A World in Crisis
Causes of WWICauses of WWI•M A I NM A I N
–Militarism (build up)Militarism (build up)–Alliances (entente cordiale)Alliances (entente cordiale)–ImperialismImperialism–Nationalism – feeling of Nationalism – feeling of intense pride of one’s intense pride of one’s homelandhomeland
Self-DeterminationSelf-Determination
•Ideas that people who Ideas that people who belong to a nation should belong to a nation should have their own countryhave their own country
•Lots of ethnic “tension” Lots of ethnic “tension” throughout Europethroughout Europe
The Triple Entente
(Allied Forces)•Britain•France•Russia
Alliance
s
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance(Central Powers)(Central Powers)•Germany Germany •ItalyItaly•Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire
Alliance
s
British v. British v. GermansGermansOrTommies
v. Huns
Germa
ns
English
Kaiser Wilhelm
IIGerman Emperor(leader of Germany)
ArchdukArchduke e Franz Franz FerdinanFerdinan
d d
heir to the heir to the Austro-Austro-
Hungarian Hungarian thronethrone
““Spark Spark that that
started started WWI”WWI”
AssassinaAssassinatedted
WWI Begins in Europe
The “Spark” that starts the war• Black Hands – Serbian terrorist group
• Gavrilo Princip – assassinates Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia – Soviet Union (Russia) – Germany – Belgium – France – England - - - - - other countries will follow
Germany and her AlliesBritain
and her Allies
Joined war on
Germany’s side
Joined war on
Britain’s side
PresidePresident nt
WoodroWoodrow w
WilsonWilson#28#28
Wilson Becomes President
1912 then 1916Vows to keep US
out of the war
U.S. Neutrality U.S. Neutrality (Isolationism)(Isolationism)
• Why???Why???– Lots of German immigrantsLots of German immigrants– Europe is far away (not our fight)Europe is far away (not our fight)– Sympathize with BritainSympathize with Britain– Reports of German atrocities Reports of German atrocities
(invasion of Belgium – cutting (invasion of Belgium – cutting hands and feet off of little babies to hands and feet off of little babies to get information)get information)
– Trade – war materials and food Trade – war materials and food (good for the economy)(good for the economy)
German U-Boat German U-Boat (submarine)(submarine)
German U-Boat on the ProwlGerman U-Boat on the Prowl
Germany begins
unrestricted submarine
warfare 1916 - 1917
Cramped Quarter aboard Cramped Quarter aboard U-BoatU-Boat
Tensions are Tensions are rising !!!rising !!!•Germany warns U.S. citizens Germany warns U.S. citizens
not to travel to Europenot to travel to Europe
Kptlt. Walther Kptlt. Walther Schwieger Schwieger German German U-boat U-boat commander commander who ordered who ordered the sinking of the sinking of the the LusitaniaLusitania
Schwieger’ diary Schwieger’ diary entry:entry:
•"It looks as if the ship will "It looks as if the ship will stay afloat only for a very stay afloat only for a very short time. I couldn't short time. I couldn't have fired another torpedo have fired another torpedo into this mass of humans into this mass of humans desperately trying to save desperately trying to save themselves".themselves".
LusitaniaLusitania•May 1915 – May 1915 – •Killed 1198Killed 1198
– Americans – 128Americans – 128
•Wilson demands that Germany Wilson demands that Germany NOT continue such attacks – NOT continue such attacks –
•Germany agrees – then sinks an Germany agrees – then sinks an unarmed French steamer unarmed French steamer The The SussexSussex (4 American passengers) (4 American passengers)
Tensions are Tensions are rising !!!rising !!!
Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge – Germany – Germany promises not to attack promises not to attack unarmed ships – promises unarmed ships – promises WilsonWilson
•Germany warns U.S. citizens Germany warns U.S. citizens not to travel to Europenot to travel to Europe
The fighting continues in The fighting continues in EuropeEurope
• The war began in June 1914The war began in June 1914• New type of warfare – machine New type of warfare – machine
guns – heavy artilleryguns – heavy artillery
• 440 miles of trenches built from 440 miles of trenches built from the Belgian coast to the Swiss the Belgian coast to the Swiss border – fighting goes back and border – fighting goes back and forthforth
***TRENCH WARFARE
Trench Warfare
Mud in the Trenches
Zimmerman Zimmerman Telegram Telegram InterceptedIntercepted
Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram
From the Ambassador of Germany From the Ambassador of Germany to the leader of Mexicoto the leader of Mexico
Encourages Mexico to go to war Encourages Mexico to go to war with the United Stateswith the United States
Outrage !!!!!Outrage !!!!!
Coded Messa
ge
AND HERE’S YOUR AND HERE’S YOUR “MISSION”… “MISSION”… Your mission, and you cannot refuse toYour mission, and you cannot refuse to
choose it, is to decode an importantchoose it, is to decode an important
message intercepted from the message intercepted from the
Germans.Germans.
The security of our nation depends onThe security of our nation depends on
YOU. This message will not selfYOU. This message will not self
destruct, and neither will you as youdestruct, and neither will you as you
struggle with your attempt to decodestruggle with your attempt to decode
the message. Good Luck!the message. Good Luck!
Decoded
Message
Isolationists
Interventionists
Wilson is turning Wilson is turning from Isolationism from Isolationism
to Interventionto InterventionPlan for a League of Nations Plan for a League of Nations (led by US)(led by US)
Humanitarian need – not Humanitarian need – not imperialismimperialism
(Why?? What kind of (Why?? What kind of diplomacy??)diplomacy??)
U.S. getting mad!!!!U.S. getting mad!!!!
•German atrocities (Belgium German atrocities (Belgium babies)babies)
•Sinking of U.S. ships by Sinking of U.S. ships by u-boatsu-boats•Sinking of Sinking of LusitaniaLusitania•Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram•And then - - - - even after they And then - - - - even after they
promised - - - (remember the promised - - - (remember the SussexSussex PledgePledge?)?)
German Submarines Torpedo Three more
American Ships
Now, I’m
mad!
War Comes to the U.S.
America Declares War on Central Powers
April 6, 1917
British Fleet
German Battleship
U.S. Destroyers Head for Europe
Convoy
System
What about the U-boats????
US Strategy for dealing with the
U-Boats
Bolshevik Bolshevik RevolutionRevolution
Led by Vladimir Lenin19
17
Czar Czar Nicholas IINicholas II
removed removed from from thronethrone
Russians Withdraw
Killed in WWI – 1,700,000
Wounded – 4,950,000
Prisoners/Missing – 2,500,000
Heavy Fighting on
the Western
Front
Wilson Lobbies for National
Draft
Selective ServiceSelective Service
►Selective Service Act of Selective Service Act of 19171917Establishes the draft for Establishes the draft for Armed ServicesArmed Services
All men 18 years old must All men 18 years old must register for the draftregister for the draft
Troops led by
General John J. “Black Jack”
Pershing
General John General John “Blackjack” Pershing“Blackjack” Pershing
Would not agree to be a part of the Would not agree to be a part of the English or French forces – Americans English or French forces – Americans fight with Americans!!!fight with Americans!!!
Did not believe in advance/retreat – Did not believe in advance/retreat – advance, advance, advanceadvance, advance, advance
Soldiers were called – “DoughboysSoldiers were called – “Doughboys””
AEF – American AEF – American Expeditionary ForcesExpeditionary Forces 2 million men – independent 2 million men – independent
forceforce Last grand assault – Meuse Last grand assault – Meuse
Argonne Offensive – Sep 1918Argonne Offensive – Sep 1918 1.8 million 1.8 million Americans don’t Americans don’t
stopstop Ends WWIEnds WWI
New Battle Tactics
Chemicals/Gas
Tanks
Airplanes
Machine Guns
French Gas Attack on German Lines
Howitzer (Big Bertha)Flame-throwerTrench warfare
The fighting continues
440 miles of trenches built from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border – fighting goes back and forth
***TRENCH WARFARE
Trench warfare
No Man’s Land
Diagram Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Mud in the Trenches
Trench Warfare – New Weapons
WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE WHEN THE
WAR BEGINS ?????
WHAT WILL IT LOOK LIKE AFTER THE WAR
IS OVER ??????
MAPS – MAPS - MAPS
Maps – Maps – Maps Historical Atlas – 85
Atlas of American History – 50
Your text – 451, 466
Germany and her AlliesBritain
and her Allies
Joined war on
Germany’s side
Joined war on
Britain’s side
Noteworthy Noteworthy BattlesBattles►Battle of LorraineBattle of Lorraine
►Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne ►Battle of TannenbergBattle of Tannenberg ►Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun ►Battle of GallipoliBattle of Gallipoli ►Battle of SommeBattle of Somme
German Cemetery near Bethune
Aftermath at the Battle of Somme
German Remains at Verdun
Look Familiar?
Allies Push Germans
Back Across Their Borders
AlliesMilitary deaths - 5,712,379Civilian deaths - 3,694,757Total wounded - 12,809,280 Central Powers
Military deaths –
4,010,241
Civilian deaths -
3,143,304
Total wounded –
8,419,533
TOTAL FOR WORLD WAR IMilitary deaths – 9,722,620Civilian deaths - 6,841,248Total wounded – 21,228,813TOTAL U.S.WORLD
WAR IMilitary deaths –
116,708Total wounded –
205,690
We Quit!
Germany
asks for
Armistice
War EndsNovember 11,
1918
War Comes to an End
War is Expen$iveWar is Expen$ive
$32 Million in 1915
$457.3 Million in 2003
How to Finance a war???How to Finance a war???
•Liberty Bonds – big push to Liberty Bonds – big push to purchase – very patrioticpurchase – very patriotic
•Victory Gardens – grow Victory Gardens – grow vegetables for your family so vegetables for your family so there will be more for the there will be more for the troopstroops
•Income Tax – Income Tax –
(what Amendment???)(what Amendment???)
Liberty Bonds – Taxes – Liberty Bonds – Taxes – Daylight SavingsDaylight Savings
Liberty
BondPoste
r
VICTORY
GARDENS
Women do a “man’s”
job
Women War Workers
Propaganda Propaganda CampaignCampaign•Espionage Act 1917Espionage Act 1917
•Sabotage Act 1918Sabotage Act 1918•Sedition Act 1918Sedition Act 1918
Acts make it illegal to express publicly any opposition to the war, the military and the president – Illegal to interfere with the draft
Schenck v. United StatesSchenck v. United States• Claim – violation of 1Claim – violation of 1stst
Amendment (Free Speech) Amendment (Free Speech) Espionage, Sabotage, Sedition Espionage, Sabotage, Sedition ActsActs
• Court – Freedom of speech can Court – Freedom of speech can be curtailed (suspended) during be curtailed (suspended) during times of war - - - Rights can be times of war - - - Rights can be taken away when there is a taken away when there is a ““Clear and present danger”Clear and present danger”
American Protective American Protective LeagueLeague
• ““Vigilantes” – formed to Vigilantes” – formed to “discipline” those who “discipline” those who challenged the warchallenged the war
• 250,000 members “agents” – 250,000 members “agents” – spied on neighbors, opened spied on neighbors, opened mail, tapped phonesmail, tapped phones
• Victims – immigrants (especially Victims – immigrants (especially Irish, Germans, and Jews)Irish, Germans, and Jews)
EliminatEliminate e All All
Things Things GermanGerman
Hamburger becomes Liberty SausageSauerkraut becomes Liberty Cabbage
German books and music
banned
Wilson’sWilson’s14 Points14 Points
Fourteen Fourteen PointsPoints
•New nations & boundaries
•Five general principles•Establish League of Nations
3 main categories
New Nations & New Nations & BoundariesBoundaries
•Self-determination Self-determination (remember?)(remember?)–New countries replace New countries replace Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire
–Ethnic divisionEthnic division
Five General Five General PrinciplesPrinciples
1.1.Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas
2.2.No secret treaties No secret treaties
3.3.Reduction of military armsReduction of military arms
4.4.Free trade between Free trade between countriescountries
5.5.Mediate colonial claimsMediate colonial claims
League of League of NationsNations
Wilson sees U.S. as World Peace-
keeper
Wilson Wilson Gets Hero’s Gets Hero’s Welcome Welcome in Parisin Paris
The Big The Big FourFour•David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George
•George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau
•Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando
•Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
England
France
Italy
U.S.
The Big Four
Palace at Versailles
Versailles TreatyWilson’s 14 points greatly modified
– BUT approval for a League of Nations
Germany must -
•admit guilt for WWI
•Return territory to France (Alsace-Lorraine_
•Surrender overseas colonies
•Pay $32 billion in reparations
•No airforce/navy – only 100,000 in army
Kaiser Kaiser WilhelWilhel
mmEst er verlor dabei,
Wilhelm.
Wilhelm is a
loser.
Wilhelm II
Abdicates and goes to
the Netherlands
Weimar Republic Replaces
Monarchy
Weimar Rules from End of WWI
until Hitler Takes Over
Wilson Seeks Wilson Seeks Senate Approval Senate Approval
for Treaty of for Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
Senate Says NO1 time2 times3 times4 times!!!
Wilson Takes Wilson Takes His Case His Case PublicPublic
Wilson Collapses Wilson Collapses While on TourWhile on Tour
Wilson’s Last Days
Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Remains Unsigned Remains Unsigned
by U.S.by U.S.
Economy BoomsEconomy Booms Immediately Immediately After the WarAfter the War
But Not For But Not For LongLong
Recession Recession HitsHits•15% Inflation15% Inflation
•High pricesHigh priceslow low demanddemand
•Business bankruptciesBusiness bankruptcies•Farmers lose landFarmers lose land•Unemployment risesUnemployment rises
Mitchell
Palmer
The Palmer Raids
Palmer Raids Palmer Raids (Attorney General)(Attorney General) Suspect a revolution Suspect a revolution
(Communists - Bolsheveks)(Communists - Bolsheveks) Arrest many suspected Arrest many suspected
Communists and hold without Communists and hold without trialtrial
250 deported to Russia250 deported to Russia
Radicalism & InstabilityRadicalism & Instability
Labor Gains LostWorkers Go on StrikeIndustrial WarfareTerrorismFalse Arrests
The War Is Over The War Is Over And So Is And So Is This Unit Of StudyThis Unit Of Study
OK OK OKOK OK OK•YOU WILL NOW TAKE A WWI YOU WILL NOW TAKE A WWI
TEST BUT . . . . . . . TEST BUT . . . . . . .
•YOU WILL BE ABLE TO USE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO USE YOUR NOTES AND USE YOUR YOUR NOTES AND USE YOUR TEAMMATES – YOU CAN TEAMMATES – YOU CAN CONSULT, BUT EVERYONE CONSULT, BUT EVERYONE WILL TURN IN A TESTWILL TURN IN A TEST
•YES . . . IT IS DUE TODAY – YES . . . IT IS DUE TODAY – 100 POINTS100 POINTS
Take out a piece of Take out a piece of paper!paper! There were many patriotic songs There were many patriotic songs
during WWI – one of the most famous during WWI – one of the most famous was George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.was George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.
Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers and civilians in times of crisis.and civilians in times of crisis.
InstructionsInstructions – Write a song about – Write a song about WWI (or if you want, about the WWI (or if you want, about the present war in Afghanistan)present war in Afghanistan)
Not a protest song – a patriotic songNot a protest song – a patriotic song Must be at least 12 linesMust be at least 12 lines
Take out a piece of paper!Take out a piece of paper! There were many patriotic songs during There were many patriotic songs during
WWI – one of the most famous was WWI – one of the most famous was George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.
Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers and Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers and civilians in times of crisis.civilians in times of crisis.
InstructionsInstructions – Write a song about WWI – Write a song about WWI (or if you want, about the present war in (or if you want, about the present war in Afghanistan)Afghanistan)
Not a protest song – a patriotic songNot a protest song – a patriotic song Must be at least 12 linesMust be at least 12 lines