,vesselsprotectedbytheGe-nevaConventionsof1949andtheProtocolshouldexhibitoneormoreflashingbluelightsvisiblefromanydirection.

3. Medicalvehiclesshouldexhibitoneormoreflashingbluelightsvisiblefromasfarawayaspossible.TheHighContractingPartiesand,inparticular,thePartiestotheconflictwhichuselightsofothercoloursshouldgivenotificationofthis.

4. Therecommendedbluecolourisobtainedwhenitschromaticityiswithinthebound-ariesoftheInternationalCommissiononIllumination(ICI)chromaticitydiagramde-finedbythefollowingequations:

greenboundary y=0.065+0.805x whiteboundary y=0.400–x purpleboundary x=0.133+0.600y Therecommendedflashingrateofthebluelightisbetweensixtyandonehundredflash-

esperminute.


Article 8 — Radio signal

1. Theradio signal shall consistof theurgency signaland thedistinctive signalasde-scribedintheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)RadioRegulations(RRArticles40andN40).

2. Theradiomessageprecededbytheurgencyanddistinctivesignalsmentionedinpara-graph1shallbetransmittedinEnglishatappropriateintervalsonafrequencyorfre-quenciesspecifiedforthispurposeintheRadioRegulations,andshallconveythefol-lowingdatarelatingtothemedicaltransportsconcerned:a) callsignorotherrecognizedmeansofidentification;b) position;c) numberandtypeofvehicles;d) intendedroute;e) estimatedtimeenrouteandofdepartureandarrival,asappropriate;f) anyotherinformation,suchasflightaltitude,guardedradiofrequencies,languages

usedandsecondarysurveillanceradarmodesandcodes.

3. Inordertofacilitatethecommunicationsreferredtoinparagraphs1and2,aswellasthecommunicationsreferredtoinArticles22,23and25to31oftheProtocol,theHighContractingParties,thePartiestoaconflict,oroneofthePartiestoaconflict,actinginagreementoralone,maydesignate,inaccordancewiththeTableofFrequencyAlloca-tionsintheRadioRegulationsannexedtotheInternationalTelecommunicationCon-vention,andpublishselectednationalfrequenciestobeusedbythemforsuchcom-munications. The International Telecommunication Union shall be notified of thesefrequenciesinaccordancewithproceduresapprovedbyaWorldAdministrativeRadioConference.

Article 9 — Electronic identification

1. TheSecondarySurveillanceRadar(SSR)system,asspecifiedinAnnex10totheChi-cagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviationof7December1944,asamendedfromtimetotime,maybeusedtoidentifyandtofollowthecourseofmedicalaircraft.TheSSRmodeandcodetobereservedfortheexclusiveuseofmedicalaircraftshallbees-tablishedbytheHighContractingParties,thePartiestoaconflict,oroneofthePartiestoaconflict,actinginagreementoralone,inaccordancewithprocedurestoberecom-mendedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization.


2. Protectedmedicaltransportsmay,fortheir identificationandlocation,usestandardaeronauticalradartranspondersand/ormaritimesearchandrescueradartransponders.

Itshouldbepossibleforprotectedmedicaltransportstobeidentifiedbyothervesselsoraircraftequippedwithsecondarysurveillanceradarbymeansofacodetransmittedbyaradartransponder,e.g.inmode3/A,fittedonthemedicaltransports.

ThecodetransmittedbythemedicaltransporttranspondershouldbeassignedtothattransportbythecompetentauthoritiesandnotifiedtoallthePartiestotheconflict.

3. Itshouldbepossibleformedicaltransportstobeidentifiedbysubmarinesbytheap-propriateunderwateracousticsignalstransmittedbythemedicaltransports.

Theunderwateracoustic signal shall consistof thecall sign(oranyother recognizedmeansofidentificationofmedicaltransport)oftheshipprecededbythesinglegroupYYYtransmittedinmorseonanappropriateacousticfrequency,e.g.5kHz.

Parties to a conflict wishing to use the underwater acoustic identification signal de-scribedaboveshallinformthePartiesconcernedofthesignalassoonaspossible,andshall,whennotifyingtheuseoftheirhospitalships,confirmthefrequencytobeem-ployed.

4. Partiestoaconflictmay,byspecialagreementbetweenthem,establishfortheiruseasimilarelectronicsystemfortheidentificationofmedicalvehicles,andmedicalshipsandcraft.

CHAPTER IVCommunications

Article 10 — Radiocommunications

1. TheurgencysignalandthedistinctivesignalprovidedforinArticle8mayprecedeap-propriateradiocommunicationsbymedicalunitsandtransportsintheapplicationoftheprocedurescarriedoutunderArticles22,23and25to31oftheProtocol.

2. ThemedicaltransportsreferredtoinArticles40(SectionII,No.3209)andN40(Sec-tionIII,No.3214)oftheITURadioRegulationsmayalsotransmittheircommunica-tionsbysatellitesystems,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticles37,N37and59oftheITURadioRegulationsfortheMobile-SatelliteServices.

Article 11 — Use of international codes

MedicalunitsandtransportsmayalsousethecodesandsignalslaiddownbytheInterna-tional Telecommunication Union, the International Civil Aviation Organization and theInternationalMaritimeOrganization.Thesecodesandsignalsshallbeusedinaccordancewiththestandards,practicesandproceduresestablishedbytheseOrganizations.


Article 12 — Other means of communication

Whentwo-wayradiocommunicationisnotpossible,thesignalsprovidedforintheInter-nationalCodeofSignalsadoptedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationorintheap-propriateAnnextotheChicagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviationof7December1944,asamendedfromtimetotime,maybeused.

Article 13 — Flight plans

Theagreementsandnotificationsrelatingtoflightplansprovidedfor inArticle29oftheProtocolshallasfaraspossiblebeformulatedinaccordancewithprocedureslaiddownbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization.

Article 14 — Signals and procedures for the interception of medical aircraft

IfaninterceptingaircraftisusedtoverifytheidentityofamedicalaircraftinflightortorequireittolandinaccordancewithArticles30and31oftheProtocol,thestandardvisualandradio interceptionproceduresprescribedbyAnnex2 to theChicagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviationof7December1944,asamendedfromtimetotime,shouldbeusedbytheinterceptingandthemedicalaircraft.

CHAPTER V

Civildefence

Article 15 — Identity card

1. TheidentitycardofthecivildefencepersonnelprovidedforinArticle66,paragraph3,oftheProtocolisgovernedbytherelevantprovisionsofArticle2oftheseRegulations.

2. TheidentitycardforcivildefencepersonnelmayfollowthemodelshowninFigure3.

3. Ifcivildefencepersonnelarepermittedtocarrylightindividualweapons,anentrytothateffectshouldbemadeonthecardmentioned.


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Article 16 — International distinctive sign

1. TheinternationaldistinctivesignofcivildefenceprovidedforinArticle66,paragraph4,oftheProtocolisanequilateralbluetriangleonanorangeground.AmodelisshowninFigure4:

Fig. 4 : Triangle bleu sur fond orange

Fig. 4: Blue triangle on an orange ground

2. Itisrecommendedthat:a) ifthebluetriangleisonaflagorarmletortabard,thegroundtothetrianglebethe

orangeflag,armletortabard;b) oneoftheanglesofthetrianglebepointedverticallyupwards;c) noangleofthetriangletouchtheedgeoftheorangeground.

3. The internationaldistinctive signshallbeas largeasappropriateunder thecircum-stances.Thedistinctivesignshall,wheneverpossible,bedisplayedonflatsurfacesoronflagsvisiblefromasmanydirectionsandfromasfarawayaspossible.Subjecttotheinstructionsofthecompetentauthority,civildefencepersonnelshall,asfaraspossible,wearheadgearandclothingbearingtheinternationaldistinctivesign.Atnightorwhenvisibilityisreduced,thesignmaybelightedorilluminated;itmayalsobemadeofma-terialsrenderingitrecognizablebytechnicalmeansofdetection.


CHAPTER VIWorks and installations containing dangerous forces

Article 17 — International special sign

1. Theinternationalspecialsignforworksandinstallationscontainingdangerousforces,asprovided for inArticle56,paragraph7,of theProtocol, shallbeagroupof threebrightorangecirclesofequalsize,placedonthesameaxis,thedistancebetweeneachcirclebeingoneradius,inaccordancewithFigure5illustratedbelow.

2. Thesignshallbeaslargeasappropriateunderthecircumstances.Whendisplayedoveranextendedsurfaceitmayberepeatedasoftenasappropriateunderthecircumstances.Itshall,wheneverpossible,bedisplayedonflatsurfacesoronflagssoastobevisiblefromasmanydirectionsandfromasfarawayaspossible.

3. Onaflag,thedistancebetweentheouterlimitsofthesignandtheadjacentsidesoftheflagshallbeoneradiusofacircle.Theflagshallberectangularandshallhaveawhiteground.

4. Atnightorwhenvisibilityisreduced,thesignmaybelightedorilluminated.Itmayalsobemadeofmaterialsrenderingitrecognizablebytechnicalmeansofdetection.

Fig. 5 : Signe spécial international pour les ouvrages et installations contenant des forces dangereusesFig. 5: International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces


ANNEX IIIDENTITY CARD FOR JOURNALISTS

ON DANGEROUS PROFESSIONAL MISSIONS Front


Reverseside


PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS(PROTOCOL II), OF 8 JUNE 1977

PREAMbLE


RecallingthatthehumanitarianprinciplesenshrinedinArticle3commontotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,constitutethefoundationofres-pectforthehumanpersonincasesofarmedconflictnotofaninternationalcharacter,

Recallingfurthermorethatinternationalinstrumentsrelatingtohumanrightsofferabasicprotectiontothehumanperson,

Emphasizingtheneedtoensureabetterprotectionforthevictimsofthosearmedconflicts,

Recalling that, in casesnot coveredby the law in force, thehumanpersonremainsundertheprotectionoftheprinciplesofhumanityandthedictatesofthepublicconscience,

Have agreedonthefollowing:

84 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II OF 1977

PART ISCOPE OF THIS PROTOCOL

Article 1 — Material field of application

1. This Protocol, which develops and supplements Article 3 commontotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949withoutmodifyingitsexistingconditionsof applications, shall apply toall armedconflictswhicharenotcoveredbyArticle1oftheProtocolAdditionaltotheGe-nevaConventionsof12August1949,andrelatingtotheProtectionofvictimsofInternationalArmedConflicts(ProtocolI)andwhichtakeplaceintheterritoryofaHighContractingPartybetweenitsarmedforces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed groupswhich,underresponsiblecommand,exercisesuchcontroloverapartofitsterritoryastoenablethemtocarryoutsustainedandconcertedmilitaryoperationsandtoimplementthisProtocol.

2. ThisProtocolshallnotapplytosituationsofinternaldisturbancesandtensions,suchasriots,isolatedandsporadicactsofviolenceandotheractsofasimilarnature,asnotbeingarmedconflicts.

Article 2 — Personal field of application

1. ThisProtocolshallbeappliedwithoutanyadversedistinctionfoundedonrace,colour,sex,language,religionorbelief,politicalorotheropin-ion,nationalorsocialorigin,wealth,birthorotherstatus,oronanyothersimilarcriteria(hereinafterreferredtoas“adversedistinction”)toallpersonsaffectedbyanarmedconflictasdefinedinArticle1.

2. At the end of the armed conflict, all the persons who have been de-privedoftheirlibertyorwhoselibertyhasbeenrestrictedforreasonsrelated to such conflict, as well as those deprived of their liberty orwhoselibertyisrestrictedaftertheconflictforthesamereasons,shallenjoytheprotectionofArticles5and6untiltheendofsuchdepriva-tionorrestrictionofliberty.

Article 3 — Non-intervention

1. NothinginthisProtocolshallbeinvokedforthepurposeofaffectingthesovereigntyofaStateortheresponsibilityofthegovernment,byalllegitimatemeans,tomaintainorre-establishlawandorderintheStateortodefendthenationalunityandterritorialintegrityoftheState.

2. NothinginthisProtocolshallbeinvokedasajustificationforinterven-ing,directlyorindirectly,foranyreasonwhatever,inthearmedcon-


flictorintheinternalorexternalaffairsoftheHighContractingPartyintheterritoryofwhichthatconflictoccurs.

PART IIHUMANE TREATMENT

Article 4 — Fundamental guarantees

1. Allpersonswhodonottakeadirectpartorwhohaveceasedtotakepartinhostilities,whetherornottheirlibertyhasbeenrestricted,areentitledtorespect for theirperson,honourandconvictionsandreli-giouspractices.Theyshall inallcircumstancesbe treatedhumanely,withoutanyadversedistinction.Itisprohibitedtoorderthatthereshallbenosurvivors.

2. Withoutprejudicetothegeneralityoftheforegoing,thefollowingactsagainstthepersonsreferredtoinparagraph1areandshallremainpro-hibitedatanytimeandinanyplacewhatsoever:a) violencetothelife,healthandphysicalormentalwell-beingofper-

sons,inparticularmurderaswellascrueltreatmentsuchastorture,mutilationoranyformofcorporalpunishment;

b) collectivepunishments;c) takingofhostages;d) actsofterrorism;e) outragesuponpersonaldignity,inparticularhumiliatingandde-

gradingtreatment,rape,enforcedprostitutionandanyformofin-decentassault;

f) slaveryandtheslavetradeinalltheirforms;g) pillage;h) threatstocommitanyoftheforegoingacts.

3. Childrenshallbeprovidedwiththecareandaidtheyrequire,andinparticular:a) theyshallreceiveaneducation,includingreligiousandmoraledu-

cation,inkeepingwiththewishesoftheirparents,orintheabsenceofparents,ofthoseresponsiblefortheircare;

b) allappropriatestepsshallbetakentofacilitatethereunionoffami-liestemporarilyseparated;

c) childrenwhohavenotattainedtheageoffifteenyearsshallneitherberecruitedinthearmedforcesorgroupsnorallowedtotakepartinhostilities;


d) thespecialprotectionprovidedbythisArticletochildrenwhohavenotattainedtheageoffifteenyearsshallremainapplicabletothemiftheytakeadirectpartinhostilitiesdespitetheprovisionsofsub-paragraphc)andarecaptured;

e) measuresshallbetaken,ifnecessary,andwheneverpossiblewiththeconsentoftheirparentsorpersonswhobylaworcustomareprimarilyresponsiblefortheircare,toremovechildrentemporar-ilyfromtheareainwhichhostilitiesaretakingplacetoasaferareawithinthecountryandensurethattheyareaccompaniedbyper-sonsresponsiblefortheirsafetyandwell-being.

Article 5 — Persons whose liberty has been restricted

1. InadditiontotheprovisionsofArticle4,thefollowingprovisionsshallberespectedasaminimumwithregard topersonsdeprivedof theirlibertyforreasonsrelatedtothearmedconflict,whethertheyarein-ternedordetained:a) thewoundedandthesickshallbetreatedinaccordancewithAr-

ticle 7;b) thepersonsreferredtointhisparagraphshall,tothesameextentas

thelocalcivilianpopulation,beprovidedwithfoodanddrinkingwaterandbeaffordedsafeguardsasregardshealthandhygieneandprotectionagainsttherigoursoftheclimateandthedangersofthearmedconflict;

c) theyshallbeallowedtoreceiveindividualorcollectiverelief;d) theyshallbeallowedtopractisetheirreligionand,ifrequestedand

appropriate, to receive spiritual assistance from persons, such aschaplains,performingreligiousfunctions;

e) theyshall,ifmadetowork,havethebenefitofworkingconditionsandsafeguardssimilartothoseenjoyedbythelocalcivilianpopulation.

2. Thosewhoareresponsiblefortheinternmentordetentionoftheper-sons referred to in paragraph 1 shall also, within the limits of theircapabilities,respectthefollowingprovisionsrelatingtosuchpersons:a) except when men and women of a family are accommodated to-

gether, women shall be held in quarters separated from those ofmenandshallbeundertheimmediatesupervisionofwomen;

b) they shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards, thenumberofwhichmaybelimitedbycompetentauthorityifitdeemsnecessary;

c) placesof internmentanddetentionshallnotbe locatedclosetothecombatzone.Thepersonsreferredtoinparagraph1shallbeevacu-


atedwhentheplaceswheretheyareinternedordetainedbecomepar-ticularlyexposedtodangerarisingoutofthearmedconflict,iftheirevacuationcanbecarriedoutunderadequateconditionsofsafety;

d) theyshallhavethebenefitofmedicalexaminations;e) theirphysicalormentalhealthandintegrityshallnotbeendangered

by any unjustified act or omission. Accordingly, it is prohibited tosubjectthepersonsdescribedinthisArticletoanymedicalprocedurewhichisnotindicatedbythestateofhealthofthepersonconcerned,andwhichisnotconsistentwiththegenerallyacceptedmedicalstan-dardsappliedtofreepersonsundersimilarmedicalcircumstances.

3. Personswhoarenotcoveredbyparagraph1butwhoselibertyhasbeenrestrictedinanywaywhatsoeverforreasonsrelatedtothearmedcon-flictshallbetreatedhumanelyinaccordancewithArticle4andwithparagraphs1a),c)andd),and2b)ofthisArticle.

4. If it isdecided to releasepersonsdeprivedof their liberty,necessarymeasurestoensuretheirsafetyshallbetakenbythosesodeciding.

Article 6 — Penal prosecutions

1. ThisArticleappliestotheprosecutionandpunishmentofcriminalof-fencesrelatedtothearmedconflict.

2. Nosentenceshallbepassedandnopenaltyshallbeexecutedonaper-son found guilty of an offence except pursuant to a conviction pro-nouncedbyacourtofferingtheessentialguaranteesofindependenceandimpartiality.Inparticular:a) theprocedureshallprovideforanaccusedtobeinformedwithout

delayoftheparticularsoftheoffenceallegedagainsthimandshallaffordtheaccusedbeforeandduringhistrialallnecessaryrightsandmeansofdefence;

b) nooneshallbeconvictedofanoffenceexceptonthebasisofindi-vidualpenalresponsibility;

c) nooneshallbeheldguiltyofanycriminaloffenceonaccountofanyactoromissionwhichdidnotconstituteacriminaloffence,underthelaw,atthetimewhenitwascommitted;norshallaheavierpen-altybe imposedthanthatwhichwasapplicableat thetimewhenthecriminaloffencewascommitted;if,afterthecommissionoftheoffence,provisionismadebylawfortheimpositionofalighterpen-alty,theoffendershallbenefitthereby;

d) anyonechargedwithanoffenceispresumedinnocentuntilprovedguiltyaccordingtolaw;


e) anyonechargedwithanoffenceshallhavetherighttobetriedinhispresence;

f) nooneshallbecompelled to testifyagainsthimselfor toconfessguilt.

3. A convicted person shall be advised on conviction of his judicialandotherremediesandofthetime-limitswithinwhichtheymaybeexercised.

4. Thedeathpenaltyshallnotbepronouncedonpersonswhowereundertheageofeighteenyearsatthetimeoftheoffenceandshallnotbecar-riedoutonpregnantwomenormothersofyoungchildren.

5. At the end of hostilities, the authorities in power shall endeavour tograntthebroadestpossibleamnestytopersonswhohaveparticipatedinthearmedconflict,orthosedeprivedoftheirlibertyforreasonsre-latedtothearmedconflict,whethertheyareinternedordetained.

PART IIIWOUNDED, SICk AND SHIPWRECkED

Article 7 — Protection and care

1. Allthewounded,sickandshipwrecked,whetherornottheyhavetakenpartinthearmedconflict,shallberespectedandprotected.

2. Inallcircumstancestheyshallbetreatedhumanelyandshallreceive,tothefullestextentpracticableandwiththeleastpossibledelay,themedi-calcareandattentionrequiredbytheircondition.Thereshallbenodis-tinctionamongthemfoundedonanygroundsotherthanmedicalones.

Article 8 — Search

Whenevercircumstancespermit,andparticularlyafteranengagement,allpossible measures shall be taken, without delay, to search for and collectthewounded,sickandshipwrecked,toprotectthemagainstpillageandill-treatment,toensuretheiradequatecare,andtosearchforthedead,preventtheirbeingdespoiled,anddecentlydisposeofthem.

Article 9 — Protection of medical and religious personnel

1. Medicalandreligiouspersonnelshallberespectedandprotectedandshallbegrantedallavailablehelpfortheperformanceoftheirduties.Theyshallnotbecompelledtocarryouttaskswhicharenotcompatiblewiththeirhumanitarianmission.


2. Intheperformanceof theirdutiesmedicalpersonnelmaynotbere-quiredtogiveprioritytoanypersonexceptonmedicalgrounds.

Article 10 — General protection of medical duties

1. Undernocircumstancesshallanypersonbepunishedforhavingcar-riedoutmedicalactivitiescompatiblewithmedicalethics,regardlessofthepersonbenefitingtherefrom.

2. Personsengagedinmedicalactivitiesshallneitherbecompelledtoper-formactsortocarryoutworkcontraryto,norbecompelledtorefrainfrom acts required by, the rules of medical ethics or other rules de-signedforthebenefitofthewoundedandsick,orthisProtocol.

3. Theprofessionalobligationsofpersonsengaged inmedical activitiesregardinginformationwhichtheymayacquireconcerningthewound-edandsickundertheircareshall,subjecttonationallaw,berespected.

4. Subjecttonationallaw,nopersonengagedinmedicalactivitiesmaybepenalizedinanywayforrefusingorfailingtogiveinformationcon-cerningthewoundedandsickwhoare,orwhohavebeen,underhiscare.

Article 11 — Protection of medical units and transports

1. Medical units and transports shall be respected and protected at alltimesandshallnotbetheobjectofattack.

2. Theprotectiontowhichmedicalunitsandtransportsareentitledshallnotceaseunlesstheyareusedtocommithostileacts,outsidetheirhu-manitarianfunction.Protectionmay,however,ceaseonlyafterawarn-inghasbeengivensetting,wheneverappropriate,a reasonable time-limit,andaftersuchwarninghasremainedunheeded.

Article 12 — The distinctive emblem

Underthedirectionofthecompetentauthorityconcerned,thedistinctiveemblemoftheredcross,redcrescentorredlionandsunonawhitegroundshall be displayed by medical and religious personnel and medical units,andonmedicaltransports.Itshallberespectedinallcircumstances.Itshallnotbeusedimproperly.


PART IVCIVILIAN POPULATION

Article 13 — Protection of the civilian population

1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy generalprotection against the dangers arising from military operations. Togiveeffecttothisprotection,thefollowingrulesshallbeobservedinallcircumstances.

2. Thecivilianpopulationassuch,aswellasindividualcivilians,shallnotbetheobjectofattack.Actsorthreatsofviolencetheprimarypurposeofwhichistospreadterroramongthecivilianpopulationareprohibited.

3. CiviliansshallenjoytheprotectionaffordedbythisPart,unlessandforsuchtimeastheytakeadirectpartinhostilities.

Article 14 — Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population

Starvationofciviliansasamethodofcombat isprohibited.It is thereforeprohibitedtoattack,destroy,removeorrenderuseless,forthatpurpose,ob-jectsindispensabletothesurvivalofthecivilianpopulation,suchasfood-stuffs,agriculturalareasfortheproductionoffoodstuffs,crops, livestock,drinkingwaterinstallationsandsuppliesandirrigationworks.

Article 15 — Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces

Works or installations containing dangerous forces, namely dams, dykesandnuclearelectricalgeneratingstations, shallnotbemade theobjectofattack,evenwheretheseobjectsaremilitaryobjectives,ifsuchattackmaycausethereleaseofdangerousforcesandconsequentseverelossesamongthecivilianpopulation.

Article 16 — Protection of cultural objects and of places of worship

WithoutprejudicetotheprovisionsoftheHagueConventionfortheProtec-tionofCulturalPropertyintheEventofArmedConflictof14May1954,itisprohibitedtocommitanyactsofhostilitydirectedagainsthistoricmonu-ments,worksofartorplacesofworshipwhichconstitutetheculturalorspir-itualheritageofpeoples,andtousetheminsupportofthemilitaryeffort.


Article 17 — Prohibition of forced movement of civilians

1. Thedisplacementofthecivilianpopulationshallnotbeorderedforrea-sonsrelatedtotheconflictunlessthesecurityoftheciviliansinvolvedorimperativemilitaryreasonssodemand.Shouldsuchdisplacementshavetobecarriedout,allpossiblemeasuresshallbetakeninorderthatthecivilianpopulationmaybereceivedundersatisfactoryconditionsofshelter,hygiene,health,safetyandnutrition.

2. Civiliansshallnotbecompelledtoleavetheirownterritoryforreasonsconnectedwiththeconflict.

Article 18 — Relief societies and relief actions

1. ReliefsocietieslocatedintheterritoryoftheHighContractingParty,such as Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations,mayoffertheirservicesfortheperformanceoftheirtraditionalfunc-tionsinrelationtothevictimsofthearmedconflict.Thecivilianpopu-lationmay,evenonitsowninitiative,offertocollectandcareforthewounded,sickandshipwrecked.

2. Ifthecivilianpopulationissufferingunduehardshipowingtoalackofthesuppliesessentialforitssurvival,suchasfoodstuffsandmedicalsupplies,reliefactionsforthecivilianpopulationwhichareofanex-clusivelyhumanitarianandimpartialnatureandwhichareconductedwithoutanyadversedistinctionshallbeundertakensubjecttothecon-sentoftheHighContractingPartyconcerned.

PART VFINAL PROVISIONS


ThisProtocolshallbedisseminatedaswidelyaspossible.


ThisProtocolshallbeopenforsignaturebythePartiestotheConventionssixmonthsafterthesigningoftheFinalActandwillremainopenforape-riodoftwelvemonths.



ThisProtocolshallberatifiedassoonaspossible.Theinstrumentsofratifi-cationshallbedepositedwiththeSwissFederalCouncil,depositaryoftheConventions.


ThisProtocolshallbeopenforaccessionbyanyPartytotheConventionswhichhasnotsignedit.Theinstrumentsofaccessionshallbedepositedwiththedepositary.



2. ForeachPartytotheConventionsthereafterratifyingoraccedingtothisProtocol, itshallenter intoforcesixmonthsafterthedepositbysuchPartyofitsinstrumentofratificationoraccession.


1. AnyHighContractingPartymayproposeamendmentstothisProtocol.Thetextofanyproposedamendmentshallbecommunicatedtothede-positarywhichshalldecide,afterconsultationwithalltheHighContract-ingPartiesandtheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,whetheraconferenceshouldbeconvenedtoconsidertheproposedamendment.

2. ThedepositaryshallinvitetothatconferencealltheHighContractingPartiesaswellasthePartiestotheConventions,whetherornottheyaresignatoriesofthisProtocol.


1. IncaseaHighContractingParty shoulddenounce thisProtocol, thedenunciation shallonly takeeffect sixmonthsafter receiptof the in-strumentofdenunciation.If,however,ontheexpiryofsixmonths,thedenouncingPartyisengagedinthesituationreferredtoinArticle1,thedenunciationshallnottakeeffectbeforetheendofthearmedconflict.Personswhohavebeendeprivedof liberty,orwhose libertyhasbeenrestricted,forreasonsrelatedtotheconflictshallneverthelesscontinuetobenefitfromtheprovisionsofthisProtocoluntiltheirfinalrelease.




ThedepositaryshallinformtheHighContractingPartiesaswellasthePartiestotheConventions,whetherornottheyaresignatoriesofthisProtocol,of:

a) signaturesaffixedtothisProtocolandthedepositofinstrumentsofratificationandaccessionunderArticles21and22;

b) thedateofentryintoforceofthisProtocolunderArticle23;andc) communicationsanddeclarationsreceivedunderArticle24.


1. Afteritsentryintoforce,thisProtocolshallbetransmittedbythedeposi-tarytotheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsforregistrationandpublica-tion,inaccordancewithArticle102oftheCharteroftheUnitedNations.

2. ThedepositaryshallalsoinformtheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsof all ratifications and accessions received by it with respect to thisProtocol.


TheoriginalofthisProtocol,ofwhichtheArabic,Chinese,English,French,RussianandSpanishtextsareequallyauthentic,shallbedepositedwiththedepositary,whichshalltransmitcertifiedtruecopiesthereoftoallthePar-tiestotheConventions.


RESOLUTIONS

ADOPTED AT THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE

RESOLUTION 17Use of certain electronic and visual means of identification by medical aircraft protected under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and under the protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 august 1949, and relating to the protection of victims international armed conflicts (Protocol I)

The Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanita-rian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, Geneva, 1974-1977,

Consideringthat:a) inordertoavoidtheirengagementbycombatantforcesthereisanurgentneedfor

bothelectronicandvisualidentificationofmedicalaircraftinflight,b) the Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) systems has the capability of providing

uniqueidentificationofaircraftandofenrouteflightdetails,c) theInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationisthemostappropriateinternational

bodytodesignateSSRmodesandcodesintherangeofcircumstancesenvisaged,d) thisConferencehasagreedtotheuseofaflashingbluelightasameansofvisual

identificationtobeemployedonlybyaircraftexclusivelyengagedinmedicaltrans-port,1

Recognizingthatthedesignationinadvanceofanexclusive,world-wideSSRmodeandcodefortheidentificationofmedicalaircraftmaynotbepossibleowingtotheextensivedeploy-mentoftheSSRsystem,

1. RequeststhePresidentoftheConferencetotransmittotheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationthisdocument,togetherwiththeattacheddocumentsofthisConference,invitingthatOrganizationto:a) establish appropriate procedures for the designation, in case of an international

armedconflict,ofanexclusiveSSRmodeandcodetobeemployedbymedicalair-craftconcerned;and,

b) note the agreement of this Conference to recognize the flashing blue light as ameansofidentificationofmedicalaircraft,andprovideforthatuseintheappropri-ateInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationdocuments;

1SeeAnnextothisResolution.

96 RESOLUTIONS

2. UrgestheGovernmentsinvitedtothepresentConferencetolendtheirfullco-opera-tiontothisendeavourintheconsultativeprocessesoftheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization.

Fifty-fourth plenary meeting 7 June 1977

ANNEXArticles 7 and 9 of the Regulations contained in Annex I to Protocol I







esperminute.


1. TheSecondarySurveillanceRadar(SSR)system,asspecifiedinAnnex10totheChi-cagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviationof7December1944,asamendedfromtimetotime,maybeusedtoidentifyandtofollowthecourseofmedicalaircraft.TheSSRmodeand code tobe reserved for the exclusive use of medical aircraft shall be


established by the High Contracting Parties, the Parties to a conflict, or one of thePartiestoaconflict,actinginagreementoralone,inaccordancewithprocedurestoberecommendedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization.





Theunderwateracoustic signal shall consistof thecall sign(oranyother recognizedmeansofidentificationofmedicaltransport)oftheshipprecededbythesinglegroupYYYtransmittedinmorseonanappropriateacousticfrequency,e.g.5kHz.

Parties to a conflict wishing to use the underwater acoustic identification signal de-scribedaboveshallinformthePartiesconcernedofthesignalassoonaspossible,andshall,whennotifyingtheuseoftheirhospitalships,confirmthefrequencytobeem-ployed.


98 RESOLUTIONS

RESOLUTION 18Use of visual signalling for identification of medical transports protected under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and under the protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 august 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I)

The Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, Geneva, 1974-1977,

Consideringthat:a) inordertoavoidattacksuponthemthereisaneedfortheimprovedvisualidentifi-

cationofmedicaltransports,b) thisConferencehasagreedtotheuseofaflashingbluelightasameansofvisualiden-

tificationtobeemployedonlybyaircraftexclusivelyengagedinmedicaltransport,1

c) byspecialagreement,Partiestoaconflictmayreservetheuseofaflashingbluelightfor the identificationofmedicalvehiclesandmedicalshipsandcraft,but, in theabsenceofsuchagreement,theuseofsuchsignalsforothervehiclesorshipsisnotprohibited;

d) inadditiontothedistinctiveemblemandtheflashingblue light,othermeansofvisualidentification,suchassignalflagsandcombinationsofflares,maybeusedeventuallytoidentifymedicaltransports,

e) theInter-GovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrganizationisthemostappropri-ateinternationalbodytodesignateandpromulgatevisualsignalstobeemployedwithinthemaritimeenvironment,

Having notedthat,thoughtheGenevaConventionsof12August1949recognizetheuseofthedistinctiveemblemtobeflownbyhospitalshipsandmedicalcraft,thisuseisnotreflectedinrelevantdocumentsoftheInter-GovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrganization,

1. RequeststhePresidentoftheConferencetotransmittotheInter-GovernmentalMari-timeConsultativeOrganization thisresolution, togetherwith thedocumentsof thisConference,invitingthatOrganizationto:a) consider introduction into the appropriate documents, such as the International

CodeofSignals,theflashingbluelightasdescribedinArticle6ofChapterIIIoftheRegulationscontainedinAnnexItoProtocolI;

b) provideforrecognitionofthedistinctiveemblemintheappropriatedocuments(seeArticle3ofChapterIIofthesaidRegulations);

c) considertheestablishmentbothofuniqueflagsignalsandofaflarecombination,suchaswhite-red-white,whichmightbeusedforadditionaloralternativevisualidentificationofmedicaltransports;



2. UrgestheGovernmentsinvitedtothisConferencetolendtheirfullco-operationtothisendeavourintheconsultativeprocessesoftheInter-GovernmentalMaritimeConsul-tativeOrganization.


ANNEXArticles 4, 7, 11 and 12 of the Regulations contained in Annex I to Protocol I

Article 4 — Shape

Thedistinctiveemblem(redonawhiteground)shallbeaslargeasappropriateunderthecircumstances.Fortheshapesofthecross,thecrescentorthelionandsun*,theHighCon-tractingPartiesmaybeguidedbythemodelsshowninFigure2.





Fig. 2: Distinctive emblems in red on a white ground

100 RESOLUTIONS



esperminute.

Article 11 — Use of international codes

MedicalunitsandtransportsmayalsousethecodesandsignalslaiddownbytheInterna-tional Telecommunication Union, the International Civil Aviation Organization and theInternationalMaritimeOrganization.Thesecodesandsignalsshallbeusedinaccordancewiththestandards,practicesandproceduresestablishedbytheseOrganizations.

Article 12 — Other means of communication

Whentwo-wayradiocommunicationisnotpossible,thesignalsprovidedforintheInter-nationalCodeofSignalsadoptedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationorintheap-propriateAnnextotheChicagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviationof7December1944,asamendedfromtimetotime,maybeused.


RESOLUTION 19Use of radiocommunications for announcing and identifying medical transports protected under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and under the protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 august 1949, and relating to the protection of victims international armed conflicts (Protocol I)


Consideringthat:a) itisvitalthatdistinctiveandreliablecommunicationsbeusedforidentifying,and

announcingthemovementof,medicaltransports,b) adequateandappropriateconsiderationwillbegiven tocommunications related

tothemovementofamedical transportonly if it is identifiedbyaninternation-allyrecognizedprioritysignalsuchas«RedCross»,«Humanity»,«Mercy»orothertechnicallyandphoneticallyrecognizableterm,

c) thewiderangeofcircumstancesunderwhichaconflictmayoccurmakesitimpos-sibletoselectinadvancesuitableradiofrequenciesforcommunications,

d) the radio frequencies tobe employed for communicating information relative totheidentificationandmovementofmedicaltransportsmustbemadeknowntoallpartieswhomayusemedicaltransports,

Having noted:a) Recommendation No. 2 of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

PlenipotentiaryConference,1973,relatingtotheuseofradiocommunicationsforannouncingandidentifyinghospitalshipsandmedicalaircraftprotectedundertheGenevaConventionsof1949,

b) RecommendationNo.Mar2–17of the InternationalTelecommunicationUnionWorldMaritimeAdministrativeRadioConference,Geneva,1974, relating to theuseofradio-communicationsformarking,identifying,locating,andcommunicat-ingwiththemeansoftransportprotectedundertheGenevaConventionsof12Au-gust1949,concerningtheprotectionofwarvictimsandanyadditionalinstrumentsofthoseconventions,aswellasforensuringthesafetyofshipsandaircraftofStatesnotPartiestoanarmedconflict;

c) thememorandumbytheInternationalFrequencyRegistrationBoard(IFRB),aper-manentorganoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU),relatingtotheneedfornationalco-ordinationonradiocommunicationmatters;

102 RESOLUTIONS

Recognizingthat:a) – thedesignationanduseoffrequencies,includingtheuseofdistressfrequencies,

– operatingproceduresintheMobileService,– thedistress,alarm,urgencyandsafetysignals,and– theorderofpriorityofcommunicationsintheMobileservice

aregovernedbytheRadioRegulationsannexedtotheInternationalTelecommuni-cationConvention;

b) theseRegulationsmayberevisedonlybyacompetentITUWorldAdministrativeRadioConference;

c) thenextcompetentWorldAdministrativeRadioConference isplanned for1979andthatwrittenproposalsfortherevisionoftheRadioRegulationsshouldbesub-mittedbyGovernmentsaboutoneyearbeforetheopeningoftheConference,

1. Takes note with appreciationthataspecificitemhasbeenincludedontheagendaoftheWorldAdministrativeRadioConference,Geneva,1979,whichreads:

“2.6tostudythetechnicalaspectsoftheuseofradiocommunicationsformarking,iden-tifying,locatingandcommunicatingwiththemeansofmedicaltransportprotectedun-derthe1949GenevaConventionsandanyadditionalinstrumentsoftheseConventions”;

2. RequeststhePresidentoftheConferencetotransmitthisdocumenttoallGovernmentsand organizations invited to the present Conference, together with the attachmentsrepresentingtherequirements,bothforradiofrequenciesandforinternationalrecog-nitionofanappropriateprioritysignal,whichmustbesatisfiedintheproceedingsofacompetentWorldAdministrativeRadioConference;1

3. UrgestheGovernmentsinvitedtothepresentConferencetomake,asamatterofur-gency,theappropriatepreparationsfortheWorldAdministrativeRadioConferencetobeheldin1979sothatthevitalrequirementsofcommunicationsforprotectedmedicaltransportsinarmedconflictsmaybeadequatelyprovidedforintheRadioRegulations.




ANNEXArticles 8, 9 and 10 of the Regulations contained in Annex I to Protocol I

Article 8 — Radio signal

1. Theradio signal shall consistof theurgency signaland thedistinctive signalasde-scribedintheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)RadioRegulations(RRArticles40andN40).

2. Theradiomessageprecededbytheurgencyanddistinctivesignalsmentionedinpara-graph1shallbetransmittedinEnglishatappropriateintervalsonafrequencyorfre-quenciesspecifiedforthispurposeintheRadioRegulations,andshallconveythefol-lowingdatarelatingtothemedicaltransportsconcerned:a) callsignorotherrecognizedmeansofidentification;b) position;c) numberandtypeofvehicles;d) intendedroute;e) estimatedtimeenrouteandofdepartureandarrival,asappropriate;f) anyotherinformation,suchasflightaltitude,guardedradiofrequencies,languages

usedandsecondarysurveillanceradarmodesandcodes.

3. Inordertofacilitatethecommunicationsreferredtoinparagraphs1and2,aswellasthecommunicationsreferredtoinArticles22,23and25to31oftheProtocol,theHighContractingParties,thePartiestoaconflict,oroneofthePartiestoaconflict,actinginagreementoralone,maydesignate, inaccordancewiththeTableofFrequencyAl-locations in the Radio Regulations annexed to the International TelecommunicationConvention,andpublishselectednationalfrequenciestobeusedbythemforsuchcom-munications. The International Telecommunication Union shall be notified of thesefrequenciesinaccordancewithproceduresapprovedbyaWorldAdministrativeRadioConference.


1. TheSecondarySurveillanceRadar(SSR)system,asspecifiedinAnnex10totheChi-cagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviationof7December1944,asamendedfromtimetotime,maybeusedtoidentifyandtofollowthecourseofmedicalaircraft.TheSSRmodeandcodetobereservedfortheexclusiveuseofmedicalaircraftshallbees-tablishedbytheHighContractingParties,thePartiestoaconflict,oroneofthePartiestoaconflict,actinginagreementoralone,inaccordancewithprocedurestoberecom-mendedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization.


104 RESOLUTIONS




The underwater acoustic signal shall consist of the call sign (or any other recog-nizedmeansofidentificationofmedicaltransport)oftheshipprecededbythesinglegroup YYYtransmittedinmorseonanappropriateacousticfrequency,e.g.5kHz.

PartiestoaconflictwishingtousetheunderwateracousticidentificationsignaldescribedaboveshallinformthePartiesconcernedofthesignalassoonaspossible,andshall,whennotifyingtheuseoftheirhospitalships,confirmthefrequencytobeemployed.


Article 10 — Radiocommunications

1. TheurgencysignalandthedistinctivesignalprovidedforinArticle8mayprecedeap-propriateradiocommunicationsbymedicalunitsandtransportsintheapplicationoftheprocedurescarriedoutunderArticles22,23and25to31oftheProtocol.

2. ThemedicaltransportsreferredtoinArticles40(SectionII,No.3209)andN40(Sec-tionIII,No.3214)oftheITURadioRegulationsmayalsotransmittheircommunica-tionsbysatellitesystems,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticles37,N37and59oftheITURadioRegulationsfortheMobile-SatelliteServices.


RESOLUTION 20Protection of cultural property


WelcomingtheadoptionofArticle53relatingtotheprotectionofculturalobjectsandplacesofworshipasdefinedinthesaidArticle,containedintheProtocolAdditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,andrelating to theProtectionofvictimsof InternationalArmedConflicts(ProtocolI),

Acknowledging thattheConventionfortheProtectionofCulturalPropertyintheEventofArmedConflictanditsAdditionalProtocol,signedatTheHagueon14May1954,consti-tutesaninstrumentofparamountimportancefortheinternationalprotectionoftheculturalheritageofallmankindagainsttheeffectsofarmedconflictandthattheapplicationofthisConventionwill innowaybeprejudicedby theadoptionof theArticle referred to in theprecedingparagraph,

UrgesStateswhichhavenotyetdonesotobecomePartiestotheaforementionedConvention.

Fifty-fifth plenary meeting 7 June 1977

106 RESOLUTIONS

RESOLUTION 21Dissemination of knowledge of International Humanitarian Law applicable in armed conflicts


Convincedthatasoundknowledgeofinternationalhumanitarianlawisanessentialfactorforitseffectiveapplication,

Confidentthatwidespreadknowledgeofthatlawwillcontributetothepromotionofhumani-tarianidealsandaspiritofpeaceamongnations,

1. Reminds the High Contracting Parties that under the four Geneva Conventions of1949theyhaveundertakentodisseminateknowledgeofthoseConventionsaswidelyaspossible,andthattheProtocolsadoptedbytheConferencereaffirmandextendthatobligation;

2. InvitesthesignatoryStatestotakeallappropriatemeasurestoensurethatknowledgeofinternationalhumanitarianlawapplicableinarmedconflicts,andofthefundamentalprinciplesonwhichthatlawisbased,iseffectivelydisseminated,particularlyby:a) encouragingtheauthoritiesconcernedtoplanandgiveeffect,ifnecessarywiththe

assistanceandadviceoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,toarrange-mentstoteachinternationalhumanitarianlaw,particularlytothearmedforcesandtoappropriateadministrativeauthorities, inamannersuitedtonationalcircum-stances;

b) undertakinginpeacetimethetrainingofsuitablepersonstoteachinternationalhu-manitarianlawandtofacilitatetheapplicationthereof,inaccordancewithArticles6and82oftheProtocolAdditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,andrelatingtotheProtectionofvictimsofInternationalArmedConflicts(Proto-colI);

c) recommendingthat theappropriateauthorities intensify the teachingof interna-tionalhumanitarianlawinuniversities(facultiesoflaw,politicalscience,medicine,etc.);

d) recommendingtoeducationalauthoritiestheintroductionofcoursesontheprin-ciplesofinternationalhumanitarianlawinsecondaryandsimilarschools;

3. UrgesNationalRedCross,RedCrescentandRedLionandSunSocietiestooffertheirservicetotheauthoritiesintheirowncountrieswithaviewtotheeffectivedissemina-tionofknowledgeofinternationalhumanitarianlaw;

4. InvitestheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrosstoparticipateactivelyintheefforttodisseminateknowledgeofinternationalhumanitarianlawby,inter alia:

PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 107PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 107

a) publishingmaterialthatwillassistinteachinginternationalhumanitarianlaw,andcirculatingappropriateinformationforthedisseminationoftheGenevaConven-tionsandtheProtocols,

b) organizing,onitsowninitiativeorwhenrequestedbyGovernmentsorNationalSo-cieties,seminarsandcoursesoninternationalhumanitarianlaw,andco-operatingforthatpurposewithStatesandappropriateinstitutions.

Fifty-fifth plenary meeting 7 June 1977

108 RESOLUTIONS

RESOLUTION 22Follow-up regarding prohibition or restriction of use of certain conventional weapons

The Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, Geneva, 1974-1977

Having metatGenevaforfoursession,in1974,1975,1976and1977,andhavingadoptednewhumanitarianrulesrelatingtoarmedconflictsandmethodsandmeansofwarfare,

Convincedthatthesufferingofthecivilianpopulationandcombatantscouldbesignificantlyreducedifagreementscanbeattainedontheprohibitionorrestrictionforhumanitarianrea-sonsoftheuseofspecificconventionalweapons,includinganywhichmaybedeemedtobeexcessivelyinjuriousortohaveindiscriminateeffects,

RecallingthattheissueofprohibitionsorrestrictionsforhumanitarianreasonsoftheuseofspecificconventionalweaponshasbeenthesubjectofsubstantivediscussionintheAd Hoc CommitteeonConventionalWeaponsoftheConferenceatall itsfoursessions,andattheConferencesofGovernmentExpertsheldundertheauspicesoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossin1974atLucerneandin1976atLugano,

Recalling,inthisconnection,discussionsandrelevantresolutionsoftheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsandappealsmadebyseveralHeadsofStateandGovernment,

Having concluded,fromthesediscussions,thatagreementexistsonthedesirabilityofprohi-bitingtheuseofconventionalweapons,theprimaryeffectofwhichistoinjurebyfragmentsnotdetectablebyX-ray,andthatthereisawideareaofagreementwithregardtoland-minesandbooby-traps,

Having also devoted effortstothefurthernarrowingdownofdivergentviewsonthedesirabi-lityofprohibitingorrestrictingtheuseofincendiaryweapons,includingnapalm,

Having also considered theeffectsof theuseofotherconventionalweapons, suchas smallcalibreprojectilesandcertainblastandfragmentationweapons,andhavingbeguntheconsi-derationofthepossibilityofprohibitingorrestrictingtheuseofsuchweapons,

Recognizing that it is important that this work continue and be pursued with the urgencyrequiredbyevidenthumanitarianconsiderations,

Believingthatfurtherworkshouldbothbuildupontheareasofagreementthusfaridentifiedandincludethesearchforfurtherareasofagreementandshould,ineachcase,seekthebroa-destpossibleagreement,

PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 109PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 109

1. ResolvestosendthereportoftheAdHocCommitteeandtheproposalspresentedinthatCommitteetotheGovernmentsofStatesrepresentedattheConferenceandtotheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations;

2. RequeststhatseriousandearlyconsiderationbegiventothesedocumentsandtothereportsoftheConferencesofGovernmentExpertsofLucerneandLugano;

3. Recommends that a Conference of Governments should be convened not later than1979withaviewtoreaching:a) agreementsonprohibitionsorrestrictionsontheuseofspecificconventionalweap-

onsincludingthosewhichmaybedeemedtobeexcessivelyinjuriousorhaveindis-criminateeffects, taking intoaccounthumanitarianandmilitaryconsiderations;and

b) agreementonamechanismforthereviewofanysuchagreementsandforthecon-siderationofproposalsforfurthersuchagreements;

4. Urges thatconsultationsbeundertakenpriortotheconsiderationofthisquestionatthethirty-secondsessionoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyforthepurposeofreachingagreementonthestepstobetakeninpreparationfortheConference;

5. Recommends thataconsultativemeetingofall interestedGovernmentsbeconvenedduringSeptember/October1977forthispurpose;

6. Recommends further that theStatesparticipating in theseconsultations shouldcon-sider inter alia the establishment of a Preparatory Committee which would seek toestablishthebestpossiblebasisfortheachievementattheConferenceofagreementsasenvisagedinthisresolution;

7. InvitestheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsatitsthirty-secondsession,inthelight of the results of the consultations undertaken pursuant to paragraph 4 of thisresolution,totakeanyfurtheractionthatmaybenecessaryfortheholdingoftheCon-ferencein1979.

Fifty-seventh plenary meeting 9 June 1977

110 RESOLUTIONS

RESOLUTION 24Expression of gratitude to the host country


Having been convenedatGenevaattheinvitationoftheSwissGovernment,

Having heldfoursessions,in1974,1975,1976and1977,duringwhichitconsideredtwodraftProtocolsadditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,whichhadbeenpreparedbytheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,

Having benefitedthoughoutitsfoursessionsfromthefacilitiesplacedatitsdisposalbytheGovernmentofSwitzerlandandbytheauthoritiesoftheRepublicandCantonandoftheCityofGeneva,

Profoundly appreciative of the hospitality and courtesy accorded to the participants of theConferencebytheGovernmentofSwitzerlandandbytheauthoritiesandthepeopleoftheRepublicandCantonofGenevaandoftheCityofGeneva,

Having concludeditsworkbytheadoptionoftwoProtocolsadditionaltotheGenevaConven-tionsof12August1949andofvariousresolutions,

1. ExpressesitssinceregratitudetotheGovernmentofSwitzerlandforitsunfailingsup-portfortheworkoftheConferenceandinparticulartoMr.PierreGraber,PresidentoftheConference,FederalCouncillor,Head’oftheFederalPoliticalDepartmentoftheSwissConfederation,whosewiseandfirmguidancehascontributedsomuchtotheConference’ssuccess;

2. Expresses its sincere gratitude to the authorities and the people of the Republic andCantonofGenevaandoftheCityofGenevaforthegeneroushospitalityandcourtesywhichtheyshowedtotheConferenceandthoseparticipatinginit;

3. Pays a tributetotheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandtoitsrepresenta-tivesandexpertswhodevotedlyandpatientlyadvisedtheConferenceonallmattersarisinginconnexionwiththedraftProtocolsandwhoseattachmenttotheprinciplesoftheRedCrosshasservedasaninspirationtotheConference;

4. ExpressesitsappreciationtoAmbassadorJeanHumbert,Secretary-GeneraloftheCon-ference,andtotheentirestaffoftheConferencefortheprovisionofefficientservicesatalltimesthroughoutthefouryears’durationoftheConference.

Fifty-eighth plenary meeting 9 June 1977


FINAL ACT OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE OF GENEVA OF 1974-1977.

TheDiplomaticConferenceontheReaffirmationandDevelopmentofInternationalHuma-nitarianLawApplicable inArmedConflicts, convenedby theSwissFederalCouncil,heldfoursessionsinGeneva(from20Februaryto29March1974,from3Februaryto18April1975,from21Aprilto11June1976andfrom17Marchto10June1977).TheobjectoftheConferencewastostudytwodraftAdditionalProtocolsprepared,afterofficialandprivateconsultations,bytheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandintendedtosupplementthefourGenevaConventionsof12August1949.

Onehundredandtwenty-fourStateswererepresentedatthefirstsessionoftheConference,120Statesatthesecondsession,107Statesatthethirdsessionand109Statesatthefourthsession.

In view of the paramount importance of ensuring broad participation in the work of theConference,whichwasofafundamentallyhumanitariannature,andbecausetheprogressivedevelopmentandcodificationofinternationalhumanitarianlawapplicableinarmedconflictsisauniversal task inwhich thenational liberationmovements recognizedby the regionalintergovernmentalorganizationsconcernedcancontributepositively,theConferencebyitsresolution3(I)decidedtoinvitealsothenationalliberationmovementstoparticipatefullyinthedeliberationsoftheConferenceanditsMainCommittees,itbeingunderstoodthatonlydelegationsrepresentingStateswereentitledtovote.

TheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,whichhadpreparedthetwodraftAdditionalProtocols,participatedintheworkoftheConferenceinanexpertcapacity.

TheConferencedrewupthefollowinginstruments:

Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to theProtectionofvictimsofInternationalArmedConflicts(ProtocolI)andAnnexesIandII;

ProtocoladditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,andrelatingtotheProtectionofvictimsofNon-InternationalArmedConflicts(ProtocolII).

TheseAdditionalProtocolswereadoptedby theConferenceon8 June1977.TheywillbesubmittedtoGovernmentsforconsiderationandwillbeopenforsignatureon12December1977,atBerne,foraperiodoftwelvemonths,inaccordancewiththeirprovisions.Theseins-trumentswillalsobeopenforaccession,inaccordancewiththeirprovisions.

Done at Geneva,on10June1977,inArabic,English,French,RussianandSpanish,theorigi-nalandaccompanyingdocumentstobedepositedintheArchivesoftheSwissConfederation.

In witness whereof,therepresentativeshavesignedthisFinalAct.


PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949,AND RELATING TO THE ADOPTIONOF AN ADDITIONAL DISTINCTIVE EMbLEM(PROTOCOL III), OF 8 DECEMbER 2005

PREAMbLE


(PP1)Reaffirming the provisions of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August1949(inparticularArticles26,38,42and44oftheFirstGenevaConvention)and,whereapplicable,theirAdditionalProtocolsof8June1977(inparticularArticles18and38ofAdditionalProtocolIandArticle12ofAdditionalPro-tocolII),concerningtheuseofdistinctiveemblems,

(PP2)Desiringtosupplementtheaforementionedprovisionssoastoenhancetheirprotectivevalueanduniversalcharacter,

(PP3)NotingthatthisProtocoliswithoutprejudicetotherecognizedrightofHighContractingPartiestocontinuetousetheemblemstheyareusinginconformitywiththeirobligationsundertheGenevaConventionsand,whereapplicable,theProtocolsadditionalthereto,

(PP4)RecallingthattheobligationtorespectpersonsandobjectsprotectedbytheGenevaConventionsandtheProtocolsadditionaltheretoderivesfromtheirprotectedstatusunderinternationallawandisnotdependentonuseofthedistinctiveemblems,signsorsignals,

(PP5)Stressingthatthedistinctiveemblemsarenotintendedtohaveanyre-ligious,ethnic,racial,regionalorpoliticalsignificance,

(PP6)EmphasizingtheimportanceofensuringfullrespectfortheobligationsrelatingtothedistinctiveemblemsrecognizedintheGenevaConventions,and,whereapplicable,theProtocolsadditionalthereto,

114 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL III OF 2005

(PP7) Recalling that Article 44 of the First Geneva Convention makes thedistinctionbetweentheprotectiveuseandtheindicativeuseofthedistinctiveemblems,

(PP8)RecallingfurtherthatNationalSocietiesundertakingactivitiesontheterritoryofanotherStatemustensurethattheemblemstheyintendtousewithintheframeworkofsuchactivitiesmaybeusedinthecountrywheretheactivitytakesplaceandinthecountryorcountriesoftransit,

(PP9)Recognizing thedifficulties thatcertainStatesandNationalSocietiesmayhavewiththeuseoftheexistingdistinctiveemblems,

(PP10)NotingthedeterminationoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,theInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocietiesandtheInternationalRedCrossandRedCrescentMovementtoretaintheircurrentnamesandemblems,

Have agreed on the following:

Article 1 — Respect for and scope of application of this Protocol

1. TheHighContractingPartiesundertaketorespectandtoensurere-spectforthisProtocolinallcircumstances.

2. ThisProtocolreaffirmsandsupplementstheprovisionsofthefourGe-nevaConventionsof12August1949(“theGenevaConventions”)and,whereapplicable,oftheirtwoAdditionalProtocolsof8June1977(“the1977AdditionalProtocols”)relatingtothedistinctiveemblems,name-ly theredcross, theredcrescentandthered lionandsun,andshallapplyinthesamesituationsasthosereferredtointheseprovisions.

Article 2 — Distinctive emblems

1. ThisProtocolrecognizesanadditionaldistinctiveembleminadditionto,andforthesamepurposesas,thedistinctiveemblemsoftheGenevaConventions.Thedistinctiveemblemsshallenjoyequalstatus.

2. This additional distinctive emblem, composed of a red frame in theshapeofasquareonedgeonawhiteground,shallconformtotheil-lustrationintheAnnextothisProtocol.Thisdistinctiveemblemisre-ferredtointhisProtocolasthe“thirdProtocolemblem”.

3. TheconditionsforuseofandrespectforthethirdProtocolemblemareidenticaltothoseforthedistinctiveemblemsestablishedbytheGenevaConventionsand,whereapplicable,the1977AdditionalProtocols.


4. ThemedicalservicesandreligiouspersonnelofarmedforcesofHighContractingPartiesmay,withoutprejudicetotheircurrentemblems,maketemporaryuseofanydistinctiveemblemreferredtoinparagraph1ofthisArticlewherethismayenhanceprotection.

Article 3 — Indicative use of the third Protocol emblem

1. NationalSocietiesofthoseHighContractingPartieswhichdecidetousethethirdProtocolemblemmay,inusingtheembleminconformitywithrelevantnationallegislation,choosetoincorporatewithinit,forindicativepurposes:a) adistinctiveemblemrecognizedbytheGenevaConventionsora

combinationoftheseemblems;orb) anotheremblemwhichhasbeenineffectiveusebyaHighContract-

ingPartyandwasthesubjectofacommunicationtotheotherHighContracting Parties and the International Committee of the RedCrossthroughthedepositarypriortotheadoptionofthisProtocol.

Incorporation shall conform to the illustration in the Annex to thisProtocol.

2. ANationalSocietywhichchoosestoincorporatewithinthethirdPro-tocolemblemanotherembleminaccordancewithparagraph1above,may,inconformitywithnationallegislation,usethedesignationofthatemblemanddisplayitwithinitsnationalterritory.

3. NationalSocietiesmay,inaccordancewithnationallegislationandinexceptionalcircumstancesandtofacilitatetheirwork,maketemporaryuseofthedistinctiveemblemreferredtoinArticle2ofthisProtocol.

4. ThisArticledoesnotaffectthelegalstatusofthedistinctiveemblemsrecognizedintheGenevaConventionsandinthisProtocol,nordoesitaffectthelegalstatusofanyparticularemblemwhenincorporatedforindicativepurposesinaccordancewithparagraph1ofthisArticle.

Article 4 — International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

TheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandtheInternationalFed-erationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties,andtheirdulyauthorizedpersonnel, may use, in exceptional circumstances and to facilitate theirwork,thedistinctiveemblemreferredtoinArticle2ofthisProtocol.


Article 5 — Missions under United Nations auspices

The medical services and religious personnel participating in operationsundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNationsmay,withtheagreementofpar-ticipatingStates,useoneofthedistinctiveemblemsmentionedinArticles1and2.

Article 6 — Prevention and repression of misuse

1. TheprovisionsoftheGenevaConventionsand,whereapplicable,the1977Additional Protocols, governing prevention and repression ofmisuseofthedistinctiveemblemsshallapplyequallytothethirdPro-tocol emblem. In particular, the High Contracting Parties shall takemeasuresnecessaryforthepreventionandrepression,atalltimes,ofanymisuseofthedistinctiveemblemsmentionedinArticles1and2andtheirdesignations,includingtheperfidioususeandtheuseofanysignordesignationconstitutinganimitationthereof.

2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1 above, High Contracting Parties maypermitpriorusersofthethirdProtocolemblem,orofanysignconsti-tutinganimitationthereof,tocontinuesuchuse,providedthatthesaiduseshallnotbesuchaswouldappear,intimeofarmedconflict,tocon-fer the protection of the Geneva Conventions and, where applicable,the1977AdditionalProtocols,andprovidedthattherightstosuchusewereacquiredbeforetheadoptionofthisProtocol.


The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time ofarmedconflict, todisseminate thisProtocolaswidelyaspossible in theirrespectivecountriesand,inparticular,toincludethestudythereofintheirprogrammesofmilitaryinstructionandtoencouragethestudythereofbythecivilianpopulation,sothatthisinstrumentmaybecomeknowntothearmedforcesandtothecivilianpopulation.


ThisProtocolshallbeopenforsignaturebythePartiestotheGenevaCon-ventions on the day of its adoption and will remain open for a period oftwelvemonths.


ThisProtocolshallberatifiedassoonaspossible.Theinstrumentsofratifi-cationshallbedepositedwiththeSwissFederalCouncil,depositaryoftheGenevaConventionsandthe1977AdditionalProtocols.



ThisProtocolshallbeopenforaccessionbyanyPartytotheGenevaCon-ventionswhichhasnotsignedit.Theinstrumentsofaccessionshallbede-positedwiththedepositary.



2. ForeachPartytotheGenevaConventionsthereafterratifyingorac-ceding to this Protocol, it shall enter into force six months after thedepositbysuchPartyofitsinstrumentofratificationoraccession.

Article 12 — Treaty relations upon entry into force of this Protocol

1. WhentheParties to theGenevaConventionsarealsoParties to thisProtocol,theConventionsshallapplyassupplementedbythisProtocol.

2. WhenoneofthePartiestotheconflictisnotboundbythisProtocol,the Parties to the Protocol shall remain bound by it in their mutualrelations.TheyshallfurthermorebeboundbythisProtocolinrelationtoeachofthePartieswhicharenotboundbyit,ifthelatteracceptsandappliestheprovisionsthereof.


1. AnyHighContractingPartymayproposeamendmentstothisProto-col.The textof anyproposedamendment shallbecommunicated tothedepositary,whichshalldecide,afterconsultationwithalltheHighContractingParties,theInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandtheInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties,whether a conference should be convened to consider the proposedamendment.

2. ThedepositaryshallinvitetothatconferencealltheHighContractingPartiesaswellasthePartiestotheGenevaConventions,whetherornottheyaresignatoriesofthisProtocol.


1. IncaseaHighContractingPartyshoulddenouncethisProtocol,thedenunciationshallonlytakeeffectoneyearafterreceiptoftheinstru-mentofdenunciation. If,however,on theexpiryof thatyear thede-nouncingPartyisengagedinasituationofarmedconflictoroccupa-


tion,thedenunciationshallnottakeeffectbeforetheendofthearmedconflictoroccupation.


3. Thedenunciationshallhaveeffectonly inrespectof thedenouncingParty.

4. Any denunciation under paragraph 1 shall not affect the obligationsalreadyincurred,byreasonofthearmedconflictoroccupation,underthisProtocolbysuchdenouncingPartyinrespectofanyactcommittedbeforethisdenunciationbecomeseffective.


ThedepositaryshallinformtheHighContractingPartiesaswellasthePar-tiestotheGenevaConventions,whetherornottheyaresignatoriesofthisProtocol,of:

a) signaturesaffixedtothisProtocolandthedepositofinstrumentsofratificationandaccessionunderArticles8,9and10;

b) thedateofentryintoforceofthisProtocolunderArticle11withintendaysofsaidentryintoforce;

c) communicationsreceivedunderArticle13;d) denunciationsunderArticle14.


1. Afteritsentryintoforce,thisProtocolshallbetransmittedbythede-positary to theSecretariatof theUnitedNations forregistrationandpublication,inaccordancewithArticle102oftheCharteroftheUnitedNations.

2. ThedepositaryshallalsoinformtheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsofallratifications,accessionsanddenunciationsreceivedbyitwithre-specttothisProtocol.


TheoriginalofthisProtocol,ofwhichtheArabic,Chinese,English,French,RussianandSpanishtextsareequallyauthentic,shallbedepositedwiththedepositary,whichshalltransmitcertifiedtruecopiesthereoftoallthePar-tiestotheGenevaConventions.


ANNEXTHIRD PROTOCOL EMbLEM

(Article2,paragraph2andArticle3,paragraph1oftheProtocol)

Article 1 — Distinctive emblem

Article 2 — Indicative use of the third Protocol emblem

Incorporation

inaccordancewithArt.3

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Mission


Mission


Editor’s note

Upon completion of a procedure begun in 1989, a number of amendments to Annex I to Protocol I (Regulations concerning identification) were adopted on 30 November 1993 and came into force on 1 March 1994.

The present volume contains the amended text of Annex I.

Resolutions 17, 18 and 19 of the 1974-77 Diplomatic Conference and the annexes thereto comprise or refer to Articles 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the original version of Annex I; these provisions are now Articles 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 respectively.

Article 56 of Protocol I contains a reference to Article 16 of Annex I, which is now Article 17.