Transcript
Page 1: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

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ACIDโ€“BASE EQUILIBRIA

IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

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Arrhenius concept of acids and bases

ุงุฑู‡ูŠู†ูŠูˆุณ ู„ุฃู„ุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏูู‡ูˆู… ู…

The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius published his theory of acids and bases

in 1887.

Arrhenius definition of acids: An acid is substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of H+ ion (or hydronium ion, H3O

+) in aqueous solution.

For example,

Arrhenius definition of bases: A base is substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of OH- ion (or hydroxide ion, OH-) in aqueous solution.

For example,

ุงู„ุญุธ ุงู† ุŒุŒุŒ

ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุชุฃูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู…H3Oุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุชุฃูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงูŠุถุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุญู…ุถุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง +

ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ. -OHุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ

ู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู…ุง ูƒู„ูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุชุฃูŠู† H3O .HCl and HNO3)ู„ )ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุญู…ุถุงู‹ ู‚ูˆูŠุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุซ +

ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ูƒู„ูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุชุฃูŠู†OH- ู„ )ู‚ูˆูŠุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุซ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ(NaOH and Ba(OH)2.

ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุฌุฒุฆูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุชุฃูŠู† H3O .CH3COOH)ู„ )ุŒ ู…ุซุถุนูŠูุงู‹ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุญู…ุถุงู‹ +

ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุฌุฒุฆูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุชุฃูŠู†OH- ู„ )ุŒ ู…ุซุถุนูŠูุฉ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ(NH3.

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- (Hydrochloric acid )

HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO-

3 (Nitric acid )

H2SO4 + 2 H2O 2H3O+ + Cl- (Sulfuric acid )

NaOH + H2O Na+ + OH- (Sodium hydroxide)

Ca(OH)2 + H2O Ca++ + 2 OH- (Calcium hydroxide)

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- (Ammonia)

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The Brรธnstedโ€“Lowry theory is an acidโ€“base

reaction theory which was proposed independently

by Johannes Nicolaus Brรธnstedand and Thomas Martin

Lowry in 1923.

Brรธnsted-Lowry concept of acids and bases ู„ุฃู„ุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ู„ูˆุฑูŠ -ุจุฑูˆู†ุณุชุฏูู‡ูˆู… ู…

An acid is substance that donates a proton (a hydrogen ion H+) to some other

substance.

A base is substance that accepts a proton (a hydrogen ion H+) from an acid.

For example,

When HCl dissolves in water, as below, HCl acts as a Brรธnstedโ€“Lowry acid (it donates a

proton to H2O), and H2O acts as a Brรธnstedโ€“Lowry base (it accepts a proton from HCl).

In the reaction between gas phase HCl and NH3, for example, a proton is transferred from the

acid HCl to the base NH3.

Brรธnsted Johannes Nicolaus

Thomas Martin Lowry

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( ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุจุฑูˆู†ุณุชุฏ (Brรธnsted ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงูƒุซุฑ ุดู…ูˆุงู„ู‹ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงุฑู‡ูŠู†ูŠูˆุณ(Arrhenius) ูˆุฐู„ูƒ

ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุŒุจุณุจุจ ุงู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงุฑู‡ูŠู†ูŠูˆุณ ูŠุญุตุฑ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท

NH3ู…ุน ุบุงุฒ HClุจุฑูˆู†ุณุชุฏ ูุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ ูŠู‚ูŠุฏู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุงุนุงู„ู‡ ุจูŠู† ุบุงุฒ

ุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ูˆุณุท ู…ุงุฆูŠ ู„ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„.ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญ

ุจุฑูˆู†ุณุชุฏ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏู‡ ููŠ (Brรธnsted): ุนู„ู‰

i. ู…ุฏู‰ ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ู„ู…ู†ุญ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠH+

.

ii. ู…ุฏู‰ ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู„ุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠH+

.

The stronger acids are those that lose their protons more easily than other acids.

Similarly, the stronger bases are those that hold on to protons more strongly than

other bases.

Conjugate Acidโ€“Base Pairs ุงุฃู„ุฒูˆุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ

The term conjugate comes from the Latin word โ€œconjugare,โ€ meaning โ€œto join together.โ€

Reactions between acids and bases always yield their conjugate bases and acids.

The conjugate base is the nitrite ion (NO-2) and the conjugate acid is the

hydronium ion (H3O+).

The conjugate base is the hydroxide ion (OH-) and the conjugate acid is the

ammonium ion (NH+

4).

An acid that has donated its proton becomes a conjugate base.

A base that has accepted a proton becomes a conjugate acid.

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ู…ู…ุง ุณุจู‚ุŒุŒุŒ

ุญู…ุถ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู„ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุญู…ุถ ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†. ู„ู„ูƒ

( ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู† ู„ู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุจุฃุถุงูุฉ ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู† ู…ุงุฆูŠH+

ุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ (

Hู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุจู†ุฒุน ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู† ู…ุงุฆูŠ )+

.)

The strength of acids and bases ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ

Strong acids are completely dissociated (ionized) in water. Their conjugate bases

are quite weak. ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุถุนูŠูุฉ ูƒุงุงู„ุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒ

Weak acids are only dissociated (ionized) partially in water. Their conjugate

bases are strong bases. ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูƒุงุงู„ุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชููƒ

For example,

1) HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- (100 %, Dissociation)

2) HF + H2O H3O+ + F- (3 %, Dissociation)

About 3% of the HF molecules have dissociated, whereas 100% of the HCl molecules have

dissociated in water. Thus, HF is a weaker acid than HCl. F- is strong base. Cl

- is weak base.

ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ุชุตุจุญ ุงุถุนู. ู‡ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ูุฅู† ู‚ุงุนุฏุช

ุงุถุนู. ูŠุตุจุญุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ู‡ุง ุญู…ุถูุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉูƒู„ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูˆุฉ

Moreover, the strength of an acid is defined by the equilibrium position of its dissociation

(ionization).

A strong acid is one for which this equilibrium lies far to the right (See the equation of No.

1). This means that almost all the original acid (HA) is dissociated (ionized) at equilibrium.

ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ูŠู†ุฒุงุญ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ุŒ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ู‚ุฏ ุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆ ุชุฃูŠู† ) ู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ู„

(.ุงุณูู„ู‡ aุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญูŠ ุงุนุงู„ู‡ 1ุฑู‚ู…

(a) A strong acid (b) A weak acid.

Before dissociation After dissociation,

at equilibrium

After dissociation,

at equilibrium

Before dissociation

a b

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Conversely, a weak acid is one for which the equilibrium lies far to the left. Most of the acid

originally placed in the solution is still present as HA at equilibrium. That is, a weak acid

dissociates only to a very small extent in aqueous solution.

ุจุณุจุจ ุงู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงุงู„ุตู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆู„ู… ูŠู†ุฒุงุญ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ูู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู† ุงุงู„ุชุฒุงู†

ุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ -ุงู„ุญุธ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… -ุงุนุงู„ู‡ 2) ู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฑู‚ู… ูŠุชููƒูƒ )ูŠุชุฃูŠู† ( ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ุงูˆ ุชููƒูƒ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌุฒุฆูŠ ุจุณูŠุท ุงูŠ ุจูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ

(.ุงุนุงู„ู‡ bุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญูŠ

The two members of each pair are listed opposite each other in the two columns.

ู…ุงู„ุญุธุฉ:

ู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถูŠุฉ ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ุŒู„ู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠุฉุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ู…ุซู„ุŒ

CH4 < NH3< H2O < HF

ุงูŠุถุง ู…ู† ุงุงู„ุนู„ู‰ ู„ุงู„ุณูู„ ู…ุซู„:

HF < HCl< HBr < HI

ุฒุฏุงุฏ ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุดุญู†ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„:ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงูŠุถุง ุช

H2SO3 < H2SO4

HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4

Increasing acid strength

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Because the oxidation number of Y (S or Cl) increases as the number of attached O atoms

increases, this correlation can be stated in an equivalent way: In a series of oxyacids, the

acidity increases as the oxidation number of the central atom increases.

Amphiprotic substances ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฏุฏุฉ

An amphiprotic substance is a substance that can donate or accept a proton, H+.

For a substance to be amphiprotic it must :

1- contain a hydrogen atom which is able to be donated to another chemical species.

2- be able to accept a hydrogen ion from another species.

ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ ุฎูˆุงุต ุญุงู…ุถูŠุฉ ูˆู‚ุงุนุฏูŠุฉ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุชู…ู„ูƒ ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุฏุฏ ูˆุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฏุฏุฉ ูˆ

:ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู…ุซู„

HCO3-

HSO4-

H2O

Lewis concept of acids and bases ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู„ูˆูŠุณ ู„ุงู„ุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ An acid is a substance that accepts a lone pair of electrons.

A base is a substance that donates a lone pair electron.

.ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุชู‚ุจู„ ุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงุงู„ู„ูŠูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุชุณุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ

.ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ู†ุญ ุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงุงู„ู„ูŠูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุณุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ

ู…ุซุงู„:

BF3 + NH3 H3N-BF3

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8

Autoionization of water ุชุฃูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก

Water is an amphoteric substance. It can behave either as an acid or as a base

(This is a one of the most important chemical properties of water).

In autoionization reaction for water, one water molecule can donate a proton to

another water molecule:

The autoionization reaction for water can also be written as:

Equation (1) is more accurateโ€”hydrogen ions do not exist in water because they

bond to form hydronium.

ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ุŒ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู† ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช2ุชูƒูˆู† ุงูƒุซุฑ ุฏู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฑู‚ู… 1ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„

ูƒุงู…ู„ ุญุฑู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู† ู‡ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทูŠู† ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู… .

Both equation 1 and 2 are referred to as autoionization.

The equilibrium-constant expression for the autoionization of water is:

ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุจุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠ ูƒู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ:ูŠุนุจุฑ ุนู† ุซุงุจุช ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ู„ุชููƒ

Or

Also,

where Kw, called the ion-product constant or the dissociation constant for

water. ู„ู„ู…ุงุก ุงุฃู„ูŠูˆู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุซุงุจุช ุชููƒูƒ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงูˆ ุซุงุจุช ุงู„ุญุงุตู„ Kw

H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (1)

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (2)

Kw = [H3O+][OH

-]

Kw = [H+][OH

-]

Kw = [H3O+][OH

-] = [H

+][OH

-]

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9

Experiments show that at 25 ยฐC in pure water,

ุŒ Cยฐ 25ุŒุนู†ุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉูˆุถุญุช ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู„ู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠ

[H+] = [OH

-] = 1x 10

-7 M

which means that

Kw = [H+][OH

-] = (1x 10

-7 ) (1x 10

-7 )

Kw = [H+][OH

-] = 1x 10

-14

Problem

Calculate the concentration of H+ (aq) in:

(a) a solution in which [OH-] is 0.010 M,

(b) a solution in which [OH-] is 1.8 x 10

-9 M.

Solution

[H+][OH

-] = 1x 10

-14

[H+] =(1x 10โˆ’14)

[๐‘‚๐ปโˆ’]

[H+] =(1x 10โˆ’14)

0.010 = 1x 10โˆ’12 ๐‘€

This solution is basic because [H+] < [OH

-]

ู…ุงู„ุญุธุฉ:

-OHุงู…ุง ู„ ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุงู„ู…ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠ [..โ€ฆ] ุนุงู„ู…ุฉ ุงุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุณ+Hุงูˆ

a)

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10

[H+] =(1x 10โˆ’14)

[๐‘‚๐ปโˆ’]=

[H+] =(1x 10โˆ’14)

1.8 x 10โˆ’9 = 5.6x 10โˆ’6 ๐‘€

This solution is acidic because [H+] > [OH

-]

The pH Scale ุงุฃู„ุณ )ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…( ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ

The pH scale provides a convenient way to represent solution acidity.

Hุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงุณู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† +

H3Oุงูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู… + .

Also, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion

concentration (in mol/L).

Similarly, it can express the concentration of OH- as pOH:

pH: ุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ pOH : ุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏูŠ

[H+OH] ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุงูˆ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† :[

- ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ :[

b)

pH = - log [H+]

pOH = - log [OH-]

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11

The sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature.

ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงุฃู„ุณ ู„ู‡ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุงุฎุฑ ู…ููŠุฏุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุงุงู„ุณ ุง

ูƒู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ: 14ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู†

ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู‡ุงู…ุฉ

Measurement of pH ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ

ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงุงู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู†:

1. Litmus paper ูˆุฑู‚ ุชุจุงุน ุงู„ุดู…ุณ

โ€œRedโ€ paper turns blue above ~pH = 8

ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ูˆุฑู‚ ุชุจุงุน ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุงุงู„ุญู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏูŠ

โ€œBlueโ€ paper turns red below ~pH = 5

ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู‚ู„ ุฏู‚ู‡ ุŒ ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ูˆุฑู‚ ุชุจุงุน ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุงุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงุงู„ุญู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุญุงู…ุถูŠ

ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงุงู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ

2. pH meter

ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุงุณ .ุงุณ ุงุงู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ุงุงู„ู„ูŠูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุฏู‚ุฉูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุนุฏุงุฏ ุงูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠ

ูˆูŠุนุฑุถ ุฑู‚ู… ุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ.ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ูˆู…ู† ุซู…

pH 0 7 14

Acidic ุญู…ุถูŠ Neutral ู…ุชุนุงุฏู„ Basic ู‚ุงุนุฏูŠ

pH + pOH = 14

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12

Litmus paper pH meter

Problem

Calculate pH and pOH for each of the following solution at 25 oC.

a. 1.0 x 10-3

M OH-

b. 1.0 M H+

Solution

[OH-]

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13

Problem

Solution

pH + pOH = 14

pOH = 14 โ€“ pH

pOH = 14 โ€“ 7.41

pOH = 6.59

To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH:

pH = - log [H+]

Thus

7.41 = -log [H+]

or

log [H+] = - 7.41

[H+] can be calculated by taking the antilog of โ€“pH:

(ุจูˆุงุณุทู‡ ุงู„ุญุงุณุจุฉ )ุจุงุฎุฐ ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ู„ูˆุบุงุฑุชู… ู„ู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ู„ุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ

[H+] = antilog (-pH)

[H+] = antilog (โ€“ 7.41)

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14

[H+] = 3.90 X 10

-8 M

Also, to calculate [OH-], we must go back to the definition of pOH:

pOH = - log [OH-]

log [OH-]= - pOH

log [OH-]= - 6.59

[OH-]= antilog (- 6.59)

[OH-]= 2.60 x 10

-7 M

Problem

Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest acidity and

which has the lowest?

1) pH = 7 2) pOH = 2 3) pH = 3 4) pOH = 9

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15

Calculating the pH of Strong Acid and Base Solutions

ุญุณุงุจ ุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ุฃู„ุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ

Strong Acid

Strong acid are strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water (H2O), for

example, HCl, HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4.

:ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŒู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูŠูƒุชุฑูˆู„ูŠุชูŠุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุงูŠู† ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ููŠ

HCl , HNO3, HClO4 , H2SO4

ู…ุน ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ (ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู…)ุงูˆ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูุงู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†

ู…ุงู„ุญุธุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ.

n :ุนุฏุฏ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†

Ca :ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ

Cl-(aq) + H

+(aq)

H2O(l) HCl (g)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ

0.1 0.1 0 Final Concentration (M)

ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

๐’๐Ž๐Ÿ’๐Ÿโˆ’(๐š๐ช) + 2H

+(aq)

H2O(l) H2SO4 (l)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ

0.1 0.2 0 Final Concentration (M)

ุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุงู„ุช

[H+] = n Ca

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16

Strong Base

Strong bases are strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water (H2O), for

example, NaOH, KOH and Ba(OH)2.

OH) ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูุงู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ-ู…ุน ู…ุงู„ุญุธุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉุŒุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ (

ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ. ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช

n : ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏุนุฏุฏ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช

ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ : Cb

OH-(aq) + Na

+(aq)

H2O(l) NaOH (s)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ

0.1 0.1 0 Final Concentration (M)

)ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

2OH-(aq) + Mg

2+(aq) H2O(l) Mg(OH)2 (s)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ

0.2 0.1 0 Final Concentration (M)

)ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

Exercise

Calculate the pH for 5 x 10-4

M of Ba(OH)2?

Solution

2OH-

+ Ba2+

H2O(l) Ba(OH)2

[OH-] = n Cb n= 2, Cb = 5 x 10

-4

[OH-]= 2 x 5 x 10

-4 M

[OH-] = n Cb

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17

[OH-]= 1 x 10

-3 M

[H+][OH

-] = 1x 10

-14

[H+] =

1x10โˆ’14

[OHโˆ’]

[H+] =

1x10โˆ’14

1x10โˆ’3

= 1x10-11

M

pH = -log [H+]

pH = -log 1x10-11

pH = 11

Exercise (Home work)

Calculate [H3O+], [OH

-], pH and pOH for the following solutions:

A) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of HCl (g).

B) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of H2SO4 (g).

Exercise (Home work)

Calculate [H3O+], [OH

-], pH and pOH for the following solutions:

A) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of NaOH (s).

B) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of Mg(OH)2 (g).

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18

Calculating the pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions

ุญุณุงุจ ุงุฃู„ุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ุฃู„ุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ

Weak Acids and acid ionization constant

ุงุงู„ุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ ูˆุซุงุจุช ุชุฃูŠู† )ุชููƒูƒ( ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู

:ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŒู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒูŠุชุฃูŠู† ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชููƒูƒ ุงูˆุŒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹

CH3COOH, HNO2, HF

CH3COO- (aq) + H

+(aq)

H2O(l) CH3COOH (l)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ

[CH3COO-] = [H+] [H

+] 0.1-[H

+]

Final Concentration (M)

ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุจุนุฏ) ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

The equilibrium expression for above reaction would be:

๐Š๐š =[๐‡+][๐‚๐‡๐‚๐Ž๐Žโˆ’]

[๐‚๐‡๐Ÿ‘๐‚๐Ž๐Ž๐‡]

ุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌู‡ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู…ุชููƒูƒู‡ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุต ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ,ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ

(H+ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงูŠุถุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ุชู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ. (

ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:

Ka : ุซุงุจุช ุชููƒูƒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู (Weak acid dissociation, ionization, constant) ูˆู‡ูˆ ุŒ

ุงู† ุชูุงุนู„ ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุก.ุซุงุจุช ุงุชุฒ

Ca :ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงุงู„ุตู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู original concentration of weak acid .

ู…ุงู„ุญุธุฉ:

ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉKa ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ[H+ ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ. [

ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุชุญุฏุฏ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู…ุงูŠุนุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ู…ู† ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุนู†ุฏ ุชููƒูƒู‡ ู ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ

. Kaุงุงู„ุณุชุฏุงู„ู„ ุนู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

ูŠุชุญุฏุฏ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู„ุช ุงูˆ ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจ ููŠ ู„ุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„.ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ

[H+] = โˆš๐Š๐š ๐‚๐š

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19

ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ุงู„ุณู†ุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฃูŠู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ

Exercise

The pH of a 0.10 M solution of formic acid, HCOOH, at 25C is 2.38. Calculate

Ka for formic acid at this temperature.

Solution

HCOOH + H2O H3O+ + HCOO

-

๐Š๐š =[๐‡๐Ÿ‘ ๐Ž

+][๐‡๐‚๐Ž๐Žโˆ’]

[๐‡๐‚๐Ž๐Ž๐‡] (๐Ÿ)

To calculate Ka, we need the equilibrium concentrations of all three things.

We can find [H3O+], which is the same as [HCOO

-], from the pH.

pH = -log [H3O+]

2.38 = -log [H3O+]

-2.38 = log [H3O+]

4.2 10-3

= [H3O+] = [HCOO

-]

From the constant of acid dissociation in (1)

Ka =[4.2 10โˆ’3][4.2 10โˆ’3]

[0.10 ]

Ka = 1.8 10-4

๐๐ž๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ณ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง =[๐‡+]

๐‚๐š ๐ฑ ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ

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20

Problem

Calculate pH and pOH for 0.1 M for solution of CH3COOH, Ka =

1.8x10-5

.

Solution

[H+] = โˆš๐Š๐š ๐‚๐š

[H+] = โˆš๐Ÿ. ๐Ÿ–๐’™๐Ÿ๐ŸŽโˆ’๐Ÿ“ ๐ฑ ๐ŸŽ. ๐Ÿ

[H+] = 1.34 x 10

-3 M

pH= -log [H+]

pH= 2.87

pH + pOH= 14

pOH= 11.13

Exercise (Home work)

0.26 M of weak acid has pH of 2.86. Calculate Ka.

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21

Weak Base and Base ionization constant

ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ ูˆุซุงุจุช ุชุฃูŠู† )ุชููƒูƒ( ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู

:ู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŒุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹ ุชุชุฃูŠู† ุงูˆ ุชุชููƒูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠุงู„ุถุนูŠู ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹

NH3, NH2OH, CH3NH2

OH- (aq) + NH4

+(aq)

H2O(l) NH3 (g)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ(ุงุงู„ุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ

[OH -] [NH4

+] = [OH

-] 0.1-[OH

-]

Final Concentration (M)

ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ( ุจุนุฏ)ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

The equilibrium expression for above reaction would be:

๐Š๐› =[๐๐‡๐Ÿ’

+][๐Ž๐‡โˆ’]

[๐๐‡๐Ÿ‘]

ุงู„ู…ุชููƒูƒู‡ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ, ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ

(OH- ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ: ุงูŠุถุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ (

Kb : ุฉุงู„ุถุนูŠู ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุซุงุจุช ุชููƒูƒ (Weak base dissociation, ionization, constant) ูˆู‡ูˆ ุŒ

.ุฉุงู„ุถุนูŠู ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุชูุงุนู„ ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุซุงุจุช ุงุชุฒุงู†

Cb : ุฉุงู„ุถุนูŠู ู„ู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงุงู„ุตู„ูŠ Original concentration of weak base .

ู…ุงู„ุญุธุฉ:

ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉKb ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ[OH- .ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ูˆุฉ [

[OH-] = โˆš๐Š๐’ƒ ๐‚๐›

๐๐ž๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ณ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง =[๐Ž๐‡โˆ’]

๐‚๐› ๐ฑ ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ

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22

Problem

A) Calculate [H3O+], [OH

-], pH and pOH for an aqueous solution 10

g of NH3 (g) in 750 mL of solution. (Kb,NH3=1.8 x 10-5

).

B) Calculate Kb of a 0.56 M weak base if its pOH =5.75

(N= 14, H=1)

Solution

We need to calculate the original concentration of weak base:

V= 750 mL = 0.75 L

๐ง =๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  (๐‘”)

๐‘€. ๐‘ค๐‘ก

๐ง =10

17.034= 0.587 ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘™

Then, the original concentration of weak base is:

Molarity = ๐‘›

๐‘‰ (๐ฟ)

๐‚๐› =0.587

0.75= 0.783 ๐‘€

[OH-] = โˆš๐Š๐’ƒ ๐‚๐›

[OH-] = โˆš๐Ÿ. ๐Ÿ– ๐’™ ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽโˆ’๐Ÿ“ ๐ฑ ๐ŸŽ. ๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ–๐Ÿ‘

[OH-] = 1.409 x 10

-5

A)

Page 23: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

23

[H+] =

๐Ÿ๐ฑ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽโˆ’๐Ÿ๐Ÿ’

[๐Ž๐‡โˆ’]=

๐Ÿ๐ฑ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽโˆ’๐Ÿ๐Ÿ’

๐Ÿ.๐Ÿ’๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ— ๐’™ ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽโˆ’๐Ÿ“ = 7.097 x 10โˆ’10 M

pOH = -log 1.409 x 10-5

= 4.851

pH = 14 - 4.851= 9.149

Kb = 0.56 M, pOH =5.75

pOH = -log [OH-]

[OH-] = antilog (-5.75) =1.78 x 10

-6 M

[OH-] = โˆš๐Š๐’ƒ ๐‚๐›

1.78 x 10-6

=โˆšKb x 0.56

Kb = 5.65 x10-12

M

B)

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24

Ka and Kb

Ka and Kb are related in this way:

Therefore, if you know one of them, you can calculate the other.

The Salt ุงุฃู„ู…ุงู„ุญ

A salt is defined as the substance that is produced from the reaction

between an acid and a base. There are four different types of salts:

ุชุนุฑู ุงุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูƒูˆู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุชูุงุนู„ ุญู…ุถ ู…ุน ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ. ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงุฑุจุน ุงู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ

ู…ู† ุงุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญ ูƒู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ:

1- Salt from the reaction between a strong acids and a strong base:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (Neutral, pH=7)

2- Salt from the reaction between a strong acids and a weak base:

HCl + NH3 NH4Cl (Acidic, pH<7)

3- Salt from the reaction between a weak acids and a strong base:

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O (Basic, pH >7)

Ka Kb = Kw

Page 25: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

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4- Salt from the reaction between a weak acids and a weak base:

CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COONH4

(According to the value of Ka and Kb)

Buffer Solution ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ

A buffered solution is a solution of a weak acid with one of its salts or a weak

base with one of its salts, and it resists drastic changes in pH when small

amounts of strong acid or strong base are added to them.

ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุงูˆู… ุฉ ุถุนูŠูุฉ ูˆู…ู„ุญู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงูˆ ู…ู† ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุญู…ุถ ุถุนูŠู ูˆู…ู„ุญุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…

ุนู†ุฏ ุงุถุงูุฉ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ. pHุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

ู‡ูˆ ุงุญุชูˆุงุฆู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ูุงุฆุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ pHุณุจุจ ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู… ูŠู‚ุงูˆู… ุงูŠ ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

ูŠู„ุบูŠ ุงุซุฑ ุงูŠ ุญู…ุถ ุดูƒู„ ุญู…ุถ ุถุนูŠู ูˆูุงุฆุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุงู†ูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุณุงู„ุจุฉุŒ ูˆุจู‡ุฐุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู†

ุงูˆ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุชุถุงู ุงู„ูŠุฉ.

For example, blood is a buffered solution, which can absorb the acids and bases

produced in biologic reactions without changing its pH. A constant pH for blood

is vital because cells can survive only in a very narrow pH range.

How does a buffered solution resist changes in pH when an acid or a

base is added?

1- The addition of a strong acid to a buffer solution.

CH3COO- + H3O

+ CH3COOH + H2O

H3Oู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงุนุงู„ุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠ )+ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…( ูุฃู† ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงู„ุช ู…ู† ( ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงู„ุช )

ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุซุงุจุชุฉ. pHุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆู†ูŠูˆู… )ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู…ุถุงู( ู„ุชุฒูŠู„ ุงุซุฑู‡ุง ูˆุชุจู‚ูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุฎุงู„ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู… ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„

ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠ

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2- The addition of a strong base to a buffer solution.

CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO

- + H2O

OHู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงุนุงู„ุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ )- ( ุงู„ู‰ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฎู„ )ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…( ูุฃู† ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฎู„ ูŠุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน

ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุซุงุจุชุฉ. pHุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ )ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถุงูุฉ( ู„ูŠุฒูŠู„ ุงุซุฑู‡ุง ูˆุชุจู‚ูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

The equation of Henderson โ€“Hasselbalch can be used to calculate

or determine the pH of buffer solution before and/or after addition

small amount of strong acid or strong base.

ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ู…ู†ุธู… ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู‡ู†ุฏุฑุณูˆู† ู‡ุงุณู„ุจุงู„ุฎ pHูŠู…ูƒู† ุญุณุงุจ ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏ

.ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ

ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู… ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„

ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉุฉุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠ

pH = pKa + log [๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐ญ]

[๐š๐œ๐ข๐]

pOH = pKb + log [๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐ญ]

[๐›๐š๐ฌ๐ž]

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Exercise

Calculate pH of a buffer solution that is 0.12 M lactic acid

CH3CH(OH)COOH and 0.1 M sodium lactate CH3CH(OH)COONa.

Calculate the change in its pH after dissolving 0.01 mol of HCl in the

solution. ( Ka CH3CH(OH)COOH = 1.4x10-4

).

Solution

CH3CH(OH)COO- + H3O

+ CH3CH(OH)COOH + H2O

Before: pH = pKa + log [๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐ญ]

[๐š๐œ๐ข๐]

pH = -log 1.4x10-4 + log

[0.1]

[.12]

pH = 3.775

After: pH = pKa + log [๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐ญ]

[๐š๐œ๐ข๐]

[Salt] = 0.1- 0.01= 0.09 M

[Acid] = 0.12+ 0.01= 0.13 M

pH = -log 1.4x10-4 + log

[0.09]

[.13]

pH = 3.694

ฮ”pH= pHafter - pHbefore

ฮ”pH = 3.694-3.775 = -0.08

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Homework

Calculate the pH of a buffer solution composed of acetic acid/acetate

in which [CH3COOH] = [CH3COO-] = 1M.

What happens to the pH if we add 0.2 mol of HCl to 1L of this

solution?

What happens to the pH if we add 0.2 mol of NaOH to 1L of this

solution?

.


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