BIL NAME UK NUMBER

1 WAN MOHAMAD FAIZ 'ABQARI UK 29513

2 CHIN JUN JIE UK 29521

3 NUR AISHAH BINTI MOHD MOGNI UK 29555

4 FATIN NABILA BINTI KHALIL UK 29560

5 KHADIJAH BT AHMAD ZUBAIDI UK 29568

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

INTRODUCTION:•Accident investigations determine how and why these failures occur. •By using the information gained through an investigation, a similar or perhaps more disastrous accident may be prevented.

Interpretation of ACCIDENT, NOTIFICATION and REPORTING OF

ACCIDENTS

ACCIDENT can be defined in various ways.

1. Webster dictionary gives the following definition:

events or circumstances that are not anticipated and planned

The unfortunate events caused by negligence and ignorance

events that occur by accident or due to an unknown cause

2. Based on OSHA :• Accidents means an occurrence arising out or in connection

with work which results in fatal injury or non-fatal injury3. The electricity supply act,447,1990:• limiting accidents to electrical hazards4. Atomic Energy Licensing Act, 304, 1984:• accidents are related to the hazards of ionizing radiation.5. Acts plant and machinery, 139, 1967,section 31: Provides

accident must be reported as a result of loss of life, injuries that prevent a person from doing the work normally for more than four days, or who, caused serious damage to the machine or property

Notification of accidents

• Notification of accidents complaints (oral and written) made to the authorities and

organizations (employers) itself, soon after the accident occurred.

• Information notified is limited to a description of the accident and its primary effect or as specified in the notification form relevant

authorities accident.

• Example question for notification are: WHAT is happen?

WHERE the accident occurred? WHO is involved?

WHEN the accidents happened?• Several acts and regulations relating to

occupational safety and health, there are set procedures for notification:

oActs plant and machinery, 139, 1967, section 31;oOccupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514)oOccupational Safety And Health (Notification of

accidents, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning and occupational disease) Regulation 2004

Based on those Act and Regulation, the requirements in the procedure to notify the

accidents include:• Who must make a notification

• information needed•the period of notice must be made after the accident

•to whom (the authorities) the notice must be sent•notification form to be filled

REPORTING OF ACCIDENTS

• Report of accident is the result of a full written report of the accident investigation.

• Report contains information accidents and their effects, causes and reasons they occur and recommended

improvements weaknesses and shortcomings, so that the same accident not reoccur.

• Accident reports prepared specifically for employers and organizations but can be requested by the authorities if

necessary.

ACCIDENT

.

1. Employee inform to Health and Safety Officer/

Safety and Health Committee and Radiation Protection Officer

4.The employer also order a detailed investigation

carried out by the acident

2.Conduct preliminary investigations and inform the employer.

Using the approved accident notification form (if any)

(INTERNAL ANNOUCEMENT)

5.Whistleblowing accident report completed discussed

in Safety And Health Committee.Recommendations

are discussed directly by employer

3. The employer notify the authorities. DOSH also set a notification

to be made within 7 days after the accident

(EXTERNAL ANNOUCEMENT)

6.The employer/ chairman of the Safety And Health

Committee send the accident report/ fill a special form

of accidents report prepared by the relevant

authorities

Health and Safety Officer/Safety and Health Committee and Radiation Protection Officer

Employer / Chairman of the Safety And Health

AUTHORITIES (Occupational Safety And Health Department and Atomic Energy

Licensing Board)

THE CAUSE AND FACTOR OF ACCIDENT

• Domino Theory

- At first security practitioners believe that the accident was caused by physical conditions or equipment used machine

- 1930, H.W. Heinrich suggests that humans are the cause and the cause of an accident

- According Heinrich, an injury caused by a fixed and logical sequence of the factors that complete

- There are some factor:1) legacy and influence and social surroundings, which leads to2) an error was the reason3) actions and / or which result in unsafe conditions4) accidents that can lead to5) injury

• Various theoretical reasons Accidents where a slip caused by stepping on oily floors and

smooth, superficially can be concluded due to the oil. However, when investigated in detail, it may be a simple accident caused by the negligence, lack of cleanliness of the workplace, lack of light in the passage, a former oil leaks were reported and others. accident can be explained by the theory of reasons that joined randomly to cause accidents.

• Combine theory

Although the cause of the accident can be explained by the domino theory or the theory of a variety of reasons, to perfection explain the accident, both these theories have to be used together with combine both theory. Combine this theory can be accepted to explain the cause and the cause of the accident because a lot of the evidence shows that the accident was caused not only by the sequence of events related causes, effects and interactions between elements such as:

1 ) Employers and Commitments

- Employer as captain in a ship. Successful or not the ship was sailing to its destination depends on the ability of the master.

- Constitute such a situation in all workplaces. employers who provide work activities, and they are also capable of forming desired workplace atmosphere.

- Action Employers ignore safety and health at work is also influenced by factors external forces. For example:

1) law 2) productivity 3) production schedule

2) Employers and Employees

- Behavior, attitudes and the way they work to determine a safe environment at work.

3) Materials and Equipment

- Alone or interact.- Can cause and effect in an accident (interact).- Material can be used for making equipment.- Material not according to specification of use, toxic or

flammable can be dangerous.- Other than that, materials, equipment can also cause accidents.- If the equipment was damaged, regardless of size, misuse can

result in accidents.

4) Installation and Maintenance

- The operation and life of an installation depends on how the installation and maintenance.

- To resistance steel structure is influenced by weather conditions, the site where it is established, maintenance is performed and so on.

5) Environment

- Can interact with materials and equipment and influence the way employees do their work.

- If the area is too light / dark, cold / hot, noisy / quiet can affect workers and equipment.

- The place is too noisy work can disrupt the health of workers through hearing loss and changes in behavior and mood of workers to be negative.

System of Accident Investigation

All accident investigation should be planning before accident occur. After that the accident investigation should submit to the authorities.The stages of accident investigation should include as follow:1.)Inform accident occur.2.)Investigate the accident.3.)Report is prepared.4.)Discussion is carried out regarding conclusion and

recommendation.5.)The recommendation is follow-up.

Objective of accident investigation are as follow:1.) Is a responsibility -Employer make sure employee work in

healthy and safety environment by giving information to employee hazard that exist in working environment as well as recommend to them suitable ways to prevent accident.

2.) To determine the causes of accident and to avoid it happen in future

- Can learn from past mistakes and make sure not repeat by knowing the actual reason accident happen and use the suitable mitigation to prevent it from happen again.

3.) To comply with acts and regulations of safety and health

-Is important so that can know the reason accident happens, able to obtain latest information to form new guidelines and easier for compensation procedure if comply with acts and regulations

Planning of System of Accident Investigation

1.) Planning Before Accident

2.) Planning After Accident

Planning Before Accident

1.) Carry out the basic notification, investigation and report accident

Before accident is fully investigate, the content of investigation can be told to the authorities.2.) Improve the procedure of informing and

investigate accidentThe procedure of informing and investigate accident should include the type of accident that must informed, the person who the organization need to inform, the person who ask to investigate and the person who take action against accident report.

The procedure of inform to safety and healthy officer should include what is happening, when is happening, where is happening and impact of accident.Act 514 1994, Section 32 states that the procedure of inform to safety and health official is a must. Employees can complain about the accident that has tendency to happen too according to Occupation Safety and Health Act 1996 Section 3.

3.) Explain the role of Investigator.Act and regulation states that only the person who is trained can be the investigator.Certain accident need a lot of investigators that specialize in a lot of fields.Investigators can search for information of causes of accident, conclusion of accident and recommendation.Investigators can also give the psychology information of employees and getting information of procedure as well as specification details on apparatus and others.

4.) Provide training to investigators

Training should includes basic notification, objective, discipline, responsibility, theory why accident occurs, acts and regulations that related with occupation safety and health, techniques, recommendation and writing report.

5.)Provide apparatus to get information.

Stationary, camera, sound recorder and others.

6.) Improve the form check list of accident

Form of informing accident and form of investigate accident.

Example of the form

Planning After Accident

1.)Investigation must be scientific and systematic

Analysis , follow the procedure and synthesis should be included in order to be more scientific and systematic. 2.) Obtain the overall details of accidentInformation that is obtained previously able to help to obtain the overall details of accident.

3.) Use basic questions to investigate

Able to obtain a lot of information.

4.) Bring the apparatus of investigation

Make sure the apparatus is bring along.

Gathering information

The information that is obtained must be based on science theory.

Example is if we found one hazard object that is easily burn we can snap the photo that able to show the position of the hazard object.

Can gather information from witness and evidence.

Witness

Victim is one of the witness of the accident.

Witness primer is witness who observe the accident.

Secondary witness is witness who has important information about the accident.

Evidence

Physical, Chemical and Biological

Analyse the cause of accidentAnalysis and synthesis are required.

RecommendationMust be practical and take particular to cost.

Conclusion can be made.Report of accident

All the information, recommendation and conclusion are included.

Chairman of health and safety committee or health and safety officer shall direct action to be taken on recommendation based on discussion with the employer and

authorised manager.

The procedure has been stated in OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE) REGULATION 1996 REGULATION 14

ACTION TO BE TAKEN ON RECOMMENDATION

WHO SHOULD DO THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATING?

Ideally, an investigation would be conducted by someone experienced in accident causation, experienced in investigative techniques, fully knowledgeable of the work processes, procedures, persons, and industrial relations environment of a particular situation.

Some jurisdictions provide guidance such as requiring that it must be conducted jointly, with both management and labour represented, or that the investigators must be knowledgeable about the work processes involved.

* In most cases, the supervisor should help investigate the event. Other members of the team can include:

• employees with knowledge of the work• safety officer• health and safety committee• union representative, if applicable• employees with experience in investigations• "outside" expert• representative from local government

*OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE) REGULATION 1996 REGULATION 13

*OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER) REGULATION 1997 REGULATION 17

*OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER) REGULATION 1997REGULATION 18 (C)

EMPLOYER/ PLANT POPULATION / MANUFACTURER

•SHALL NOTIFY THE NEAREST OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

OFFICE OF ANY ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE AND OCCUPATIONAL

POISONING OR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE WHICH HAS OCCURRED OR IS LIKELY TO

OCCUR AT THE PLACE OF WORK(PAGE 27)

REGISTERED MEDICAL PRACTICIONER/ MEDICAL OFFICER

•Every registered medical practitioner or medical officer attending to, or called to visit,

a patient whom he believes to be suffering from any of the diseases listed in the Third

Schedule of the Factories and Machinery Act 1967, or any disease named in any regulation or order made by the Minister under this act,

or occupational poisoning shall report the matter to the Director General.

(PAGE 28)

LICENSE HOLDER (OBTL aka ORANG YG BERTANGGUNGJAWAB TERHADAP

LESEN)

•Is compulsory on regulation 31 (1&2) to make report to AELB (Atomic Energy

Licensing Board) if there is no intentional exposure and emergency exposure.

( Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom, 1984, Peraturan – Peraturan Perlindungan

Sinaran (Standard Keselamatan Asas) 1988)

CONCLUSION

Do not take accident as a failure and losses that should be accepted just

like that.

Make a lesson from it.

Reference

• Ismail Bahari (2006), Pengurusan Keselamatan Dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan, McGraw Hill