A GRAMMAR OF THE HITTITE LANGUAGE
Part 2: Tutorial
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L A NG UAG E S O FT H E A NC I E N T N E A R E A S T
Editorial BoardG R, Pennsylvania State University
Editor-in-Chief
J P. A Brown University G B. G The Oriental Institute, Univ. of Chicago J H Harvard University M K Fredrich-Schiller-UniversitÀt Jena A L UniversitÀt Basel /Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles H. C M University of California, Los Angeles P M University of Michigan P. O S Harvard University M P. S UniversitÀt Leipzig
1. A Grammar of the Hittite Language, by Harry A. Hoffner Jr. and H. Craig MelchertPart 1: Reference GrammarPart 2: Tutorial
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A Grammar of theHittite Language
Part 2
Tutorial
by
H A. H, J.The University of Chicago
and
H. C MThe University of California, Los Angeles
Winona Lake, IndianaE
2008
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© 2008 by Harry A. Hoffner, Jr., and H. Craig MelchertAll rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hoffner, Harry A. A grammar of the Hittite language / by Harry A. Hoffner Jr. and H. Craig Melchert. p. cm. â (Languages of the ancient near east ; 1) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-119-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Hittite languageâGrammar. I. Melchert, H. Craig (Harold Craig), 1945â II. Title. P945.H59 2008 491Êč.998 dc22 2008018385
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CONTENTS
Introduction to the Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lesson 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Grammar 2Translation Exercise 3Vocabulary 4
Lesson 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Grammar 7Translation Exercise 7Vocabulary 8
Lesson 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Grammar 10Translation Exercise 10Vocabulary 11
Lesson 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Grammar 13Translation Exercise 14Vocabulary 15
Lesson 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Grammar 17Translation Exercise 18Broad Transcription 19Vocabulary 19
Lesson 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Grammar 21Translation Exercise 22Broad Transcription 23Vocabulary 23
Lesson 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Grammar 25Translation Exercise 25Broad Transcription 27Vocabulary 27
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Lesson 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Grammar 29Translation Exercise 29Broad Transcription 31Vocabulary 31
Lesson 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Grammar 33Translation Exercise 33Broad Transcription 35Vocabulary 35
Lesson 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Grammar 37Translation Exercise 37Vocabulary 39
Lesson 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Grammar 41Translation Exercise 42Vocabulary 43
Lesson 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Grammar 45Translation Exercise 45Vocabulary 46
Lesson 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Grammar 48Translation Exercise 48Vocabulary 49
Lesson 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Grammar 51Translation Exercise 51Vocabulary 53
Comprehensive Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Hittite (including Luwianisms) 54Sumerograms 65
Sources of Exercise Sentences Marked â or â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Contents
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INTRODUCTION TO THE LESSONS
The following lessons are designed to help you master step-by-step the essentials of Hittite morphology and syntax. Each lesson begins with references to the sections of the grammar where you will find descriptions and illustrations of the grammatical catego-ries being introduced. When you have read this material and memorized the necessary paradigms, you may test your knowledge by working through the translation exercises from Hittite to English. Footnotes give help with special problems or points not yet treated systematically. The vocabulary lists for each lesson give the new words intro-duced. Words from previous lessons may conveniently be found in the comprehensive vocabulary.
Before beginning Lesson 1, you should familiarize yourself with the basics of the Hit-tite writing system and phonology by reading in Chapter 1 of the grammar, §§1.1â1.44 (pp. 9â24; orthography), §§1.46â1.65 (pp. 25â35; vowels), and §§1.84â1.109 (pp. 35â41, consonants). You are welcome to read Chapter 1 in its entirety, but you should focus on learning the main distinctions in vowels and consonants and how they are spelled and not try to digest every orthographic and phonological detail all at once.
In the vocabularies provided below, information is sometimes given as to the gram-matical gender of the Hittite word known to underlie Sumerograms or Akkadograms. These notations do not refer to the grammatical gender of the Sumerian or Akkadian words themselves, but to the Hittite words for which they stand in Hittite contexts.
Many of the exercise sentences, particularly those in later lessons, are drawn from actual Hittite texts. Those drawn directly from texts, without alteration, are marked with â. Sentences drawn from texts but reproduced here with minor modification are marked with â. Absence of one of these symbols marks sentences that are created by the authors.
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Lesson 1
Grammar
All Hittite nouns and adjectives are inflected with essentially the same set of end-ings. For both nouns/adjectives and verbs there are a number of ways of forming the stems to which the endings are added. This lesson introduces the largest class of nouns and adjectives, those with stems in -a-. Look carefully at the table of nominal endings in §3.14 (pp. 69â70). Then learn how these endings appear with a-stem nouns and ad-jectives by reading §§4.1â4.11 (pp. 79â85) and memorize the paradigms for antuáž«ĆĄa- âhuman beingâ (§4.2, pp. 79â80), pÄda- âplaceâ (§4.6, p. 82), and kunna- âright-handâ (§4.10, pp. 83â84). The use of the nominal cases in Hittite resembles that in other case languages: the nominative marks the subject, the accusative the direct object, the geni-tive possession, the dative-locative the indirect object or place where or to which, the ablative place from which, the instrumental means or accompaniment. The Old Hittite allative marks only place to which. For further details see chapter 16.
Hittite verbs are of two types (the so-called mi- and ឫi-conjugations), whose inflec-tion differs in the singular but not in the plural. This lesson introduces the present in-dicative of two classes of mi-conjugation verbs: consonantal root stems and stems with the suffix -nu-. Examine the present tense endings of the mi-conjugation in the table in §11.6 (p. 181).
I. Some consonantal root stems simply add the endings to an invariant stem. Look at and memorize the present tense portion of the paradigm for naáž«áž«- âto fearâ in §12.8 (pp. 191â192). Note in particular the spelling patterns for verbs ending in two conso-nants, given in the same paragraph.
Other consonantal root stems show an alternation between e and a. Read §12.2 (p. 187) and learn only the present tense portion of the paradigms for Äpp- âseizeâ and Äd- âto eatâ (§12.3, p. 188), noting the special features of the latter.
Other verbs show an alternation between e and zero. Read §12.5 (p. 190) and learn only the present tense portion of the paradigm for kuen- âstrike; killâ (§12.6).
II. The stem of the verbs in -nu- does not change. Look at and learn only the present
tense portion of the paradigm for verbs with stems in -nu- (§12.44, p. 210). Note the special change of the ending -(nu)weni to -(nu)meni (see §1.126, p. 44).
Translate the Hittite present tense with an English simple present (e.g., âgoesâ), pres-ent progressive (âis goingâ), or future (âwill goâ), according to what seems most natural for a given sentence. Read §§22.1â22.13 (pp. 306â309) for further details on the uses of the present tense.
These lessons with few exceptions use the most common Hittite word order. Read §§30.2â30.11 (pp. 406â409) and §§26.3â26.7 (pp. 341â342) for the basic principles of word order.
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There is no definite article âtheâ in Hittite. A word like antuáž«ĆĄaĆĄ can be translated either âa personâ or âthe personâ and the plural antuáž«ĆĄeĆĄ as either âpeopleâ or âthe peopleâ.
Since Hittite scribes did not provide punctuation marks, one of the more difficult tasks in learning Hittite is determining the boundaries of clauses. Certain features of word order provide clues. (1) The conjunctions nu, ta, and ĆĄu, when they are present, always mark the beginning of a clause. (2) The enclitic personal pronouns such as -mu âmeâ, -ta âyouâ, and -an âhim, her, itâ, the quotative -wa(r), and the reflexive particle -za are always attached to the first word in a clause, and the local particles such as -kan, -aĆĄta, -ĆĄan regularly appear there.1 (3) If the clause begins with a phrase based upon Akka dian or Sumerian words ( ), these pronouns and particles will be at-tached to the final word in that short phrase (e.g., URUïżœâžwaâžmuâžkan). (4) The finite verb normally stands at the end of its clause. In some cases it stands in-stead at the very beginning for emphasis, but it almost never occurs in the middle of a clause. A combination of features 2, 3, and 4 places the clause boundary in the sequence of words parÄâžma URUKÄraĆĄĆĄuwan warnunun (verb) * .âžmaâžan (pronoun) Äppun (verb) after the finite verb warnunun and before ., where we have placed the * mark. The two clauses are translated: âNext I burned (the city of) KaraĆĄĆĄuwa, but I took it along with its civilian captives, cattle and sheepâ.
Translation Exercise
1.1. annaĆĄ -an -it kuerzi 1.2. nu -an atti -it -it parÄ Äpzi 1.3. attaĆĄ annaĆĄĆĄâža -an adanzi âžya2 akuanzi 1.4. attaĆĄâžza3 .âž .-it karpzi
1.5. .-eĆĄ .âžya takĆĄan aĆĄanzi 4 1.6. mÄnâžmu5 -an zanuĆĄi nâžan6 Ädmi 1.7. .-aĆĄâžkan antuáž«ĆĄuĆĄ -it kuenzi
1.8. -an Äzzazzi -anâžma ` ekuzzi 1.9. attaĆĄ -lan GIĆ -it waláž«zi
1.10. LĂ&-aĆĄ &-an -it zanuzzi 1.11. natta .-eĆĄ ÄĆĄteni 7
1. For exceptions see §28.44 (p. 365).2. Read as -annâža and see §1.115 (p. 42).3. See §28.22 (p. 359).4. We intend aĆĄanzi here to be a form of eĆĄ-/aĆĄ- âto resideâ, as in Laws §53.5. -mu is âfor meâ (dat.).6. -an is âitâ (sg. acc. com.), referring back to a common gender noun in the preceding clause.7. The syllabic writing of natta (rather than its more common logogram `/) and the absence of the
particle -za illustrate features of Old Hittite. See §28.32 (p. 362) and §28.41 (p. 364). natta placed before
Lesson 1
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1.12. . . .-aĆĄ padÄn 8 GIĆ . karpanzi
1.13. . -uĆĄâžkan 9 kiĆĄĆĄeruĆĄ -az aráž«a kuermi 1.14. -aĆĄ -an UZU.-an -it zanumeni nâžan adueni 1.15. mÄn âž ÄzĆĄi âžâžya eukĆĄi nu âž ÄĆĄĆĄi 10 1.16. .&-aĆĄ -an naáž«ĆĄarnuzzi
1.17. ĆĄumeĆĄ .-eĆĄ &..-uĆĄ .&.-it waráž«unutteni
1.18. .-i peran 11 ..&.-uĆĄ paáž«áž«aĆĄnumeni
Vocabulary
-a (conj.) (geminating preceding consonant)/-ya (after vowel) âand; alsoâ (see Latin -que)12
-a (conj.) (non-geminating)/-ma (after vowel) introduces new topic (see Greek ÎŽÎ); âbutâ (weakly adversative)13
anna- (-(n)a-) (com.) âmotherâantuáž«ĆĄa- (-(ĆĄ)a-/.19.-a-) (com.) âman, human beingâ aráž«a âaway, offâ (preverb), with some verbs (like warnu- âburnâ) it denotes
completeness (âburn upâ)atta- (/ ) (com.) âfatherâ (for the Akkadian case endings see §§31.19, p. 435)eku-/aku- âto drinkâÄpp-/app- âto take, seize, grasp, hold; parÄ Äpp- âto hold out (toward someone)âÄĆĄ-/aĆĄ- A âto beâ ÄĆĄ-/aĆĄ- B âto sit, resideâ (see §28.30, p. 362)Äd-/ad- âto eatâ (see paradigm in §12.3, p. 188)áž«aĆĄĆĄuĆĄĆĄara- (.-(r )a-) (com.) âqueenâ (see for the stem §2.39, p. 59, §3.6,
p. 66).-kan (see below sub kuen-)karp- âto lift, raiseâ
the nominal predicate rather than before the finite verb indicates that the negation is specific to the particular noun predicate.
8. This form is Old Hittite (§3.23, p. 73). A genitive normally precedes the noun on which it depends (§16.50, p. 254).
9. For the construction of . -uƥ kiƥƥeruƥ see §16.24 (p. 247). For the meaning of ablative -az see §16.98 (p. 267). These two features are specifically New Hittite. For the use of -kan see §28.58 (p. 368).
10. The verb forms and absence of the particle -za illustrate Old Hittite features (see also n. 7 above). 11. Instead of prepositions Hittite has postpositions, place-words that follow the nouns they modify
(§§20.11ff., pp. 297ff.). Thus .-i peran âbefore/in the face of the enemyâ.12. For the use of this conjunction see §§29.38â29.45 (pp. 399â401).13. For the use of this conjunction see §§29.24â29.37 (pp. 395â399).
Lesson 1
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ke/iĆĄĆĄara- (-(r) a-, ïżœ) (com.) âhandâkuen-/kun- âto strikeâ (without -kan); âkillâ (with -kan) (see §28.77, p. 372) kuer-/kur- âto cutâkunna- (-(n)a-) âright-(hand)â (adj.)mÄn âif, wheneverâ (in Old Hittite also âwhenâ)naáž«ĆĄarnu- âto frighten, terrify, scareâ natta ânotâ (usually written as ` or )nu (conj.) (marks beginning of a clause; indicates progression of the action; sometimes
â(and) thenâ, but usually best left untranslated in English) (see §§29.6â29.7, pp. 390â391). nu appears as just n- before clitics beginning with a vowel (see §1.72, p. 32).
paáž«áž«aĆĄnu-, paáž«ĆĄanu- âto protect, guardâ (with d.-l. and peran âagainst . . . â)paltana- (UZU.-(n)a-) (com.) âshoulderâ parÄ âforth, outâ (preverb)pada- (-a-) (com.) âfootâperan âbefore, in front ofâ (postposition)piĆĄna/i- (-(n)a/i-) (com.) âman, male personâĆĄumeĆĄ âyouâ (plural, nom.)takĆĄan âtogetherâ waláž«- (-aáž«áž«-) âto strike, hitâwalwa/i- (.&-a/i-) (com.) âlionâwaráž«unu- âto make rough, bushyâwiyana- (-(n)a-) (com.) âwineâ-za (the âreflexiveâ particle) (see §28.16â28.42, pp. 357â364)zanu- âto cook, bake (something)â .-(n)a- (com.) âfieldâ. âgodsâ-(l)a- (com.) âchild; sonâ ..-i- (com.) âpalace officialâ (pl. . .).-a- (com.) âdaughterâ (in this exercise, a baby daughter)GIĆ -a- (com.) âstaff, stickâ-a- (neut.) âknifeâGIĆ .-iĆĄ(n)- = GIĆ kuppiĆĄ(n)- âstoolâ (§4.90, p. 120)14
.&. (neut. pl.) âtreesâ âbovine, cow, steerâ
14. The complementation -iĆĄ, which points to an underlying kuppiĆĄ (n)-, is found in KBo 20.8 obv. 19 (OS!); see StBoT 26:239. Other occurrences of GIĆ . may cover the Hittite word áž«apĆĄalli.
Lesson 1
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&. (pl. marker) (used almost exclusively with logograms, and then mostly with those referring to animals or inanimate objects)
&.-(r)a- (com.) âmountainâ-(n)a/i- (com.) â(male) servant, (male) slaveâ (also read as -(n)a/i-) âfireâ (neut.).-(n)a- (com.) âenemyâ (also used as an adj. âhostile, enemyâ) (plural marker) (used almost exclusively with logograms (such as . âhandsâ,
. âwomenâ); sometimes inserted between components of a complex logogram, such as . . or . ). See §1.14 (p. 14).
LĂ&-a- (com.) âcookâ âwomanâ (for its declension see §4.78, p. 113, and âGrammarâ of Lesson 7).-a- (com.) âbreadâ; rarely in general sense âfoodâ&-a- (com.) âpigâ âwaterâ- / (see §31.16, p. 434) âhis, her, itsâ (suffixed only to Sumerograms and
Akkadograms, not to syllabically written Hittite words)- âmyâ (suffixed only to Sumerograms and Akkadograms)
Lesson 1
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Lesson 2
Grammar
This lesson introduces i-stem nouns and adjectives. Most nouns in -i- add the endings already learned in Lesson 1 to a fixed stem in -i- (with an inserted glide -y- before end-ings beginning with -a-). Read §§4.13â4.21 (pp. 85â87) and memorize the paradigms of áž«alki- âgrainâ (§4.23, p. 88) and iĆĄpantuzzi- âlibationâ (§4.24, p. 90). Adjectives in -i- regularly show an alternation (called âablautâ [§3.37, p. 78]) between a stem in -i- and one in -ay-. In some cases the -y- of the latter is deleted, leading to possible confusion with a-stems. Read §§4.36â4.37 (p. 94) and memorize the paradigm of ĆĄuppi- âholyâ (§4.38, p. 95). Note the forms with and without -y- in their endings. A few i-stem adjec-tives show a fixed stem -i(y)- like the nouns: see the forms of karĆ«ili- âformer, primevalâ (§4.38).
This lesson also introduces the present indicative of mi-verbs with stems in -iya-. Verbal stems in -iya- form one of the largest classes in Hittite. In addition to verbs that appear exclusively with this stem, there are many more that show a stem in -iya- along-side another. Read §12.28 (p. 202) and look over §12.29 (p. 203), memorizing only the present indicative portion of the paradigm of iya- âto do, makeâ. The stem variant with an -e- vowel is more common in some persons than others (e.g., third singular) and much more frequent in the older language than in the later, but one can find either -iya- or -ie- in any period.
Translation Exercise
2.1. ĆĄallayaĆĄ --aĆĄ iĆĄtanani peran tiyaweni nu áž«aliyaweni
2.2. namma ĆĄuppin -an âžya mekki --ni parÄ appueni nâžanâžza 15 apeniĆĄĆĄan iyaweni
2.3. mÄn ĆĄallai pedi tiyaĆĄi nu .-aĆĄ . lÄ karĆĄanuĆĄi
2.4. d-aĆĄ .-aĆĄ áž«antezziĆĄ (ÄĆĄzi 16 ) âžâžya nakkÄ« (ÄĆĄzi 16)â 2.5. -zian GIĆ áž«urkin -ziĆĄ anda17 ` wemiyazi 2.6. mÄn dankuiâžya18 pÄdi tiyami nuâžmu19 nakkÄ«ĆĄ --iĆĄ áž«uiĆĄnuzi nu `
áž«arkmi
15. -an is âhimâ (sg. acc. com.), referring back to a noun in the preceding clause.16. See §30.22 (p. 412). 17. For the position of -zian GIĆ áž«urkin see §30.5 (p. 407). For the position of the preverb anda see
§26.3 (p. 341). 18. The conjunction -a/-ya here has the meaning âevenâ. See §29.44 (p. 401). 19. -mu is âmeâ (acc.).
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2.7. alpaĆĄ maáž«áž«an áž«arkiĆĄ (ÄĆĄzi 16) nu .&. - 20 áž«argaeĆĄ (aĆĄanzi 16)
2.8. áž«arkin -an --ni parÄ appanzi `âžmaâžan 21 Äzzazzi 2.9. -naĆĄ áž«uwappaĆĄ (eĆĄzi 16) nu áž«alkin A.Ć Ăkueraz tÄyazzi nâžan A.Ć ĂkueraĆĄ -aĆĄ Äpzi 2.10. .-an ĆĄallayaz -riaz aráž«a paráž«anzi nuâžkan meqqauĆĄ 22 kunanzi 2.11. attaĆĄ âž weriyazi nâžan15 punuĆĄzi 2.12. kuwatâžwa --aĆĄ áž«alkin aráž«a warnuĆĄi 2.13. ĆĄuppi karĆ«iliyaĆĄ .-aĆĄ iemi 2.14. mÄn .-aĆĄ GIĆ ..-az -an tÄyatteni nu áž«Ć«dÄk áž«arkteni 2.15. .-aĆĄ meqqauĆĄ A.Ć ĂkueruĆĄ aráž«a warnuzzi -ezziazâžmaâžan15 aráž«a
paráž«ueni
Vocabulary
alpa- (com.) âcloudâ anda (see wemiya-)apeniĆĄĆĄan () âthus, soâ appezzi(ya)- (-(ez)zi(ya)-) ârearmost, lastâ23 appezziyaz (-(ezziy)az) âafterwards, laterâ áž«aliya- âto bow, prostrate oneselfâáž«alki- (com.) âgrain; barleyâ áž«antezzi (ya)- (-zi(ya)-) âfront, foremost, firstâ23 áž«appiriya- (-(ri)ya-) (com.) âcityâ áž«ark- âto perishâ áž«arki- âwhiteâ áž«uiĆĄnu- âto keep alive; rescue, saveâ áž«urki- (com.) âwheelâ áž«Ć«dÄk âimmediately; suddenlyâ áž«uwappa- (&-(p)a-) âbad, evil, malevolentâ iĆĄáž«Ä- (-a-, +) (com.) âlord, master; ownerâ iĆĄtanana- (..-(n) a-) (com.) âaltar, sacrificial tableâiya- âto do, make; treat (as)â; (with -za) âto worshipâ
20. On the word order here see §§16.53â16.54 (p. 254).21. -an is âitâ (sg. acc. com.) referring back to a noun in the preceding clause.22. As in other languages, the singular of âenemyâ is often used with a collective sense, and subsequent
references may use a plural (but see also sentence 15!).23. This adjective is inflected as an a-stem in Old Hittite (stem in -zziya-), but as a non-alternating
i-stem in Middle and New Hittite (stem in -zzi-). See §4.11 (p. 85).
Lesson 2
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karĆĄanu- âto omit, neglectâ karĆ«ili- âformer; primevalâ A.Ć Ăkuera- (com.) âfieldâ kuwat âwhy?â lÄ (plus indicative) âdo/shall notâ (prohibitive negative) (see §26.16, p. 344)maáž«áž«an (-an) âas, likeâmekki- âmuch, manyâ (often follows its head noun) nakki- âheavy; important; revered, augustâ24 namma (clause-initial) âthen, nextâ; (non-initial) âagainâ (` namma âno longerâ will be
introduced in exercise 3) paráž«- âto chaseâ pÄda- (neut.) âplace, spotâ punuĆĄĆĄ- âto ask, question, interrogateâ ĆĄalli- (-(l )i-) âgreat, large; adultâ ĆĄiun(i)- (--n(i)-) (com.) âgodâ (see §4.50, p. 100)ĆĄuppi- âholy, sacred, consecratedâdankui- (6-i-) âdark, blackâ tÄye- âto stealâ (§12.23, p. 199)tiya- âto step; station oneselfâ -wa (-war- before vowel) (introduces direct speech) (see §§28.2ff., pp. 354ff.) warnu- (-nu-) âto burnâ (trans.); + preverb aráž«a âto burn upâwemiya- âto findâ; + preverb anda âto reach, attain, overtake, catch up withâ weriya- âto call, summonâ âsacrifice, ritualâ -a- (com.) âcloth, garmentâ d-a- (com.) âStorm-godâ âofâ (marks following logogram as representing a Hittite genitive) (neut.) ânameâ
24. This i-stem adjective has a fixed stem like i-stem nouns (§4.38, p. 95).
Lesson 2
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Lesson 3
Grammar
This lesson introduces u-stem nouns and adjectives. Stems in -u- are inflected in a manner completely parallel to those in -i-: most nouns show a fixed stem in -u- (with insertion of a glide -w- before endings beginning with -a-). Read §§4.42â4.46 (pp. 97â98) and memorize the paradigms of áž«aĆĄĆĄu- (-u-) âkingâ (§4.47, p. 99) and gÄnu- âkneeâ (§4.51, p. 101). Adjectives show an alternation (called âablautâ) between a stem in -u- and one in -aw-. The stem -aw- is constant (the -w- is never deleted), but note the special form -amuĆĄ for expected *-awuĆĄ in the accusative plural of the common gender (see §1.127, p. 45). Read §§4.55â4.56 (p. 102) and memorize the paradigm of idÄlu- âbadâ (§4.57, p. 103).
This lesson also introduces the present indicative of mi-verbs with the very produc-tive suffixes -eĆĄĆĄ- and -Äi-. Verbal stems in -eĆĄĆĄ- add to a fixed stem the endings already learned in the previous lesson. Study the present tense examples in §12.20 (p. 197). Note that these verbs consistently take the present second singular ending -ti instead of -ĆĄi. Verb stems in -Äi- are very numerous, and some verbs that originally belong to another class also come to inflect as Äi-stems. Read §12.35 (p. 206) and memorize only the present tense portions of the paradigms of áž«atrÄi- âwrite, send a messageâ and áž«andÄi- âprepareâ (§12.36, p. 207). Note that in the present tense only the third singular regularly has the stem -Äi-, while all other forms have -Ä- (the length of the vowel is not always indicated in the spelling).
Translation Exercise
3.1. NINDAáž«arĆĄauĆĄ maáž«áž«an . áž«andÄnzi nu . 25 apeniĆĄĆĄan áž«andÄnzi
3.2. idÄlaweĆĄ antuáž«ĆĄeĆĄ -waĆĄ ÄĆĄĆĄĆ« tÄyanzi 3.3. mÄáž«áž«anâžza .-aĆĄ -an taráž«ueni nu ĆĄÄru mekki wemiyaweni 3.4. mÄn ...&. welluwaz paráž«teni nâžuĆĄ 26 ` namma wemiyatteni 3.5. . .âž27 . . -âž ĆĄaruwÄnzi 3.6. .-aĆĄ nemuĆĄ 28 -ruwaĆĄ áž«aĆĄĆĄuĆĄ iyaweni
25. The genitive here means âthose of the princesâ. See §16.61 (p. 256).26. -uĆĄ is âthemâ (acc. pl. com.) referring back to the noun in the preceding clause.27. This phrase is a vocative. See §§16.11â16.14 (p. 244).28. nemuĆĄ is the regular accusative plural common gender of newa-. See §1.127 (p. 45).
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3.7. -uĆĄ LĂ punuĆĄzi --iĆĄâžwa kuwat kartimmieĆĄzi
â 3.8. nu âž . âš()â© URUMizri 29 tuppiyaz -pa kiĆĄĆĄan áž«atraizzi kuwatâžwa apeniĆĄĆĄan 30
3.9. -waĆĄ .-eĆĄ makkeĆĄĆĄanzi ĆĄalleĆĄĆĄanziâžya
3.10. .. genuwaĆĄ -an -ui parÄ Äpzi 3.11. -waĆĄ tueggaz idÄlu aráž«a paráž«mi 3.12. daĆĄĆĄuĆĄ --iĆĄ &.-an pediâžĆĄĆĄi 31 katta tarmÄizzi 3.13. LĂ-iĆĄ pargawaz &..-az áž«alluwaz áž«ariyaz .-uĆĄ
weriyazzi 3.14. mÄnâžza parkuiĆĄ ÄĆĄmi nuâžmu 32 .-eĆĄ ganeĆĄĆĄanzi nu daĆĄĆĄeĆĄmi
3.15. .-eĆĄ parkuin antuáž«ĆĄan ĆĄarlÄnzi daĆĄĆĄanuwanziâžyaâžan 33
Vocabulary
Äppa (-pa) âback; againâ ÄĆĄĆĄu- âgoodâ; as neuter collective noun âgoodsâ (see §3.20, p. 72, end, for the spelling
ÄĆĄĆĄĆ«)áž«allu- âdeepâ áž«andÄi- âto arrange, prepareâ áž«Äriya- (com.) âvalleyâ NINDAáž«arĆĄi- (.4.-i-) (com.) âleavened breadâ34
áž«aĆĄĆĄa- ( -a-) (com.) âhearthâáž«aĆĄĆĄu- (-u-) (com.) âkingâ áž«atrÄi- âto send a message (about), write (about)â idÄlu- (&-(l)u-) âbad, evil; hostileâ ganeĆĄĆĄ- âto recognize, acknowledgeâ kartimmieĆĄĆĄ- âto become angryâ katta () âdown(ward)â gÄnu- (neut.) âkneeâ
29. added here from the dupl. (see âSources of Exercise Sentencesâ, p. 72 below). Although we write Mizri in upper-lower case, like a Hittite word, in constructions like URUx the word written âxâ is an endingless (or stem) form used like a logogram. In purely non-logographic terms . URUMizri stands for *MizriyaĆĄ utne( y)aĆĄ áž«aĆĄĆĄuĆĄĆĄaraĆĄ âqueen of the land of Egyptâ with MizriyaĆĄ utneyaĆĄ âof the land of Egyptâ as genitives dependent upon the nominative áž«aĆĄĆĄuĆĄĆĄaraĆĄ âqueenâ.
30. is Akkadian âyou spokeâ (pret. sg. 2), see §31.28 (p. 438) and §31.34 (p. 440).31. The -ĆĄĆĄi is possessive âitsâ.32. -mu is âmeâ (acc.).33. -an is âhimâ (sg. acc. com.) referring back to a noun in the preceding clause.34. This i-stem noun shows an alternating stem áž«arĆĄi-/áž«arĆĄa ( y)- (see §4.28, p. 91).
Lesson 3
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kiĆĄĆĄan âthus, as followsâ makkeĆĄĆĄ- âto multiply (intrans.), become numerousâ(URU)Mizra/i- âEgyptâ newa- () ânewâ parku- âhighâ parkui- âpureâ ĆĄalleĆĄĆĄ- âto grow large; grow upâLĂĆĄankunni- (LĂ-(n) i-) (com.) âpriestâ ĆĄarlÄi- âto exalt, praiseâ ĆĄÄru- (neut.) âbooty, plunderâ ĆĄaruwÄi- âto plunderâ taráž«- (+ -za) âto conquerâ, (without -za) be superiorâ (-za is necessary when this verb
takes an accusative object)tarmÄi- âto nail, fastenâ tÄru- (-(r)u-) (neut.) âwood; treeâ daĆĄ(ĆĄa)nu- âto make powerfulâ daĆĄĆĄeĆĄĆĄ- âto become powerfulâ daĆĄĆĄu- âmighty, powerfulâ tuegga- (.) (com.) âbody, limbâtuppi- (neut.) (Sum. ; Akkad. ') âclay tabletâ wellu- (.-u-) (com.) âmeadow, pastureâ ..-u- (com.) âhorseâ LĂ (com.) â exorcistâ .-a- (com.) âprinceâ.- (neut.) âtempleâ -a- (com.) â(piece of) clothâ (neut.) âland, countryâ âto, forâ (marks a following uninflected word as dative-locative case) - âyourâ (plural) (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms)
Lesson 3
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Lesson 4
Grammar
This lesson introduces the common verbs âto goâ and âto comeâ, infinitives, and en-clitic pronouns. Memorize only the present tense portion of the paradigms for pa (i) - âgoâ and uwa- âcomeâ (§12.41, p. 209). Besides functioning as ordinary motion verbs, pa(i)- and uwa- are also used in a serial construction with another finite verb. For the meaning of this construction in the present tense, read §§24.31â24.42 (pp. 324â329).
Hittite has a single infinitive formed with one of the two suffixes -anna and -wanzi. Read §§11.20â11.21 (pp. 185â186) for a description of which suffix occurs with a given verbal stem. For reading texts it is unnecessary to memorize the suffix for every individ-ual verb, although it is helpful to distinguish uwanna âto seeâ (au-/uw) from uwauwanzi âto comeâ (uwa-). What is important is to recognize verbal forms in -anna and -wanzi as infinitives. Read §§25.10ff. (pp. 332ff.) to learn how infinitives are used, with special attention to the unexpected use of the dative-locative for the direct object of an infini-tive (§25.15, p. 333).
One of the most widely known and characteristic features of Hittite is its extensive use of âencliticsâ: unaccented morphemes that always occur attached to the end of inde-pendent words. Examples have already been given, such as the conjunction -a/-ya âand, alsoâ. The largest class of enclitics consists of those that are attached to the first word in a clause, frequently to the conjunction nu (or one of its alternates in Old Hittite). Read §§30.15ff. (pp. 410ff.) to familiarize yourself with the basics of how this system works, with special attention to the fixed order in which various enclitics occur. The usage of many enclitic particles is too complex to be presented in a single lesson (for full discus-sion see chapter 28). Footnotes will convey their meaning as they occur in individual sentences.
One class of enclitics must be learned as a whole in this lesson: the enclitic pronouns. Memorize the forms in §5.12 (p. 135), read about their use in §§18.8ff. (pp. 279ff.), and note the rules for their order in §30.19 (p. 411). The vowel of the conjunction nu is deleted before those beginning with a vowel: nu+aĆĄ > nâžaĆĄ, etc. (§1.72, p. 32). Hittite pronouns function like English ones: they refer back (rarely ahead; see §18.22, p. 283) to nouns mentioned in the discourse. Hittite has accented pronouns, which are only used for emphasis or contrast (treated in chapter 5 and Lessons 10 and 11). Since the person and number of the subject are marked by the verbal endings, Hittite does not for the most part use a pronoun for subjects. There are no enclitic subject pronouns for the first and second persons (âI, we, youâ), and third-person enclitic subject pronouns are not needed with most verbs. Some intransitive verbsâa few of which occur very frequently (âgoâ,
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âcomeâ, etc.)ârequire enclitic pronominal subjects. Read §§18.13â18.18 (pp. 280â283) for a description. It isnât necessary at this point to memorize all the details of this distri-bution. What is important to remember is that transitive verbs never take enclitic sub-ject pronouns. This fact can help greatly in disambiguating the meaning of -e, -aĆĄ, and -at. If one of these pronouns occurs in the same clause as a transitive verb, it must rep-resent the direct object. Conversely, if it co-occurs with an intransitive verb, it must be the subject. Keep this in mind in translating the sentences in this and following lessons.
Hittite regularly uses enclitic pronouns to mark direct and indirect objects. Note that for the first- and second-persons the same form is used for both direct and indi-rect objectsâwhich is intended must be determined from the context. The third-person pronouns share some endings with the nouns (-aĆĄ, -an), but others are peculiar to the pronouns (-at, -e). A special difficulty is presented by the fact that several of these are ambiguous in meaning: note carefully the two meanings of Old Hittite -e and of Middle/New Hittite (henceforth NH) -aĆĄ, and the three meanings of MH/NH -at (see again §5.12, p. 135).
Translation Exercise
4.1. mÄnâžza -uĆĄ .-aĆĄĆĄâža .-muĆĄ 35 iyanzi nâžaĆĄ .-eĆĄ luluwanzi
4.2. maáž«áž«anâžkan d-uĆĄ ĆĄallayaz arunaz ĆĄarÄ uezzi nuâžssiâžkan 36 menaáž«áž«anda tiyaweni
4.3. . . paizzi nu mekkauĆĄ .&.-uĆĄ waláž«zi â 4.4. LĂ.MEĆ áž«allirieĆĄ - LĂ.MEĆ zináž«Ć«rieĆĄ tarkuanzi tâžeâžĆĄta pÄnzi 37
4.5. maáž«áž«an .-an aráž«a paráž«ueni nâžaĆĄ aruna paizzi
4.6. mÄnâžkan 38 ĆĄarkun - NINDAáž«arĆĄit aĆĄĆĄanumeni nuâžnnaĆĄ 39âžaĆĄ genzuwalaĆĄ
â 4.7. mÄn(âžza) 1- -âžya Äpti nu kÄĆĄma - ` paáž«áž«aĆĄnuĆĄi nâžan 40 uwammi .-aĆĄ iwar -aáž«mi
4.8. nuâžĆĄmaĆĄâžkan âž kuit .41 nu . URUMizri naáž«ĆĄariyanzi 42
35. For the shape of acc. pl. .-muĆĄ (ĆĄimuĆĄ) see §1.127 (p. 45) and §4.50 (p. 100). 36. -kan is obligatory with menaáž«áž«anda tiya- and a dative. On -kan see §§28.48â28.81 (pp. 366â374).37. For the conjunction ta see §§29.3ff. (p. 390) and §29.15 (p. 393) and for the particle -(a)ĆĄta §28.108
(p. 382) and §28.110 (p. 382). 38. A local particle (one in the class of -kan) is obligatory with the verb aƥ(ƥa)nu-.39. -naƥ is dative here.40. -an (sg. acc. com.) refers back to the 1- -.41. The particle -kan underscores here that the action of the verb principally affects those referred to by
-ƥmaƥ (see §28.76, p. 371). 42. The context shows that naឫƥariyanzi refers to a past action. For this use of the present tense see
§22.6 (p. 307).
Lesson 4
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â 4.9. [naĆĄm]a 43âžĆĄmaĆĄ âžma kuitki 44 nu lÄ nuntarnutteni . . . [nuâžkan 45] lÄ idÄlawÄĆĄtÄni
4.10. nuâžkan 46 -uĆĄ ĆĄuáž«áž«i ĆĄarÄ paizzi nâžaĆĄ d 4.11. 47kuwat uwaĆĄi .-aĆĄ UZUĆĄuppaĆĄ áž«andawanzi uwami â 4.12. nuâžkan d- URUPiqainariĆĄaz aráž«a URUAĆĄtigurqa anda paizzi
4.13. maáž«áž«anâžaĆĄta 48 .-aĆĄ .- parÄ uezzi nu . . kunnaz -lazziâžya 49 tiyanzi
4.14. mÄn .-aĆĄ .&. URUážȘatti -aáž«áž«uwanzi uezzi âžâžaĆĄâžkan 50 iĆĄtarna aráž«a lÄ paizzi
4.15. mÄn -i ÄĆĄĆĄu 51 nu adanna akuwanna paizzi
Vocabulary
anda (preverb) âin(to)âaruna- (..) (com.) âseaâ aĆĄ(ĆĄa)nu- âto make right; arrangeâ LĂáž«alliri- (com.) (a cult functionary) iráž«a- (-a-) (com.) âborder; border territoryâ dIĆĄtanu- (d-u-) (com.) âsun; sungodâ iĆĄtarna aráž«a âthrough, acrossâ idÄlaweĆĄĆĄ- âto become bad/inimicalâ iwar âas, likeâ (with preceding genitive) (§§16.59â16.60, pp. 255â256) kÄĆĄa/kÄĆĄma (The word itself need not have a separate translation. For its effect on the
aspectâand therefore translationâof the finite verb see §§24.27â24.29, pp. 323â324.)
genzuwala- âmercifulâ kuit âbecause, sinceâ (see §8.9, p. 151; §§30.41â30.45, pp. 418â419)luluwÄi- âto cause to prosper, cause to thriveâ
43. naĆĄma should be translated âor ifâ here, as the first clause is a conditional one. 44. kuitki is âsomeâ (sg. nom.-acc. neut.) modifying .45. See §28.78 (p. 372) on the use of -kan.46. See §28.71 (p. 370).47. Asyndeton is regular in the first clause of direct quotes. In a dialogue the first clause of each succes-
sive speaker will be asyndetic. See §27.8 (p. 351) and §29.4 (p. 390).48. See §28.110 (p. 382).49. For the ending of -lazzi see §1.116 (p. 42).50. See §28.75 (p. 371). 51. This clause illustrates a common expression for âif it please(s)âŠ(plus dative)â. Note the lack of an
enclitic subject pronoun for non-referential âitâ. Such clauses can also have a real subject: nammaâžĆĄĆĄi mÄn DUGáž«arĆĄiyalli / ÄĆĄĆĄu âThen if he wishes áž«arĆĄiyalli-vessels, . . .â KUB 7.5 iv 12â13.
Lesson 4
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maáž«áž«an (-an) âwhenâ menaáž«áž«anda (-anda) âtowards, facingânaáž«ĆĄariya- âto be(come) afraidânaĆĄma âorâ nuntarnu- âto hasten, act hastilyâpai- âto goâ (with preverbs indicating direction)ĆĄarÄ âup, upwardâĆĄarku- âexaltedâĆĄuáž«áž«a- (com.) âroofâ UZUĆĄuppa- âsacralized/consecrated meatâ (collective plural only)52 tarku- âto danceâ (§12.12, p. 194)uwa-, ue- âto comeâLĂ zináž«uri- (com.) (a cult functionary) . âdiedâ (see §31.34, p. 440).- âpalaceâ -(l )a- âleft-(hand)â - âthey singâ (= ` see §§31.27ff., pp. 438ff.)d- âmy Sungodâ (royal title; usually translated âHis Majestyâ)53
1- âoneâ (the complement - represents the end of the Akkadian word iĆĄtÄn âoneâ, see §31.26, p. 438)
ïżœ âlegal case, disputeâ âin, intoâ (marks dative-locative case) (marks ablative or instrumental case, thus âfromâ or âwithâ)- âyourâ (sg.) (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms, §31.24, p. 437)ïżœ - âoathâ âof heavenâ- âtheirâ (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms, §31.24, p. 437) âbowsâ
52. This noun is originally the collective nom.-acc. plural of the adjective ƥuppi-. See §4.37 (p. 94). 53. This royal title, indicating an identification of the king with the Sungod, the god of justice, whose
typical dress he at times shared, is also indicated on the royal seal by the use of the winged sun-disk over the royal name. The Hittite king was not, however, considered divine while he was alive.
Lesson 4
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Lesson 5
Grammar
This lesson introduces nouns in -t-, nouns and adjectives in -nt-, and the present in-dicative of verbs with an infix -ni(n)-. For nouns in -t- read §§4.91â4.98 (pp. 120â123) and memorize the paradigms of aniyatt- âritualâ and ĆĄiwatt- âdayâ (§4.94, pp. 121â122). For adjectives in -nt- read §4.97 (p. 123) and memorize the paradigm of áž«Ć«mant- âallâ (§4.98, p. 123). Nouns in -nt- (all common genderâsee §4.96) are inflected just like the adjectives (see the paradigm of iĆĄpant- ânightâ in §§4.98, p. 123).
Hittite has a single participle, formed with a suffix -ant- and inflected just like other adjectives in -nt-. It is built to the regular verbal stem, the same stem as the present third plural in those cases where there is stem variation (e.g., appant- âseizedâ, kurant- âcutâ, áž«andÄnt- âprepared, arrangedâ). Read §§25.39ff. (pp. 339ff.) for the meaning and usage of the participles. Note that, with rare exceptions (§25.39), participles have a passive meaning when formed from transitive verbs. Like other adjectives, Hittite participles may modify nouns (§§25.41â25.42, p. 339), but they much more frequently occur as predicates (§25.43, p. 339). When they serve as attributives, they follow rather than precede their head nouns. Sometimes they form a âcompound perfectâ tense with the verbs áž«ar(k)- âto haveâ or ÄĆĄ- âto beâ: carefully read §§22.19ff. (pp. 310ff.) on how these constructions are used, focusing for the present only on the construction with ÄĆĄ-54 and noting that the verb âto beâ is sometimes left unexpressed (§22.3, p. 306).
A small class of verbs ending in a -k- form their stem by inserting an âinfixâ -ni(n)- before the final -k-. Memorize the present tense portion of the paradigm of áž«arnink- âdestroyâ (§12.18, p. 196), noting the distribution of the variants -nik- and -nink-.
Note on Transliteration. In the first four lessons the translation exercises have been presented in so-called âbound transcription,â with the morpheme boundaries before en-clitics marked with (âž). But published editions of Hittite texts use transliteration, for it more directly reflects how the texts are written in the cuneiform originals. Therefore, beginning in Lesson 5 the exercises are given in transliteration. To aid students make the transition from bound transcription, in Lessons 5â9 transliterated Hittite texts are fol-lowed by the same selections in bound transcription. The latter should help in interpret-ing the former. Beginning with lesson 10, only transliteration will be used.
54. For the áž«ar(k)- construction see Lesson 6.
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Translation Exercise
5.1. -uĆĄ .-an .-az wa-al-aáž«-zi iĆĄ-pa-an-ta-az-ma-aĆĄ 55 tu-uz-zi-ya-zi
5.2. Ăș-e-ri-ya-an-te-eĆĄ --ya Ăș-e-ri-ya-an-te-eĆĄ .-eĆĄ - Ăș-wa-an-zi
5.3. .-aĆĄ Ăș-e-ri-ya-wa-an-zi pa-i-u-e-ni áž«a-an-te-ez-zi-ma-at -ti - Ăș-wa-an-zi
5.4. LĂ.MEĆ -eĆĄ .-uĆĄ pu-nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-zi kar-tim-mi-ya-at-ti-wa pĂ©-ra-an 56 - Ăș-wa-at-te-ni
5.5. .-za ku-it -wa-aĆĄ .-ti ĆĄe-er te-pa-u-eĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-za na-at a-ap-pa URUážȘa-at-tu-ĆĄa pa-a-an-zi
â 5.6. iĆĄ-pa-an-ti-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-an ĆĄa-aĆĄ-ti ĆĄa-ne-ez-zi-iĆĄ te-eĆĄ-áž«a-aĆĄ an-tu-uáž«-ĆĄa-an pĂ-it-tu-li-ya-an-ta-an na-at-ta e-ep-zi
â 5.7. tĂĄk-ku .19.-an ku-iĆĄ-ki 57 áž«u-Ăș-ni-ik-zi ta-an iĆĄ-tar-ni-ik-zi nu a-pu-u-un 58 ĆĄa-a-ak-ta-a-iz-zi
5.8. ma-a-aáž«-áž«a-an ki-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-an iĆĄ-ta-ma-aĆĄ-mi .-aĆĄ-wa Ăș-ez-zi nu-za . ...-ya ni-ni-ik-mi
â 5.9. nu-za -uĆĄ URUTu-wa-nu-wa-an za-aáž«-áž«i-ya-u-wa-an-zi e-ep-zi 59 5.10. an-tu-uáž«-ĆĄe-eĆĄ áž«u-u-ma-an-te-eĆĄ da-lu-ga-uĆĄ ..&.-uĆĄ du-uĆĄ-ga-ra-at-
ta-an-na ĆĄa-an-áž«a-an-zi
5.11. -aĆĄ ku-it me-ek-ki kar-tim-mi-ya-wa-an-za nu na-aáž«-ĆĄa-ra-az .-uĆĄ e-ep-zi
5.12. -uĆĄ-za . .-an tar-aáž«-zi nu ku-na-an-za-aĆĄ-ĆĄa 60 me-ek-ki 61 LĂap-pa-an-za-aĆĄ-ĆĄa me-ek-ki
â 5.13. nu-ut-ta 62 ka-a-aĆĄ-ma tar-pa-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-an Ăș-nu-wa-an-da-an pĂ-ya-mi na-aĆĄ-kĂĄn 63 áž«u-u-ma-an-da-az 64 aĆĄ-ĆĄa-nu-wa-an-za
55. The ablative iĆĄpantaz is used to mean âat nightâ (see §16.95, p. 266).56. On this use of peran see §20.23, end (p. 299).57. kuiĆĄki is âsomeone, anyoneâ (sg. nom. com.).58. apĆ«n is âhim, that oneâ (sg. acc. com.), referring to the injured party. 59. For the meaning of Äpp- plus infinitive see §25.20 (p. 335).60. The double use of the conjunction -a (geminating) means âboth . . . andâ (see §29.42, p. 401). For
the spelling see §1.114 (p. 42). 61. Both kunanza and appanza should be understood as collectives, and mekki is predicatival âmuchâ.
Idiomatic English demands plurals: âThose slain are many . . .â.62. This sentence is addressed to an angry deity.63. A local particle (one in the class of -kan) is obligatory with the verb aĆĄĆĄanu-.64. The use of the ablative here is essentially instrumental: âmade right with everythingâ = âwell pre-
pared in every respectâ.
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â 5.14. dMe-ez-zu-ul-la âž - d-za 65 - d URUA-ri-in-na a-aĆĄ-ĆĄi-ya-an-za .-aĆĄ
â 5.15. nu URUUl-ma-an áž«ar-ni-ik-mi nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi-kĂĄn pĂ©-e-di-iĆĄ-ĆĄi .&.SAR ĆĄu-Ăș-ni-ya-mi.
Broad Transcription
5.1. -uĆĄ .-an .-az walhzi iĆĄpantazâžmaâžaĆĄ tuzziyazi 5.2. weriyanteĆĄ `âžya weriyanteĆĄ .-eĆĄ uwanzi 5.3. .-aĆĄ weriyawanzi paiweni áž«antezziâžmaâžat -ti ` uwanzi 5.4. LĂ.MEĆ -eĆĄ .-uĆĄ punuĆĄĆĄanzi kartimmiyattiâžwa peran ` uwatteni 5.5. .-za kuit -waĆĄ .-ti ĆĄer tepaweĆĄĆĄanza nâžat URUážȘattuĆĄa Äppa
pÄnzi
â 5.6. iĆĄpantiâžĆĄĆĄan ĆĄaĆĄti ĆĄanezziĆĄ teĆĄáž«aĆĄ antuáž«ĆĄan pittuliyantan natta Äpzi â 5.7. takku .19.-an kuiĆĄki áž«Ć«nikzi tâžan iĆĄtarnikzi nu apĆ«n ĆĄÄktÄizzi
5.8. mÄáž«áž«an kiĆĄĆĄan iĆĄtamaĆĄmi .-aĆĄâžwa uezzi nuâžza . .. .âžya ninikmi
â 5.9. nuâžza -uĆĄ URUTuwanuwan zaáž«áž«iyauwanzi Äpzi
5.10. antuáž«ĆĄeĆĄ áž«Ć«manteĆĄ dalugauĆĄ ..&.-uĆĄ duĆĄgarattannâža ĆĄanáž«anzi 5.11. -aĆĄ kuit mekki kartimmiyawanza nu naáž«ĆĄaraz .-uĆĄ Äpzi
5.12. -uĆĄâžza . .-an taráž«zi nu kunanzaĆĄĆĄâža mekki LĂappanzaĆĄĆĄâža mekki
â 5.13. nuâžtta kÄĆĄma tarpaĆĄĆĄan unuwandan piyami nâžaĆĄâžkan áž«Ć«mandaz aĆĄĆĄanuwanza
â 5.14. dMezzulla âž dâžza d URUArinna ÄĆĄĆĄiyanza .-aĆĄ
â 5.15. nu URUUlman áž«arnikmi nuâžĆĄĆĄiâžkan pÄdiâžĆĄĆĄi .&.SAR ĆĄĆ«niyami
Vocabulary
ÄĆĄĆĄiyant- âdear, belovedâáž«arnink- âto destroyâ (with or without aráž«a)áž«Ć«mant- âall, wholeâ (follows(!) the noun it modifies, see §25.41, p. 339)áž«Ć«nink- âto injureâiĆĄpant- (6-ant-) (com.) ânightâiĆĄtamaĆĄĆĄ- âto hearâiĆĄtarnink- âto make sick, incapacitateâ
65. See §28.36 (p. 363) for this use of -za.
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kartimmiyatt- (.-(at) t-) (com.) âangerâ kartimmiyawant- (.-(w) ant-) âangryâ mekki âveryâ dMezzulla- (com.) (a deity)naáž«ĆĄaratt- (com.) âfear, awe; fearsomenessâ ninink- âto raise, mobilize; (re)moveâpittuliyant- âworried, anxiousâpiya- âto sendâĆĄÄktÄi- âto tend to, care forâ (the sick or injured)ĆĄanezzi- âfine; sweetâĆĄanáž«- âto seek; search; sweepâĆĄaĆĄt- (com.) âbed; sleepâĆĄer âabove; on; forâ (with preceding dative-locative)ĆĄiwatt- (/.-(at)t- §9.51, p. 167) (com.) âdayâĆĄĆ«niya- âto sow, scatter, sprinkleâta (conj.) (Old Hittite only; for its use see §§29.15ff., pp. 393ff.)takku âifâ (Old Hittite only)daluki- âlongâtarpaĆĄĆĄa- (com.) âritual substituteâtepaweĆĄĆĄ- âto become (too) smallâteĆĄáž«a- (com.) () âdreamâduĆĄgaratt- (com.) âjoyâtuzziya- âto encamp, make camp, go into campâ unu- âto adornâ (also inflected as a stem unuwÄi-)wÄtt-/wÄ«tt- (/.-t- see §9.51, p. 167) (com.) âyearâzaáž«áž«iya- âto fightâ .-t- (com.) âtroopsâ66
(com.) âladyâ d (com.) âStorm-godâ.&.SAR (neut.) âweedsâ (written with the sign ) âandâ
66. This noun is grammatically singular but collective in meaning, and Hittite sometimes refers back to it with plural pronouns.
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Lesson 6
Grammar
This lesson introduces noun stems in -r/-n-, the verb áž«ar(k)- âhold, haveâ, the present indicative of mi-verbs with alternating stem in -e-/-a-, and verbal stems with the suffix -ĆĄke-.
One large class of neuter nouns in Hittite shows an r-suffix in the nominative-accusative but an -n- suffix in all the other cases (âheteroclitics,â §§4.99ff., pp. 124ff.). The very productive suffixes -Ätar/-ann- and -eĆĄĆĄar/-eĆĄn-(/ssn/) form very regular para-digms. Memorize those for paprÄtar âimpurityâ (§4.104, pp. 126â127) and áž«anneĆĄĆĄar âlegal caseâ (§4.108, p. 128). Learn also the similar paradigms of mÄáž«ur âtimeâ (§4.101, pp. 124â125) and áž«uitar âwild animalsâ (§4.104, end, p. 127). A small set of nouns shows variation in their stem in addition to the alternation between r and n. Memorize the paradigms for ÄĆĄáž«ar âbloodâ, paáž«áž«ur âfireâ, uttar âword; matterâ and wÄtar âwaterâ (§4.101, pp. 124â125), paying special attention to the difference between nominative-accusative singular and plural. Verbal nouns in -war (i.e., the âverbal substantiveâ) show -war in the nominative-accusative and -waĆĄ in the genitive, with no trace of -n- (§4.114, p. 130; §11.20, p. 185). For the use of the verbal substantive read §§25.4â25.9 (pp. 330â332). While the paradigm of per âhouseâ is unique, it resembles that of r/n-stems enough to be conveniently learned here (§4.115, pp. 130â131).
The verb áž«ar(k)- âto hold, haveâ loses its final -k- before endings beginning with a consonant. Memorize only the present tense portion of the paradigm (§12.10, p. 193). Besides functioning as an ordinary main verb âto hold, haveâ, áž«ar(k)- also occurs in a construction with the nominative-accusative singular neuter form of the participle. Read §§22.19â22.24 (pp. 310â312) on the two different meanings of this construction.
For mi-verbs with alternating stems in -e-/-a- read §§12.23â12.27 (pp. 199â202) and study only the present tense portion of the table found there. Also learn the present
tense of the irregular verb tÄ-/tar- âsayâ (§§12.48â12.49, pp. 211â212). Read §§12.31â12.33 (pp. 204â206) for a description of the formation of stems in -ĆĄke- and memorize the present tense forms of daĆĄke- âtakeâ (§12.33, p. 205). The function of verbal stems in -ĆĄke- (and alternates that need not concern you at this point) is very broad. Learn the basics of their use by reading chapter 24. Footnotes will aid in recognizing which mean-ing is intended in a particular example.
Translation Exercise
6.1. ma-a-an . an-tu-uáž«-ĆĄa-an i-da-a-la-wa-az ud-da-na-az - pa-aáž«-ĆĄa-an-zi na-aĆĄ áž«ar-ak-zi
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â 6.2. . URUMi-iz-ra-ma ma-aáž«-áž«a-an URUAm-ka -aáž«-áž«u-wa-ar iĆĄ-ta-ma-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-zi na-at na-aáž«-ĆĄa-ri-ya-an-zi 67
â 6.3. nu-za . i-da-a-la-u-az ud-da-na-az e-eĆĄ-áž«a-na-az iĆĄ-áž«a-aáž«-ru-wa-az áž«u-u-ma-an-da-az-zi-ya pĂĄr-ku-wa-e-eĆĄ
â 6.4. tĂĄk-ku -aĆĄ -er lu-uk-ke-ez-zi iĆĄ-áž«a-a-aĆĄ-ĆĄi-ĆĄa 68 ĆĄe-e-er-ĆĄi-it 69 ĆĄar-ni-ik-zi . . . tĂĄk-ku na-at-ta-ma ĆĄar-ni-ik-zi nu a-pu-u-un-pĂĄt 70 ĆĄu-Ăș-ez-zi
â 6.5. áž«al-ki-iĆĄ-wa ma-aáž«-áž«a-an ...19. áž«u-i-tar-ra áž«u-u-ma-an áž«u-iĆĄ-nu-uĆĄ-ke-ez-zi 71 . ki-i-ya 72 Ă-er ka-a-aĆĄ áž«al-ki-iĆĄ kal-la-ri-it 73 ud-da-na-az -- áž«u-iĆĄ-nu-zi
6.6. .-aĆĄ UZUĆĄu-up-pa pa-aáž«-áž«u-e-ni-it za-nu-me-ni nu -an-da pa-aáž«-áž«ur Ăș-i-te-ni-it ki-iĆĄ-ta-nu-me-ni
â 6.7. -an-za-aĆĄ 74 nu d -- .&.-it uĆĄ-ke-ez-zi -an-na-az 75 -an-na-aĆĄ az-zi-ik-ke-ez-zi
6.8. ne-ku-uz me-e-áž«ur .-eĆĄ áž«u-u-ma-an-te-eĆĄ pĂĄr-na pa-a-an-zi
6.9. LĂ . -er iĆĄ-áž«a-na-az pa-ap-ra-an-na-az-zi-ya pĂĄr-ku-nu-zi
â 6.10. LĂ-aĆĄ-ta áž«a-a-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-an a-ra-aáž«-za-an-da ĆĄi-i-eĆĄ-ni-it gul-aĆĄ-zi
6.11. . ta-ra-an-te-eĆĄ --ya ta-ra-an-te-eĆĄ a-ru-na-az &..-az áž«a-a-ri-ya-az Ăș-el-lu-wa-az pĂ©-e-da-az-zi-ya áž«u-u-ma-an-da-az Ăș-wa-an-zi
6.12. -wa-aĆĄ . âž áž«u-u-ma-an-du-uĆĄ áž«u-ul-la-mi nu - áž«u-u-ma-an-da-az pa-aáž«-áž«a-aĆĄ-mi
â 6.13. mZu-ru-uĆĄ . -- du-ud-du-mi-li áž«a-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-na-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-aĆĄ âž mTa-áž«ur-wa-i-li-in pĂ-i-e-et nu-za-kĂĄn mTi-it-ti-ya-aĆĄ áž«a-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-tar ku-en-ta
6.14. -uĆĄ-za .. . tar-aáž«-áž«a-an áž«ar-zi
67. The context shows that naឫƥariyanzi refers to a past action. For this use of the present tense see §22.6 (p. 307).
68. The enclitic -ĆĄiĆĄ is a possessive adjective meaning âhisâ (likewise -ĆĄaĆĄ in sentence 13). For the final -a see §29.30 (p. 397).
69. For the grammar and sense of ĆĄÄrâžĆĄit see §20.26 (p. 300).70. apĆ«n is sg. acc. com. of the anaphoric/demonstrative pronoun apÄ-, thus âhim, that oneâ, referring
back to -aƥ.71. The -ƥke-form marks omnitemporality here. The statement is gnomic, i.e., true at any time (§24.15,
p. 321).72. kÄ« (sg. nom.-acc. neut.) and kÄĆĄ (sg. nom. com.) both mean âthisâ.73. For this use of the instrumental see §16.109 (p. 269).74. This word is a complete nominal sentence. The reference is to a priestess removed from her office
(but spared the death penalty) for committing murder. 75. For the alternate writing of -za see §28.16 (p. 357).
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â 6.15. áž«ar-na-u-aĆĄ-za ku-it -za 76 - - - ĆĄe-er .-za ĆĄar-ni-in-kĂĄn áž«ar-mi
Broad Transcription
6.1. mÄn . antuáž«ĆĄan idÄlawaz uddanaz ` paáž«ĆĄanzi nâžaĆĄ áž«arkzi
â 6.2. . URUMizraâžma maáž«áž«an URUAmka -aáž«áž«uwar iĆĄtamaĆĄĆĄanzi nâžat naáž«ĆĄariyanzi
â 6.3. nuâžza . idÄlawaz uddanaz ÄĆĄáž«anaz iĆĄáž«aáž«ruwaz áž«Ć«mandazziâžya parkuwaÄĆĄ
â 6.4. takku -aĆĄ -er lukkezzi iĆĄáž«ÄĆĄâžĆĄiĆĄâža ĆĄÄrâžĆĄit ĆĄarnikzi . . . takku nattaâžma ĆĄarnikzi nu apĆ«nâžpat ĆĄuwezzi
â 6.5. áž«alkiĆĄâžwa maáž«áž«an ...19. áž«uitarrâža áž«Ć«man áž«uiĆĄnuĆĄkezzi . kÄ«âžya -er kÄĆĄ áž«alkiĆĄ kallarit uddanaz áž«uiĆĄnuzi
6.6. .-aĆĄ UZUĆĄuppa paáž«áž«uenit zanumeni nu -anda paáž«áž«ur witenit kiĆĄtanumeni
â 6.7. -anzaâžaĆĄ nu d .&.-it uĆĄkezzi -annâžaâžz -annaĆĄ azzikkezzi 6.8. nekuz mÄáž«ur .-eĆĄ áž«Ć«manteĆĄ parna pÄnzi
6.9. LĂ . -er iĆĄáž«anaz paprannazziâžya parkunuzi â 6.10. LĂ-aĆĄâž(ĆĄ) ta áž«ÄĆĄĆĄan araáž«zanda ĆĄiyeĆĄnit gul (a) ĆĄzi
6.11. . taranteĆĄ `âžya taranteĆĄ arunaz &..-az áž«Äriyaz welluwaz pÄdazziâžya áž«Ć«mandaz uwanzi
6.12. -waĆĄ . âž áž«Ć«manduĆĄ áž«ullami nu - áž«Ć«mandaz paáž«áž«aĆĄmi
â 6.13. mZuruĆĄ . duddumili áž«aĆĄĆĄannaĆĄâžĆĄaĆĄ âž mTaáž«urwailin piyÄt nuâžzaâžkan mTittiyaĆĄ áž«aĆĄĆĄatar kuenta
6.14. -uĆĄâžza .. . tar(a)áž«áž«an áž«arzi
â 6.15. áž«arnawaĆĄâžza kuit -za - âž ĆĄer .-za ĆĄarninkan áž«armi
Vocabulary
appanda (-( p)anda) âbehind; afterwardsâaraáž«zanda âaroundâÄĆĄáž«ar (neut.) âblood; bloodshedâáž«ar(k)- âto hold; haveâ
76. The first sentence ends with -za. For its syntax see §28.34 (p. 363).
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áž«arnau- (com.) âbirthing stoolâ (§4.53, p. 101)áž«arĆĄar (.) (neut.) âhead; personâáž«aĆĄĆĄÄtar (-tar ) (neut.) âbirth; familyâ áž«uiĆĄwant- (-(w) ant-) âalive, livingâáž«uiĆĄwÄtar (-(wa) tar) (neut.) âlifeâáž«uitar (neut.) âwild animalsâ 77
áž«ulle- âto fight (someone, -thing); contraveneâiĆĄáž«aáž«ru- (neut.) âtearsâkallar(a)- âunfavorable, harmfulâkiĆĄtanu- âto extinguishâgulĆĄ(ĆĄ)- âto incise, inscribe, drawâ lukke- âto set fire toâmÄáž«ur (neut.) âtimeânekut- (com.) âtwilight, eveningâpaáž«(áž«a)ĆĄ- âto protectâpaáž«áž«ur () (neut.) âfireâpaprÄtar (neut.) âimpurityâparkunu- âto purify, cleanseâ-pat (a particle) (see §§28.115ff., pp. 384ff.) per () (neut.) âhouseâĆĄÄkuwa- (-wa-) (com.) âeyeâ78 ĆĄarnink- âto make restitutionâ ĆĄiyeĆĄĆĄar (-eĆĄĆĄar) (neut.) âbeerâ ĆĄuwe- âto push (away), rejectâtÄ-/tar- âto speak; mentionâduddumili âsecretlyâuĆĄke- âto seeâuttar () (neut.) âword; matter, affairâ wÄtar () (neut.) âwaterâ...19.-(l)a- (com.) âhuman beingâ (com.) âclient, patron, sacrificerâ . (com.) âchief of the bodyguardâ-(n)- (com.) âwomanâ (for its inflection see §4.78, p. 113) -u- (com.) âsheepâ
77. This noun always has a collective meaning, even in the singular.78. This noun is common gender, but the plural is consistently a collective. See §3.13 (p. 68).
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Lesson 7
Grammar
This lesson introduces n-stem nouns and the preterite tense of mi-conjugation verbs.
For neuter n-stem nouns read §§4.68â4.69 (p. 108) and memorize the paradigm of lÄman- ânameâ (§4.70, p. 109). Also memorize the special paradigm of tÄkan âearthâ (§4.71, p. 110), which has a unique stem variation. Most common-gender n-stem nouns show variation between a stem without -n- in the nominative singular and with -n- else-where. Read §§4.73â4.75 (pp. 111â112) and memorize the paradigms of memi ( y)an- âwordâ and áž«aran- âeagleâ (§§4.75â4.76), paying special attention to the tendency of these stems to become a-stems. The small class of common-gender nouns in -anza(n)- also shows variation between a stem without -n- in the nominative singular and with -n- elsewhere. Read carefully the description of this type in §4.79 (pp. 113â114), noting the existence of the singular nominative in -anza or -anzaĆĄ.
Learn the preterite endings of the mi-conjugation (§11.6, p. 181). Then carefully study the preterite tense portions of the paradigms representing all the various classes of mi-conjugation verbs whose present tenses were previously learned: wal (a)áž«- (§12.8, p. 192), Äpp- (§12.3, p. 189), Äd- (§12.3, p. 189), kuen- (§12.6, p. 190), arnu- and waáž«nu- (§12.44, p. 211), tiya- (§12.29, p. 203), verbs in -eĆĄĆĄ- (§12.20, p. 197), áž«andÄi- (§12.36, p. 207), pai- and uwa- (§12.41, p. 209), áž«arnink- (§12.18, p. 197), áž«ulle- (§12.25, p. 201), and verbs in -ĆĄke- (§12.33, p. 206). Since any stem variation is the same as in the present tense, there should be no difficulty in learning the preterite tense for all of these at once.
Translation Exercise
â 7.1. nu-wa - URUážȘa-at-ti áž«i-in-kĂĄn pĂ-ya-at-tĂ©n 79 nu-wa URUážȘa-at-ti áž«i-in-ga-na-az me-ek-ki ta-ma-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-an e-eĆĄ-ta
â 7.2. . ..-mu ut-tar áž«a-at-ra-a-eĆĄ 80 na-aĆĄ-mu lam-ni-it áž«a-at-ra-a-eĆĄ
â 7.3. nu-kĂĄn . ...&. áž«u-u-ma-an-te-eĆĄ 81 URUĆ a-pĂ-nu-wa ĆĄa-ra-a pĂ©-áž«u-te-er
â 7.4. Ăș-i-il-na-aĆĄ .-an te-eĆĄ-ĆĄu-um-mi-uĆĄ-ĆĄa ta-ak-na-a áž«a-ri-e-mi tu-uĆĄ tar-ma-e-mi
79. This quotation is addressed to the gods in a prayer.80. Sentences 2 and 3 are adapted from a letter addressed by one official to another.81. In this MH text the nom. pl. com. ending -eĆĄ is being used for the accusative (see Hoffner forthcom-
ing and in this grammar §3.16 (p. 70).
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â 7.5. a-ĆĄe-eĆĄ-ĆĄar ĆĄa-ra-a ti-ya-zi nu LĂ.MEĆ . a-ĆĄe-eĆĄ-ni a-ku-wa-an-na pĂ-an-zi 82
â 7.6. URUKap-pĂ©-e-ri-in-ma-za URUKa-a-ra-aĆĄ-ĆĄu-wa-an URUážȘur-na-an-na ar-kam-ma-na-aĆĄ 83 i-ya-nu-un nu URUážȘa-at-tu-ĆĄi -an ar-kam-ma-na-an-ni pĂ©-e áž«ar-ker
â 7.7. -un-aĆĄ-ta 84 áž«a-a-li-az a-ap-pa - ku-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-ka kar-ĆĄu-un 85 -un-aĆĄ-ta a-ĆĄa-Ăș-na-az -pa . 86
â 7.8. - ...19.-pĂĄt-kĂĄn 87 an-da me-mi-an kiĆĄ-an me-mi-iĆĄ-kĂĄn-zi áž«ar-na-a-u-wa-aĆĄ-wa -ni-i - ka-a-ri ti-ya-zi
â 7.9. mážȘa-an-ti-li-ĆĄa 88 LĂ.-aĆĄ e-eĆĄ-ta nu-za fážȘa-ra-ap-ĆĄi-li-in mMur-ĆĄi-i-li -an-ni áž«ar-ta
â 7.10. URUážȘa-pa-al-la-ma-az 89 li-in-ki-ya 90 kat-ta-an ki-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-an 91 zi-ik-ke-eĆĄ . . . nam-ma-ma-kĂĄn URUážȘa-pa-a-al-la ku-en-ta-ya - 92 e-ep-ta-ya-at - 92
7.11. - .-kĂĄn 93 áž«u-u-ma-an-te-eĆĄ &-un -an da-an-ku-ya-az tĂĄk-na-az ar-áž«a áž«ar-ni-in-ker
7.12. .-aĆĄ - - an-da Ăș-et nu A.Ć Ăku-e-ru-uĆĄ lu-uk-ke-et nu áž«al-ki-uĆĄ áž«u-u-ma-an-du-uĆĄ áž«ar-ni-ik-ta
â 7.13. na-aĆĄ-ta 94 Ă-ri an-da la-aáž«-áž«a-an-za-na-aĆĄ MUĆ EN áž«i-âšim-â©mu-uĆĄ i-ya-an-zi nu .&. 10 la-âšaáž«-â©áž«a-an-zaMUĆ EN 95 i-ya-an-za nu-uĆĄ - . áž«a-liĆĄ-ĆĄi-ya-an-zi
82. pianzi is present third plural â(they) giveâ.83. The genitive arkammanaĆĄ means here âtribute-bearingâ (see §16.61, p. 256), and the reflexive means
â(I made them tributary) to myselfâ. 84. For the significance of the syllabification of -un-aĆĄ-ta see §1.9 (p. 12). For the particle -aĆĄta
underscoring separation see §28.110 (p. 382).85. The context is of a prayer where the speaker is denying that he held back (Äppa) choice animals from
offerings to the gods for his own use.86. . functions like English âdittoâ, that is, the scribe uses . to indicate repetition of whatever
has not changed in the preceding text of parallel constructions. Here (in #7.7) it stands for ` kuĆĄĆĄanka karĆĄun
87. The particle -kan here underscores the local sense of âamong mankindâ. See §28.49 (p. 366).88. The sentence in its original context introduces this person as a new topic, hence the conjunction -a,
which is untranslatable in this case (see §29.30, p. 397).89. Read as âžmaâžz, with the conjunction -ma (untranslatable out of context) and the reflexive particle
-z(a).90. linkiya is dative-locative singular of lingai- âoathâ.91. kiĆĄĆĄan âas followsâ refers to a following direct quotation in the original text that is omitted here.92. The combination of double âžya âalso, andâ and the negative is equivalent to âneitherâŠnorâ. You
should assume that kuenta and Äpta are the same person and number as zikkeĆĄ.93. For the use of -kan with áž«arnink- see §28.77, end (p. 372).94. The local particle -aĆĄta often associates with the adverb/postposition anda in the same clause. But
the exact sense of this is still unclear.95. Hittite often uses a singular noun with a number higher than one. See §9.22 (p. 159).
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7.14. d-uĆĄ áž«a-a-ra-na-anMUĆ EN le-e-li-wa-an-da-an pĂ-i-e-et na-aĆĄ-ta pĂĄr-ga-mu-uĆĄ &.&.-uĆĄ ĆĄa-an-aáž«-ta dTe-li-pĂ-nu-na 96 - Ăș-e-mi-ya-at
7.15. -uĆĄ LĂ.MEĆ áž«a-lu-kat-ta-al-la-aĆĄ te-ez-zi ku-wa-at-wa Ăș-wa-at-tĂ©n nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi a-ap-pa ta-ra-an-zi tĂĄk-ĆĄu-la-an-na-aĆĄ-wa-at-ta me-mi-ni ĆĄe-er Ăș-wa-u-en
Broad Transcription
â 7.1. nuâžwa URUážȘatti áž«inkan piyatten nuâžwa URUážȘatti áž«inganaz mekki tamaĆĄĆĄan ÄĆĄta
â 7.2. . ..âžmu uttar áž«atrÄeĆĄ nâžaĆĄâžmu lamnit áž«atrÄeĆĄ
â 7.3. nuâžkĂĄn . ...&. áž«Ć«manteĆĄ URUĆ apinuwa ĆĄarÄ peáž«uter
â 7.4. wÄ«lnaĆĄ .-an teĆĄĆĄummiuĆĄĆĄâža taknÄ áž«ariemi tâžuĆĄ tarmaemi â 7.5. aĆĄeĆĄĆĄar ĆĄarÄ tiyazi nu LĂ.MEĆ . aĆĄeĆĄni akuwanna pianzi
â 7.6. URUKappÄrinâžmaâžza URUKÄraĆĄĆĄuwan URUážȘurnannâža arkammanaĆĄ iyanun nu URUážȘattuĆĄi -an arkammananni pÄ áž«arker
â 7.7. -unâžaĆĄta áž«Äliaz Äppa ` kuĆĄĆĄanka karĆĄun -unâžaĆĄta aĆĄaunaz -pa .
â 7.8. ...19.âžpatâžkan anda memian kiĆĄan memiĆĄkanzi áž«arnÄuwaĆĄâžwa -nÄ« - kÄri tiyazi
â 7.9. mážȘantiliĆĄâža LĂ.-aĆĄ ÄĆĄta nuâžza fážȘarapĆĄilin mMurĆĄÄ«li -anni áž«arta
â 7.10. URUážȘapallaâžmaâžz linkiya kattan kiĆĄĆĄan zikkeĆĄ . . . nammaâžmaâžkan URUážȘapÄlla kuentaâžya ` Äptaâžyaâžat `
7.11. .âžkan áž«Ć«manteĆĄ &-un -an dankuyaz taknaz aráž«a áž«arninker 7.12. .-aĆĄ - anda uet nu A.Ć ĂkueruĆĄ lukket nu áž«alkiuĆĄ áž«Ć«manduĆĄ
áž«arnikta
â 7.13. nâžaĆĄta -ri anda laáž«áž«anzanaĆĄMUĆ EN áž«immuĆĄ iyanzi nu .&. 10 laáž«áž«anzaMUĆ EN iyanza nâžuĆĄ . áž«aliĆĄĆĄiyanzi
7.14. d-uĆĄ áž«ÄrananMUĆ EN lÄliwandan piyÄt nâžaĆĄta pargamuĆĄ &.&.-uĆĄ ĆĄan(a)áž«ta dTelipinunâža ` wemiyat
7.15. -uĆĄ LĂ.MEĆ áž«alukattallaĆĄ tezzi kuwatâžwa uwatten nuâžĆĄĆĄi Äppa taranzi takĆĄulannaĆĄâžwaâžtta memini ĆĄer uwawen
Vocabulary
anda (postposition with d.-l.) âin, amongâarkam(m)an- (com.) âtributeâarkam(m)anÄtar (neut.) âpayment of tributeâ
96. Note that the conjunction is non-geminating -a (i.e., -a/-ma, §29.23â29.24, p. 395), hence âbutâ in this context.
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aĆĄawar () (neut.) âsheepfoldâ aĆĄeĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âassemblyâáž«Äli- (neut.) âcorralâáž«aliĆĄĆĄiya- âto coat, plate, inlayâLĂáž«alugattalla- ( '+) (com.) âmessengerâ áž«Äran-MUĆ EN (MUĆ EN) (com.) âeagleâáž«ariya- âto buryâáž«enkan- () (neut.) âdeath; plagueâáž«imma- (com.) âmodel, replicaâkÄri tiya- âto accede to (the wishes of)âkarĆĄ- âto cut; segregateâkattan (-an) âunderâkuĆĄĆĄanka âeverâ, natta + kuĆĄĆĄanka = âneverâlaáž«(áž«)anzan-MUĆ EN (com.) (kind of duck)lÄman (-an) (neut.) ânameâlÄliwant- âswiftâlinkiyanteĆĄ ( .) (com. pl.) âoath-godsâmemi( y)an- () (com.) âword; matter, affairâ memiĆĄke- âto say, speakânega- (-a-) (com.) âsisterâpÄ áž«ar(k)- âto offer, furnishâ peáž«ute- âto leadâ (see §12.21, p. 198) takĆĄulatar (neut.) âpeaceâtamaĆĄĆĄ- âto press, oppressâ tÄkan () (neut.) âearthâdTelipinu- (com.) (A male deity of the storm-god class, generally conceived as the
producer of life and proliferation among plants and animals.) teĆĄĆĄummi- (-i-) (com.) âcupâwil(a)n- () (com.) âclayâzikke- âto placeâ-atar (neut.) âwifehood, marriageâ-u- (com.) âbovine, cow, steerâ. (functions like English âdittoâ); see p. 26, n. 86 above..-i- (neut.) âsilverâ .. (com.) âblind manâLĂ (.)-(l )a- (com.) âcupbearerâLĂ. (com.) (an offical who distributes beverages)
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Lesson 8
Grammar
This lesson introduces nominal stems in -l-, -r-, and -ĆĄ- and the present indicative of consonantal stems of the áž«i- conjugation. Nouns in -al and -ul are neuters; read §4.64 (p. 106) and §4.66 (p. 107) and memorize the paradigms of áž«aáž«áž«al- âbrushwoodâ and waĆĄtul- âsinâ. Some stems in -i/el are neuter, while others appear to be animate, but note that in both cases the nominative and accusative singular may have a zero ending (memorize the paradigms of alil- âblossomâ and ĆĄarnikzil- âcompensationâ in §4.65, p. 107). Most nouns in -ur are neuter; read §4.80 (p. 114) and memorize the paradigm of aniur âritualâ (§4.81, p. 114). The old noun kurur- âenmityâ is attested as an adjective (study the paradigm in §4.85, p. 117). Nouns and adjectives in -ar may be common gen-der or neuter. Both genders show nominative and accusative singulars with zero ending, but there is a strong tendency for the common-gender nouns to be inflected as a-stems. Read §§4.82â4.83 (pp. 115â116) and study the paradigms of áž«appar- âpurchase, saleâ (neut.) (§4.82), áž«uppar- âbowlâ (com.) and ĆĄittar- âsun-diskâ (com.) (§4.84, p. 116), and the adjective ĆĄakuwaĆĄĆĄar- âfull, completeâ (§4.85, p. 117). The word for âhandâ, already learned as an a-stem, also shows traces of its original inflection as an r-stem with an alternating stem. Study the paradigm in §4.82 (p. 116). Most ĆĄ-stem nouns are neuter and have an invariant stem; read §4.87 (p. 117) and memorize the paradigm of nepiĆĄ- âheaven, skyâ (§4.89, pp. 119â120). The noun for âmouthâ shows stem variation; learn the paradigm of aiĆĄ/iĆĄĆĄ- in §4.88 (p. 118).
Learn the present tense endings of the ឫi-conjugation (§11.6, p. 181). Some consonan-tal stems of the ឫi-conjugation show an invariant stem, while others show an alternation between a in the singular and e in the plural. Note that this distribution is the opposite
of that for corresponding verbs of the mi-conjugation. Memorize the present tense por-tion of the paradigms of ĆĄakk-/ĆĄekk- âknowâ (§13.1, p. 214) and ĆĄipand-/iĆĄpand- âlibateâ (§13.3, p. 216). Note that some verbs ending in a single consonant show an alternation between simple consonant in the third singular and geminate consonant in the third plu-ral (aki vs. akkanzi in §13.1).
Translation Exercise
â 8.1. nu-kĂĄn - 1 . 7 .&.-ya ĆĄi-pa-an-da-an-zi 97 1 tĂĄk-na-aĆĄ d-i 1 d -- 2 áž«u-uáž«-áž«a-aĆĄ áž«a-an-na-aĆĄ 2 1 . ak-kĂĄn-ta-aĆĄ -ni 1 -ma-kĂĄn - d.5 ĆĄi-pa-an-da-an-zi
97. What follows ĆĄi-pa-an-da-an-zi here is a detailed enumeration of the animal offerings. The first seven are treated syntactically as an âextraposedâ apposition (ee §30.9, p. 408). The last is treated as a new clause.
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â 8.2. nu-uĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ 98 d URUážȘa-at-ti iĆĄ-áž«i-Ăș-ul - . URUážȘa-at-ti me-na-aáž«-áž«a-an-da i-ya-at
â 8.3. LUGAL-uĆĄ áž«u-u-up-pa-ri ĆĄi-pa-an-ti .-ĆĄa na-at-ta 8.4. LĂ-iĆĄ -an ku-un-ni-it ki-iĆĄ-ĆĄar-ta e-ep-ta na-an --ni
pé-e ឫar-ta
8.5. an-tu-uáž«-ĆĄa-aĆĄ-kĂĄn 99 an-da me-mi-iĆĄ-kĂĄn-zi ---wa-kĂĄn wa-aĆĄ-tĂșl - - a-ri
â 8.6. tĂĄk-ku -[za áž«]a-a-ĆĄi nu an-na-az-pĂĄt 100 -az [a-]i-iĆĄ ar-áž«a áž«a-a-ĆĄi nu me-ma-i 101 d-aĆĄ -e za-a-áž«i 102
â 8.7. tĂĄk-ku GIĆ -aĆĄ ..&.- áž«u-u-ma-an-da-an ku-iĆĄ-ki 103 wa-a-ĆĄi lu-uz-zi kar-pĂ-ez-zi
â 8.8. URUKat-ti-ti-mu-wa-aĆĄ-ma-mu tĂĄk-ĆĄu-ul e-eĆĄ-ta na-an-kĂĄn iĆĄ-tar-na ar-áž«a pa-a-un nu URUTĂĄg-ga-aĆĄ-ta -aáž«-áž«u-un
â 8.9. nu-mu URUPĂ-ig-ga-i-na-re-eĆĄ-ĆĄa ku-it ku-u-ru-ur e-eĆĄ-ta nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an 104 pa-a-un URUPĂ-ig-ga-i-na-re-eĆĄ-ĆĄa ĆĄa-aĆĄ-ti wa-al-aáž«-áž«u-un
â 8.10. . -la-az TĂGku-re-eĆĄ-ĆĄarážȘI.A - GIĆ pĂ©-ra-an kat-ta ga-an-ki
â 8.11. ma-aáž«-áž«a-an-ma - URUTar-ku-ma a-ar-áž«i nu URUTar-ku-ma-an ar-áž«a wa-ar-nu-mi
â 8.12. ĆĄa-ra-a-kĂĄn Ăș-wa-ĆĄi ne-pĂ-ĆĄa-aĆĄ d-uĆĄ a-ru-na-az nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an ne-pĂ-ĆĄi ti-ya-ĆĄi
â 8.13. nu ĆĄe-ek-kĂĄn-te-et 105 -it an-da le-e ku-iĆĄ-ki za-a-áž«i
â 8.14. ne-pĂ-ĆĄa-aĆĄ d-uĆĄ . áž«u-u-ma-an-du-uĆĄ ne-pĂ-ĆĄa-az tĂĄk-na-a-az &..-az .-az - . .-- Ăș-e-ri-ya-at
â 8.15. tĂĄk-ku áž«a-an-ne-eĆĄ-na-aĆĄ iĆĄ-áž«a-a-aĆĄ 106 le-e-la-ni-at-ta 107 ĆĄar-ti-an-na wa-al-aáž«-zi na-aĆĄ a-ki ĆĄar-ni-ik-zi-il .
98. The reference is to the Egyptians.99. See n. 87 (p. 26) above.
100. The sense of -pĂĄt here is âright (from)â. For the ablative annaz see §16.102 (p. 267); another ex-ample is in §16.94 (p. 266).
101. memai is âspeaksâ (pres. sg. 3). The subject is the newborn child.102. The sense of the present tense here is future. This is not what the newborn says, but a prediction
based upon this omen.103. kuiĆĄki (sg. nom. com.) is âsomeoneâ.104. For the use of -ĆĄan see §28.86 (p. 374) (should be understood as âupon oneâs bedâ vs. English âin
bedâ) and for its position §24.31 (p. 324).105. The participle here has an active sense âknowingâ. See §25.39 (p. 339), end.106. The âlord/master of the law caseâ is a âlitigantâ or âopponent in courtâ, a calque on Akkadian +
ïżœ (§31.36, p. 440).107. The verb lÄlaniatta (m.-p. pres. sg. 3) means âbecomes furiousâ.
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Broad Transcription
â 8.1. nuâžkĂĄn 1 . 7 .&.âžya ĆĄipandanzi 1 tĂĄknaĆĄ d-i 1 d 2 áž«uáž«áž«aĆĄ áž«annaĆĄ 2 1 . akkantaĆĄ -ni 1 âžmaâžkan d.5 ĆĄipandanzi
â 8.2. nuâžĆĄmaĆĄ d URUážȘatti iĆĄáž«iĆ«l . URUážȘatti menaáž«áž«anda iyat
â 8.3. -uĆĄ áž«Ć«ppari ĆĄipanti .-ĆĄâža natta
8.4. LĂ-iĆĄ -an kunnit kiĆĄĆĄarta Äpta nâžan --ni pÄ áž«arta
8.5. antuáž«ĆĄaĆĄâžkan anda memiĆĄkanzi âžâžwaâžkan waĆĄtul âž ari â 8.6. takku -za áž«ÄĆĄi nu annazâžpat -az aÄ«ĆĄ aráž«a áž«ÄĆĄi nu memai d-aĆĄ -e
zÄáž«i
â 8.7. takku GIĆ -aĆĄ ..&.âž áž«Ć«mandan kuiĆĄki wÄĆĄi luzzi karpiezzi â 8.8. URUKattitimuwaĆĄâžmaâžmu takĆĄul ÄĆĄta nâžanâžkan iĆĄtarna aráž«a pÄun nu
URUTaggaĆĄta -aáž«áž«un â 8.9. nuâžmu URUPiggainareĆĄĆĄa kuit kĆ«rur ÄĆĄta nuâžĆĄĆĄan pÄun
URUPiggainareĆĄĆĄa ĆĄaĆĄti wal (a)áž«áž«un
â 8.10. . -laz TĂGkureĆĄĆĄar ážȘI.A GIĆ peran katta ganki
â 8.11. maáž«áž«anâžma URUTarkuma Äráž«i nu URUTarkuman aráž«a warnumi
â 8.12. ĆĄarÄâžkan uwaĆĄi nepiĆĄaĆĄ d-uĆĄ arunaz nuâžĆĄĆĄan nepiĆĄi tiyaĆĄi
â 8.13. nu ĆĄekkantet -it anda lÄ kuiĆĄki zÄáž«i
â 8.14. nepiĆĄaĆĄ d-uĆĄ . áž«Ć«manduĆĄ nepiĆĄaz taknÄz &.-az .-az . .âž weriyat
â 8.15. takku áž«anneĆĄnaĆĄ iĆĄáž«ÄĆĄ lÄlaniatta ĆĄartiannâža wal(a)áž«zi nâžaĆĄ aki ĆĄarnikzil .
Vocabulary
aiĆĄ- (Ă-iĆĄ) (neut.) âmouthâak(k)-áž«áž«i âto dieâ108 ar-áž«áž«i âto arrive (at), reachâ (+ d.-l. or allative)áž«anneĆĄĆĄar () (neut.) âjudgment, law caseâ áž«apan- (-a(n)-) (com.) âriverâ áž«aĆĄ(ĆĄ)-, áž«eĆĄ(ĆĄ)-áž«áž«i âto openâ (with or without the preverb Äppa)109
áž«aĆĄ(ĆĄ)-áž«áž«i âto give birthâ
108. From this point on all verbs belonging to the âáž«i-conjugationâ will be marked with superscripted áž«áž«i as this one.
109. The force of Äppa in this combination is âbackâ, referring to âthrowing backâ the two parts of a door or window.
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áž«uppar- (com.) âbowlâ iĆĄáž«iul- () (neut.) âobligation, treatyâiĆĄtanzan- ( (-an)-) (com.) âsoulâkank-áž«áž«i âto hangâ (trans.)karpiya- âto lift; perform, carry outâ (alternate stem of karp-)keĆĄĆĄar- (, ) (com.) âhandâTĂGkureĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âscarfâkĆ«rur- âhostileâ (see §4.86, p. 117) luzzi- (neut.) âcompulsory public work, corvĂ©eânepiĆĄ- (, ) (neut.) âheaven, skyâ ĆĄakk-áž«áž«i (Akk. ) âto know; recognizeâĆĄarnikzil- (com.) ârestitutionâ ĆĄardi ( y)a- (ïżœïżœ) (com.) âhelper, auxiliaryâ ĆĄi( p)pand-/iĆĄpand-áž«áž«i () âto libate; sacrifice; offer to (a deity, in acc.)âtakĆĄul- (neut.) âpeaceâ110
waĆĄ-áž«áž«i âto buyâwaĆĄtul- (neut.) âsinâ zaáž«(áž«)-áž«áž«i âto strikeâ (+ anda âto penetrate(?)â)GIĆ -u- (com.) âtableâ. (com.) âfattened oxâ GIĆ (com.) âman having a obligationâ . (com.) âold woman, ritual practitionerâ. â(there) is/are notâ (neut.) âinsides; wombâd.5 (com.) âthe Favorable Dayâ (as a deity)
110. As a predicate with âto beâ takĆĄul- functions as an adjective âpeaceableâ. See §4.66 (p. 107) and see kurur-.
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Lesson 9
Grammar
This lesson introduces noun stems in -ai-, the nouns âland, countryâ and âheartâ, and áž«i-verbs with stems in -i-.
Noun stems in -ai- show either a fixed stem -ai- (written -ay- before vowels in broad transcription) or -ai- alternating with -i ( y)-. Read §4.32 (p. 92) and memorize the para-digms for lingai- âoathâ (§4.33, p. 92) and áž«aĆĄtai- âboneâ (§4.34, p. 93). Learn the irreg-ular paradigms of utne- âlandâ (§4.58, pp. 104â105) and kart- âheartâ (§4.116, p. 131). Note that in NH the dative-locative singular of âlandâ is identical to the nominative-accusative singular and plural.
áž«i-conjugation verbs with stems in -i- show a three-way stem alternation -e-, - i-, and -i(y)-. There is a tendency for the variant -Äi- to spread beyond its original distribution. Read §13.20 (pp. 222â223) and memorize just the present tense portion of the para-digms for dai- âput, placeâ and pai- âgiveâ (§13.21, p. 223).
Translation Exercise
â 9.1. ..-iĆĄ dážȘa-an-ta-ĆĄe-pa-an -i 111 ki-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-ri-i da-a-i te-eĆĄ-ĆĄu-um-me-in-na pa-a-i
9.2. . . --ni pé-ra-an ti-ya-an-zi 112 nu-uƥ-ƥi -an DUGiƥ-pa-an-tu-uz-zi-ya pé-ra-an kat-ta ti-an-zi
â 9.3. nu ku-it-ma-an - LĂ pa-a-an-zi ku-it-ma-an LĂ URUAĆĄ-ta-ta-za Ăș-wa-da-an-zi ku-it-ma-an Ăș-wa-an-zi - ĆĄa-ak-la-uĆĄ ta-ni-nu-wa-an-zi 113
â 9.4. .. -i pĂ©-ra-an áž«u-wa-a-i na-aĆĄ Ăș-ez-zi 114 LĂ12-aĆĄ kat-ta 115 ti-i-e-ez-zi
9.5. ĆĄal-la-e-eĆĄ .-eĆĄ a-da-an-zi --ma-at-za iĆĄ-pĂ-ya-an-zi
â 9.6. ma-a-an-wa-ra-an116 --ma e-ep-te-e-ni nu-wa-ra-an-mu pa-ra-a - pĂ©-eĆĄ-te-e-ni nu-wa Ăș-wa-mi nu-wa-aĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ - -- ar-áž«a áž«ar-ni-ik-mi
111. For the case of -i see §16.67 (p. 258).112. Hittite scribes tend to spell the present 3rd plural of tiya- âto stepâ as ti-ya-an-zi and that of dai- âto
putâ as ti-an-zi, but this is not a reliable criterion, and you should assign these forms to the respective verbs based on the overall context.
113. This example is part of an oracular inquiry. Interpret the final clause as a question âShall/should they . . . ?â
114. See §24.37 (p. 327).115. See vocabulary.116. The reference is to a fugitive whose return is being demanded by the Hittite king.
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â 9.7. [le-e ku-i]ĆĄ-ki 117 te-ez-zi -ĆĄa 118 du-ud-du-mi-li kar-di-ya-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-aĆĄ 119 [i-e-ez-zi]
â 9.8. nu-za-an 120 ud-da-a-ar-me-et 121 áž«a-at-ta-ta-me-et-ta kar-ta ĆĄa-it-ti 122
â 9.9. ma-a-an-kĂĄn - d- ku-iĆĄ-ki pĂ©-ra-an ar-áž«a wa-at-ku-zi na-aĆĄ-kĂĄn tu-uk 123 an-da Ăș-ez-zi e-ep-ti-ma-an - na-an-mu pa-ra-a - pĂ©-eĆĄ-ti 124
â 9.10. nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi na-aĆĄ-ĆĄu -an ti-ya-ĆĄi na-aĆĄ-ma-an-kĂĄn .&.-wa &.-i na-it-ti nu-ut-ta - . pĂĄr-áž«e-eĆĄ-kĂĄn-zi
â 9.11. nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an ke-e 125 áž«u-u-ma-an-ta GIĆ pĂĄd-da-ni te-eáž«-áž«Ă© GIĆ pĂĄd-da-ra-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-an áž«a-aĆĄ-ĆĄi-i te-eáž«-áž«Ă©
â 9.12. ma-a-an - .15. d-aĆĄ a-ki -e an-da ma-ĆĄa-aĆĄ pa-ra-a-i 14.&. ka-ra-a-pĂ 126
â 9.13. GIĆ GIĆ GIĆ -ya pĂ©-ra-an da-a-i nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an 2 .4..&. 10 .4. GIĆ -i da-a-i
â 9.14. nu áž«a-aĆĄ-ta-a-e 127 [an-d ]a li-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-zi na-at áž«a-aĆĄ-ĆĄi-i a-wa-an kat-ta ti-an-zi
â 9.15. nu-kĂĄn ma-aáž«-áž«a-an [mAr-nu-wa-a]n-da-aĆĄ mZi-ta-aĆĄ-ĆĄa -e kat-ta-an-da a-ra-an-zi 128 [nu LĂ-aĆĄ] za-aáž«-áž«i-ya me-na-aáž«-áž«a-an-da 129 Ăș-ez-zi
117. kuiĆĄki is sg. nom. com. of the indefinite pronoun âanyoneâ.118. The -a here is that which geminates the preceding consonant (§29.38, p. 399), translatable here as
âEven the king . . .â (see §29.44, p. 401). 119. -ĆĄaĆĄ is sg. gen. of the possessive enclitic adjective âhisâ. For the syntax and meaning of kardiyaĆĄâžĆĄaĆĄ
see §16.61 (p. 256). 120. Read either as nuâžzâž(ĆĄ)an or nuâžzâžan, with the reflexive particle and one of the local particles -ĆĄĆĄan
or -an (see §28.83, p. 374). For the use of -ĆĄan see §28.90 (p. 376). 121. -met is pl. nom.-acc. neut. of the possessive adjective âmyâ. For áž«attata as specifically plural see
§4.105 (p. 127). 122. Substituted here for the original ĆĄi-iĆĄ âš-ĆĄa â©-at-ti on which see lesson 11.123. tuk is dative-accusative of the accented personal pronoun âyouâ (singular).124. This entire sentence is a series of subordinate clauses. These are continued in sentence 10, where
you will finally find the main clause.125. kÄ is âtheseâ (pl. nom.-acc. neut.).126. The absence of any conjunctions linking the successive clauses needs explanation. In texts such
as the Hittite laws and certain, originally OH, omen texts with takku followed by an apodosis, the apodosis (in our present case -e an-da) regularly is asyndetic. This may be an extension of one of the basic func-tions of asyndeton in Hittite, namely, to mark an elaboration of the meaning of the preceding clause. Since the third clause (beginning 14.&.) also explains the meaning of the second, asyndeton is appropriate there as well.
127. The reference is to bones of a sacrificial animal.128. The reference here is to past time. For this use of the present tense see §§22.6â22.7
(pp. 307â308).129. The understood referent in context is âthemâ (Arnuwanda and Zida).
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Broad Transcription
â 9.1. ..-iĆĄ dážȘantaĆĄepan -i kiĆĄĆĄarÄ« dÄi teĆĄĆĄumminnâža pÄi
9.2. . . --ni peran tiyanzi nuâžĆĄĆĄi -an DUGiĆĄpantuzziâžya peran katta tianzi
â 9.3. nu kuitman LĂ pÄnzi kuitman LĂ URUAĆĄtataza uwadanzi kuitman uwanzi - ĆĄaklauĆĄ taninuwanzi
â 9.4. .. -i peran áž«uwÄi nâžaĆĄ uezzi LĂ12-aĆĄ katta tiyÄzzi
9.5. ĆĄallaÄĆĄ .-eĆĄ adanzi `âžmaâžatâžza iĆĄpiyanzi â 9.6. mÄnâžwarâžan `âžma ÄptÄni nuâžwarâžanâžmu parÄ ` peĆĄtÄni nuâžwa uwami
nuâžwaâžĆĄmaĆĄ âž aráž«a áž«arnikmi
â 9.7. lÄ kuiĆĄki tezzi -ĆĄâža duddumili kardiyaĆĄâžĆĄaĆĄ iezzi
â 9.8. nuâžzâž(ĆĄ?)an uddÄrâžmet áž«attataâžmettâža karta ĆĄaitti
â 9.9. mÄnâžkan d- kuiĆĄki peran aráž«a watkuzi nâžaĆĄâžkan tuk anda uezzi Äptiâžmaâžan ` nâžanâžmu parÄ ` peĆĄti
â 9.10. nuâžĆĄĆĄi naĆĄĆĄu -an tiyaĆĄi naĆĄmaâžanâžkan .&.-wa &.-i naitti nuâžtta . paráž«eĆĄkanzi
â 9.11. nuâžĆĄĆĄan kÄ áž«Ć«manta GIĆ paddani teáž«áž«e GIĆ paddarâžaâžĆĄĆĄan áž«aĆĄĆĄÄ« teáž«áž«e
â 9.12. mÄn .15. d-aĆĄ aki -e anda maĆĄaĆĄ parÄi 14&. karÄpi
â 9.13. GIĆ GIĆ GIĆ -ya peran dÄi nuâžĆĄĆĄan 2 .4..&. 10 .4. GIĆ -i dÄi
â 9.14. nu áž«aĆĄtÄe anda liĆĄĆĄanzi nâžat áž«aĆĄĆĄÄ« awan katta tianzi
â 9.15. nuâžkan maáž«áž«an mArnuwandaĆĄ mZitaĆĄĆĄâža -e kattanda aranzi nu .-aĆĄ zaáž«áž«iya menaáž«áž«anda uezzi
Vocabulary
Äppan (-an) âbehind, afterâ (Äppan tiya- âto step behindâ = âgive support (to)â) awan katta âdown besideâdážȘantaĆĄepa- (com.) (a minor deity, here referring to an image or symbol of the deity)áž«aĆĄtai- (neut.) âboneâáž«attÄtar (neut.) âwise thoughtâ130
áž«uwai-áž«áž«i âto runâ iĆĄpai-áž«áž«i âto be satisfied, filledâDUGiĆĄpantuzzi- (neut.) âlibation-vesselâkarÄp-áž«áž«i âto devourâ
130. For this meaning of áž«attatar see Hoffner 1998b: 66.
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katta () (postpos., §20.21, p. 299) âwith, besideâ (not the same as katta âdownâ)kattanda (-anda) âdown in(to)â ker () (neut.) âheartâkuitman âwhile, as long asâle/iĆĄĆĄ- âto gather, pick upâ (with preverb anda)lutti- (GIĆ ) (neut.) âwindowâ (see §4.34, p. 93)maĆĄa- (com.) âlocustânai-áž«áž«i âto turn; sendâ naĆĄĆĄu . . . naĆĄma âeither . . . orâpai-áž«áž«i âto giveâ (+ parÄ âto hand over, return, extraditeâ)parÄ-áž«áž«i âto appear, come forthâ GI/GIĆ pattar (neut.) âbasketâĆĄai-áž«áž«i âto press; sealâĆĄakl(a)i- (com.) âcustom, rule; prerogative, right; rite, ceremony (as the prerogative of
a deity)â131
dai-áž«áž«i âto put, placeâtaninu- âto put in order, organizeâutnÄ- () (neut.) âland, countryâuwate- âto bringâ (a person) (see §12.21, p. 198) watku- âto spring, jumpâ (+ peran aráž«a âto flee fromâ)zaáž«áž«ai- (com.) âbattleâ (see §2.18, p. 54; §4.32, p. 92)14 = âcrop(s), harvest; harvest-seasonâ-a- (com.) âwifeâLĂ12-a- (com.) (A kind of priest, ranked below the LĂ/ LĂĆĄankunni-priests,
but above other temple personnel such as exorcists (LĂ/ LĂ&), cooks, table-men, scribes and musicians. Its Hittite reading is most likely kumra- com.; see Hoffner 1996a.)
GIĆ (com.) âtable-manâ (server) âsmall, littleâ (com.) âchief, headâ â(together) withâd-a- (com.) âmoon, Moongodâ (= arma-)
131. For the meaning âprerogativeâ and its role as the source of the meaning ârite (for a deity)â see CHD Ć 46 and Hoffner 2001.
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Lesson 10
Grammar
This lesson introduces demonstrative/anaphoric, interrogative/relative, and indefinite pronouns and áž«i-verbs with stems in -a-.
Read chapter 7 and memorize the paradigms of apÄ- âthat; he, she, itâ and kÄ-/kÄ«- âthisâ (§7.3, p. 143). You have already seen some of the endings of these paradigms in the enclitic pronouns, but others are new and unique. For the syntax of the demonstra-tives read carefully §§18.20â18.32 (pp. 283â286).
The interrogative/relative pronoun kui- inflects as an ordinary i-stem in certain cases but like the demonstrative pronouns in others. Learn the paradigm in §8.2 (p. 149).
The indefinite pronoun kuiĆĄki âsome, anyâ adds a particle -kki/-kka to the inflected forms of kui- (see the paradigm in §8.3, p. 150). Similarly, kuiĆĄĆĄa âeach, everyâ consists of the inflected forms of kui- plus the conjunction geminating -a/-ya (see §8.3â8.4, p. 150).
Study §§18.33â18.36 (pp. 286â287), §§27.6â27.16 (pp. 350â353), and §§30.58â30.64 (pp. 423â426) for the use of the indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns, with special attention to the syntax of Hittite relative clauses, the most frequent pattern for which is quite different from that of English.
áž«i-verbs in -a- show a fixed stem -a- except for the first person plural, infinitive, and verbal noun, which show a stem in -um-. Read §13.9 (p. 218) with references and mem-orize just the present tense portions of the paradigms of dÄ- âtakeâ (§13.11, p. 218) and tarna- âreleaseâ (§13.13, p. 219). Note that there is a tendency to level out the forms in -um-, especially in dÄ- âto takeâ. In NH forms of the mi-conjugation occur in the second and third singular of verbs of the tarna- type (tarnaĆĄi, tarnaizzi).
Translation Exercise
â 10.1. nu -- ku-e-el wa-aĆĄ-ta-i kat-ta-ma 132 - - wa-aĆĄ-du-la-aĆĄ-pĂĄt 133 nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi-kĂĄn -- ar-áž«a da-an-zi
â 10.2. tĂĄk-ku -aĆĄ áž«u-wa-a-i na-aĆĄ - Lu-Ăș-i-ya pa-iz-zi ku-i-ĆĄa-an a-ap-pa Ăș-wa-te-ez-zi nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄe 134 6 . pa-a-i
132. The meaning of kattaâžma in this context is âconsequentlyâ.133. Interpret this clause as a (rhetorical) question. See §§26.8â26.10 (pp. 342â343). The following
clause continues the rhetorical question, and the force of the negative carries over, as in English (§26.25, p. 346). For the meaning of the genitive waĆĄtulaĆĄ see §16.61 (p. 256). The force of the -pat in this case is âlikewise, tooâ.
134. The form -ĆĄĆĄe instead of usual -ĆĄĆĄi for enclitic dat. sg. âhim, herâ appears only in Old Hittite.
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â 10.3. d-aĆĄ d.-ni te-e-et ma-a-aáž«-áž«a-an135 i-ya-u-e-ni ki-iĆĄ-ta-an-ti-it áž«ar-ku-e-ni
â 10.4. pu-u-áž«u-ga-ri-in-ma ku-e-da-ni -ti Ăș-nu-e-er nu-za d- a-pĂ©-e-da-ni -ti wa-ar-ap-ta
â 10.5. nu ma-aáž«-áž«a-an .-za me-áž«ur ti-ya-zi 136 ĆĄe-li-aĆĄ ĆĄu-un-nu-ma-an-zi nu-kĂĄn -- d URUĆ a-mu-áž«a URUážȘa-at-tu-ĆĄa-za kat-ta Ăș-da-an-zi
â 10.6.137 nu DUGáž«ar-ĆĄi-ya-al-li áž«Ă©-e-ĆĄa-an-zi ĆĄe-li-uĆĄ-ma ĆĄu-un-na-an[-zi ] nu-kĂĄn DUGáž«ar-ĆĄi-ya-al-l [i] áž«al-ki-ya-aĆĄ-ĆĄa ĆĄu-un-na-a[n-zi ] -ya-kĂĄn ĆĄu-un-n[a-an-zi ]
â 10.7. --ma-wa nu-u-ma-an da-aáž«-áž«i nu-wa-ra-an-za-an 138 LĂ-4- i-ya-mi â 10.8. ku-iĆĄ-ma-kĂĄn 139 ke-e-el tup-pĂ-aĆĄ 1-an-na 140 me-mi-an wa-aáž«-nu-zi na-an-
kĂĄn ku-u-uĆĄ 141 li-in-ki-ya-aĆĄ .-eĆĄ ar-áž«a áž«ar-ni-in-kĂĄn-zi
â 10.9. ku-it 142-wa-ra-aĆĄ 143 Ăș-ez-zi -aĆĄ d-uĆĄ [-e-aĆĄ LĂ.-aĆĄ Ăș-ez-zi-m]a 144-wa-ra-aĆĄ ku-e-da-ni me-mi-ya-ni
â 10.10. ki-i-wa ku-it --wa 145 ...â 10.11. tĂĄk-ku -aĆĄ - áž«al-ki-aĆĄ -an ta-a-i-ez-zi -ĆĄa áž«al-ki-in
Ăș-e-mi-ez-zi -an áž«al-ki-it ĆĄu-un-na-i 12 . pa-a-i
10.12. nu-wa ku-e-ez Ăș-wa-ĆĄi ĆĄi-Ăș-na-aĆĄ-wa -az Ăș-wa-mi nu-wa ku-e-el ĆĄi-Ăș-na-aĆĄ -az 146 d-wa-aĆĄ-wa -az 146
â 10.13. f.d-at-ti-iĆĄ ku-wa-at-ta im-ma ku-wa-at-ta ĆĄe-er .-u-an-za na-an a-ri-ya-u-e-ni
135. Interpret mÄáž«áž«an here as interrogative. Idiomatic English prefers âwhat?â instead of âhow?â. 136. .-za me-áž«ur shows partitive apposition (see §16.10, p. 243) or an adverbial accusative.137. Sentence 6 directly continues sentence 5.138. In New Hittite the enclitic accusative pronoun is sometimes repeated, framing either -z(a) or one
of the dat.-acc. personal pronouns. See §30.19 (p. 411).139. Since waáž«nu- here has the meaning âto alter, changeâ, it takes âterminativeâ -kan (see §28.77,
p. 372).140. The meaning of the conjunction geminating -a âalso, andâ is in this case âevenâ (see §29.44,
p. 401).141. As elsewhere in Neo-Hittite, kĆ«ĆĄ is functioning here as common gender nominative plural.142. kuit âwhat?â here has the meaning âwhy?â See §8.9 (p. 151).143. For the syntax of this sentence see §30.11 (p. 409).144. For the âanaphoricâ use of -ma see §29.34 (p. 398).145. Hittite does not always require a subject clitic pronoun, when the antecedent is clear from the
context. The trace after -wa on the tablet shows that the scribe, finding himself running out of space on the line, at first started to write -wa-ra-at, but stopped and erased the -ra, apparently deciding that the reference was clear without it.
146. See §30.14 (p. 410) for this phenomenon of âgapping.â
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â 10.14. ku-iĆĄ-ma ke-e-da-ni -e A-NA m.d Ăș-wa-a-i 147 pĂ©-e-da-i . . . na-aĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ-ĆĄi pĂ-ya-an ku-it áž«ar-mi nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi-kĂĄn 148 ar-áž«a ku-it-ki da-a-i . . . na-an-kĂĄn ku-u-uĆĄ - . ar-áž«a áž«ar-ni-in-kĂĄn-zi
â 10.15. . fPu-du-áž«Ă©-pa-aĆĄ-kĂĄn 149 ku-wa-pĂ m.&.-in .. URUážȘa-at-tu-ĆĄi - '-ážȘI.A URUKi-iz-zu-wa-at-na ĆĄa-an-áž«u-u-wa-an-zi Ăș-e-ri-ya-at na-aĆĄ-ta 150 ke-e '-ážȘI.A 4 áž«i-ĆĄu-wa-a-aĆĄ a-pĂ-ya -at 151 ar-áž«a a-ni-ya-at
Vocabulary
aniya- âto carry out, execute; writeâariya- âto make (the subject of) an oracular inquiryâdážȘannaáž«anna- (d.) (com.) (fate-goddess) DUGáž«arĆĄiyalli- (neut.) âpithos, storage jarâ4 áž«iĆĄuwa- (a major festival; the Hittite noun underlying the logogram 4 is
com. gender)kiĆĄtant- (com.) âhungerâkuwapi âwhen; whereâkuwatta ĆĄer âon what account, whyâlingai- (com.) âoathâ nĆ«man (marks negative volition; translatable as âdo/did not wish to . . . â (see §26.19,
pp. 344â345)pÄda-áž«áž«i âto carry, bringâ pĆ«áž«ugari- (com.) âox of ritual substitutionâĆĄeli- (com.) âgrain-heap, granaryâ ĆĄunna-áž«áž«i âto fillâdÄ-áž«áž«i âto takeâ (+parÄ âto pick outâ)uda-áž«áž«i âto bringâwaáž«nu- âto turn; change, alterâwai- (neut.) âwoeâwarp- âto batheâwaĆĄta-áž«áž«i âto sinâwÄĆĄtara- (LĂ-a-) (com.) âshepherdâ
147. For the spelling of this word see §1.108 (p. 41). 148. The -kan is required by the preverb arឫa and the separation from the person implied by it (see
§28.76, p. 372; also §16.68, p. 258).149. See §28.1 (p. 354) for the placement of -kan.150. The particle -aƥta combined with arឫa underscores that the new tablets were copied from the old
ones. 151. apiya -at (= ĆĄiwat) is an archaic expression for apÄdani -ti.
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-(n)a- (com.) âgrain storage pitâ .. âchief of the scribesâ âshekelâ d (com.) â(the goddess) â (this goddessâs name is also written d, and in the
womanâs name f.d-at-ti-iĆĄ [= f.dĆ auĆĄgattiĆĄ] is read as dĆ auĆĄga)... âfestive garmentsâ ârhyton, animal-shaped drinking vesselâ âfreeâf.d-at-ti-iĆĄ see above under dLĂ (com.) âhusbandâ' (neut.) âclay tabletâ
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Lesson 11
Grammar
This lesson introduces enclitic possessive pronouns, accented personal pronouns, vocatives, and áž«i-verbs with alternating stems in -a-/-i- (including the suffix -anna/i-) and with the suffix -ĆĄĆĄa-.
In Old and Middle Hittite, possessive pronouns usually appear as inflected enclitics attached to their head nouns. Except in rare cases, possession is indicated in New Hittite by the genitive of the accented personal pronouns or by dative enclitic pronouns. Read chapter 6 in its entirety, with close attention to how pronouns express possession at dif-ferent stages of the language. Memorize the paradigms of enclitic possessives in §6.4 (pp. 138â139). Note the special âsplit possessiveâ construction that is used particularly with inalienably possessed nouns (§§16.38â16.39, p. 251).
Accented pronouns for the first- and second-persons are used for emphasis or con-trast. Their inflection is limited and quite irregular. Read §5.1â5.10 (pp. 132â135) and memorize the paradigms in §5.8 (p. 134). Note that in (Late) New Hittite the dative-accusative forms of the first singular and plural and second plural come to be used also for the nominative, and the nominative plural of the first singular and second plural for the dative-accusative. The demonstrative stem apÄ- also functions as the accented pro-noun for the third person (§5.6, p. 133).
True vocatives are relatively rare and limited to Old and Middle Hittite. See §§3.28â3.30 (pp. 74â76) for the attested forms. While one also finds rare instances of the nom-inative used for direct address (§16.17, p. 245), this usage probably arose out of the much more common âappositional direct addressâ described in §16.16 (p. 245), most examples of which happen to be in the nominative.
Some áž«i-verbs are inflected consistently with -a- in the singular, but in the plural may show either -i( y)- or -a- (the -i( y)- forms occur mostly in older texts). Memorize the present tense portion of the paradigm for mema/i- in §13.23 (p. 225). Verbs with the suffix -anna/i- show the same inflection (read §13.25, p. 226, and study the examples in §13.26, pp. 226â227). The verbs unna/i- and penna/i- âdriveâ inflect partly like mema/i- and partly like tarna-, showing some forms in -um- (see §13.23, p. 225). Derived verbs in -ĆĄĆĄa- inflect with invariant -a-. Study the examples in §13.15 (pp. 220â221). The suf-fixes -ĆĄĆĄa- and -anna/i- have the same range of meanings as stems in -ĆĄke- introduced in Lesson 6. See again chapter 24.
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Translation Exercise
11.1. d-i iĆĄ-áž«a-a-mi ku-it-wa wa-aĆĄ-tĂșl-mi-it ku-it-wa i-ya-nu-un ku-it 152 11.2. LĂ-aĆĄ .&.-ĆĄu-uĆĄ .&.-ĆĄu-uĆĄ ne-ku-uz me-e-áž«ur a-ĆĄa-u-ni a-ap-pa
pĂ©-en-na-i 11.3. d-e ĆĄar-ku -u-e ta-an-du-ke-eĆĄ-na-aĆĄ .-aĆĄ LĂ-aĆĄ zi-ik 153
nu .-na-aĆĄ iĆĄ-tar-na la-a-ma-an-te-et na-ak-ki-i 154 nu .. áž«u-u-ma-an-te-eĆĄ tu-uk-pĂĄt ĆĄar-li-iĆĄ-kĂĄn-zi
â 11.4. zi-ik am-me-el -na le-e Ăș-wa-ĆĄi Ăș-ga155 tu-e-el pĂĄr-na - Ăș-wa-a-mi
â 11.5. nam-ma-za . me-áž«u-na-aĆĄ 156 e-eĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-zi ku-e-da-ni-ya157 --ni ku-it me-áž«ur na-an a-pĂ©-e-da-ni me-áž«u-ni e-eĆĄ-ĆĄa-an-zi
â 11.6. ma-aáž«-áž«a-an-ma -- - ku-in LĂtu-u-áž«u-kĂĄn-ta-áž«i-ti ti-ya-an áž«ar-ta na-an ar-áž«a ti-it-ta-nu-ut 158 nu am-mu-uk -ez-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-ut
â 11.7. tĂĄk-ku -na-aĆĄ na-aĆĄ-ma -aĆĄ -- na-aĆĄ-ma âž ku-iĆĄ-ki [tu-wa-ar-ni-iz-zi ] 10 . pa-a-i
â 11.8. tĂĄk-ku .19.-an - 159 4-ĆĄe-et ku-iĆĄ-ki wa-a-ki 1 . . pa-a-i
â 11.9. zi-ga-az GIĆ áž«a-tal-ki-iĆĄ-na-aĆĄ 160 áž«a-me-eĆĄ-áž«i-ya-az 161 - wa-aĆĄ-ĆĄa[-ĆĄi ] 14-ma-az iĆĄ-áž«ar-wa-an-d [a 162 w]a-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-ĆĄi
â 11.10. nu ma-a-an - URUážȘa-at-ti pĂĄr-áž«u-wa-an-zi Ăș-wa-at-te-ni nu-uĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ-kĂĄn d.4.4-aĆĄ GIĆ .&.-- a-ap-pa na-a-i nu ĆĄu-me-en-za-an-pĂĄt UZU e-ez-za-az-zi
152. The repetition of the pronoun kuit in the second clause shows a certain impatience or urgency, per-haps like English âwhat in the world . . . ?â or âwhatever . . . ?â But since -wa is sometimes (§§28.11â28.13, pp. 356â357) omitted in sequence of clauses of quoted speech, this last kuit could constitute a third clause.
153. For the word order of this clause see §30.29 (p. 414).154. On the possible interpretation of nakkÄ« as a superlative âmost exaltedâ see §§17.17â17.18
(p. 275).155. The conjunction -a here which does not geminate the preceding consonant (-a/-ma) underscores
the change of subject: âwhile I (for my part) . . .â. See §29.30 (p. 397).156. meáž«ur here has the meaning âproper timeâ.157. Interpret kuedaniya as a single word âeachâ. See §8.3 (p. 150). 158. The syntax here is complex and unusual. One might have expected rather: âžâžma kuin âž
LĂtĆ«áž«ukantaáž«iti tiyan áž«arta maáž«áž«anâžmaâžan aráž«a tittanut. . . .159. For the syntax of this âdouble accusativeâ see §16.24 (p. 247). See the older syntax of sentence
7!160. The word for âhawthornâ is secondarily inflected as an animate a-stem, probably because here it
is personified.161. It is uncertain whether áž«a-me-eĆĄ-áž«i-ya-az is to be read áž«ameĆĄáž«iâžyaâžz with -ya âandâ: âAnd in spring
. . .â or as a secondary i-stem dative-locative singular áž«ameĆĄáž«iyaâžz. See §4.20 (p. 87). 162. Nominative-accusative plural neuter of the adjective used adverbially. See §19.13 (p. 292).
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â 11.11. LĂme-ne-ya-aĆĄ ke-e-et-ta ke-e-et-ta 163 [-an] áž«u-ut-ti-an-na-a-i 164 tar-na-a-i-ma-an na-at-ta i-i 165 áž«al-zi-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-a-i
â 11.12. - d URUNe-ri-ik ku-it up-pĂ-u-e-ni na-at -ĆĄi le-e ku-iĆĄ-ki wa-al-aáž«-zi
â 11.13. a-du-e-ni a-ku-e-ni nu URUážȘa-at-tu-ĆĄa i-ya-an-na-aáž«-áž«Ă© 166 -ĆĄa URUA-ri-in-na pa-iz-zi
â 11.14. ..&.-wa me-ek-ki Ăș-e-da-u-e-ni .&.-wa .&. ...&. ....&. . me-ek-ki na-an-ni-ya-u-e-ni
â 11.15. tĂĄk-ku .&. .-ni pa-a-an-zi 167 - . Ăș-e-mi-âš ez- â©zi .1.168 tu-u-ri-ez-zi ma-a-na-aĆĄ-ta 169 .&.-eĆĄ Ăș-en-zi nu-uĆĄ a-ap-pa iĆĄ-áž«i-iĆĄ-ĆĄi pĂ©-en-na-i
Vocabulary
e/iĆĄáž«arwant- âbloody; blood-redâáž«alziĆĄĆĄ(a)-áž«áž«i (imperfective stem to áž«alzÄi-áž«áž«i âto callâ)áž«ameĆĄáž«a- (com.) âspringâ áž«atalkiĆĄ(n)- (neut.) âhawthornâ (§4.90, p. 120)áž«uitt(iya)- âto draw (a bow)âÄ«ĆĄĆĄa-/ÄĆĄĆĄa-áž«áž«i (impf. to iya- âto do, makeâ) (§13.15, p. 220)iyanna/i-áž«áž«i âto set out; begin to move; goâLĂmene(y)a- (com.) (a cult functionary)nanna/i-áž«áž«i âto driveâ nÄta- () (com.) âreed; arrowâ palĆĄa- (-(ĆĄ)a-) (com.) âpath, way; time, instanceâparáž«- âto attackâpenna/i-áž«áž«i âto drive (away)â dandukiĆĄ(n)- (neut.) âmortalityâ (§4.90, p. 120); dandukiĆĄnaĆĄ -(l)a- âchild of
mortalityâ = âhuman beingâ (also written ...19.-(l )a-).
163. kÄttâža kÄttâža is the Old Hittite expression for âon both this side and thatâ.164. The stem form áž«uttiya- instead of áž«uittiya- is limited to Old Hittite. This refers to drawing an arrow
back against the taut string of a bow prior to shooting. 165. Mimicking cry of the bird or animal hunted. See §1.8 (p. 11).166. The ending -ឫឫe beside -ឫឫi is a feature of Old Hittite. 167. The presence of the Akkadian conjunction (standing for nu, §29.2, p. 389) marks the second
clause as a continuation of the conditional, while the absence of any conjunction preceding the third clause marks it as a main clause. See §29.7 (p. 391) and §29.10 (p. 392).
168. Interpret .1. as an âaccusative of extentâ with a cardinal number. See §16.29 (p. 249) and §9.51 (p. 167).
169. The particle -aĆĄta in combination with the verb gives the force âcome out, appearâ. The stars have passed from one defined space into another. See §28.110 (p. 382) and §28.114 (p. 383).
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tarna-áž«áž«i âto release, let goâtit(ta)nu- âto installâ (+ aráž«a âto remove [from a position]â) LĂtĆ«áž«ukantaáž«it- (neut.) âposition of crown-princeâ (see §2.55, p. 62; and §4.15, p. 86)tĆ«riya- âto hitch/yoke upâd/tuwarne- âto breakâ (in OH a mi-verb, in NH migrates to the áž«i-conjugation; see
§12.23, p. 199; §12.51, p. 212)uppa/i-áž«áž«i âto sendâwak(k)-áž«áž«i âto biteâwaĆĄĆĄe- âto put onâ (clothing) (+-za = on oneself)wi/eda(i )- âto bringâ (see p. 198, n. 61)-a/i- (com.) âass, donkeyâ...-a- (com.) âmuleâ14 âharvest; harvest seasonâ-a-170 (com.) âfemale slaveâ (for the stem as *-a/iĆĄĆĄara- see LH 186 and
316, and in this grammar p. 59, n. 17) 4 (neut.) ânoseâ-(u)eznÄtar (neut.) âkingshipâ (= *áž«aĆĄĆĄuweznatar). âminaâ (= áž«aĆĄter-) (com.) âstarâ (see §4.81, p. 114).-a- = arnuwala- (com.) âdeportee(?), colonist(?)â (non-free person or group of
such subject to periodic resettlement by the king) (neut.) âsacrifice, offeringâ -(n)a- (negna-) (com.) âbrotherâGIĆ -(l )i- (com.171) âweaponâ. âflesh; fatâ d.4.4-a- (com.) (a war-god) âhis/her handâ (< + -, §31.16, p. 434)
170. The Hittite word for âfemale slaveâ is the word for âmale slaveâ + the female-indicating suffix -(ĆĄ)ĆĄara- (LH 186). For the suffix see §2.39 (p. 59).
171. On the gender of GIĆ see LH 48 n. 147 (with contribution by Melchert). The nom.-acc. GIĆ -(l )i forms are collectives.
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Lesson 12
Grammar
This lesson introduces the preterite of the áž«i-conjugation, all remaining verbal classes, and the irregular paradigm of tamai- âotherâ.
Memorize the endings of the áž«i-conjugation preterite (§11.6, p. 181) and then review the preterite portion of the paradigms for all the classes of áž«i-verbs introduced: ĆĄakk- (§13.1, p. 215), ĆĄipand- (§13.3, p. 216), dai- and pai- (§13.21, p. 223), dÄ- (§13.11, p. 218), tarna- (§13.13, p. 220), mema/i- (§13.23, p. 225), and stems in -anna/i- (§13.26, p. 227) and -ĆĄĆĄa- (§13.15, p. 221).
Derived verbs in -aáž«áž«- are inflected as áž«i-verbs in Old Hittite but later migrate to the mi-conjugation. Either set of endings can be encountered, as shown in the paradigms in §13.6 (p. 217). A few monosyllabic stems in -Äi- show a mixture of mi- and áž«i-endings. Learn the paradigms of lÄi- and áž«Äi- (§12.39, p. 208). Finally, there is a small set of mi-verbs with stems in -te/a-: memorize the paradigms in §12.21 (p. 198).
The adjective tamai- âotherâ inflects as a stem tamai- in the nominative and accusative and like a demonstrative pronoun in the rest of the paradigm: memorize the paradigm in §8.10 (p. 152). Read about its syntax in §§18.37â18.38 (pp. 287â288).
Translation Exercise
â 12.1. nu-ut-tĂĄk-kĂĄn -- --ya - ar-áž«a da-aáž«-áž«u-un na-at da-me-e-da-ni ku-e-da-ni-ik-ki - pĂ©-eáž«-áž«u-un - --ma ta-ma-a-in ku-in-ki -an - i-ya-nu-un
â 12.2. nu-mu . ku-in172 pa-ra-a pĂ-i-e-er na-aĆĄ 4 - . e-eĆĄ-ta na-an-kĂĄn URU.-ĆĄi pa-ra-a ne-eáž«-áž«u-un na-an ar-áž«a Ăș-wa-te-er
â 12.3. d-ma-mu - -at nu-mu -it ki-i me-mi-iĆĄ-ta --ni-wa-at-ta am-mu-uk 173 tar-na-aáž«-áž«i nu-wa le-e na-aáž«-ti
â 12.4. d-ma-mu áž«u-wa-ap-pĂ --ni áž«u-wa-ap-pĂ -eĆĄ-ni pa-ra-a - ku-wa-pĂ-ik-ki tar-na-aĆĄ
â 12.5. ka-ru-Ăș mU-uáž«-na-aĆĄ URUZa-a-al-pu-wa dĆĄi-Ăș-ĆĄum-m[i-in]174 [UR]UNe-e-ĆĄa-az URUZa-a-al-pu-wa pĂ©-e-d[a-aĆĄ ap-pĂ©]-ez-zi-ya-na mA-ni-it-ta-aĆĄ . dĆĄi-Ăș-ĆĄu[m-(mi-in U)RUZ ]a-a-al-pu-wa-az a-ap-pa URUNe-e-ĆĄa pĂ©-e-[da-aáž«-áž«u-un]
172. When inflected in the singular, arnuwala- (.) can denote either a single person orâas hereâa group.
173. In this New Hittite text ammuk is functioning as a nominative.174. Read as ĆĄiunâžĆĄummin with assimilation of the final -n of the noun. See §6.4 with n. 3 (p. 138) on the
meaning of the enclitic possessive -ĆĄummi-! The word dĆĄiu- is an appellative meaning âgodâ, not a name.
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â 12.6. ---wa-an-na-aĆĄ URUA-ri-ip-ĆĄa-a i-wa-ar URUážȘa-at-tu-ĆĄi ĆĄa-a-ru-wa-u-wa-an-zi le-e ma-ni-ya-aáž«-ti
â 12.7. tĂĄk-ku .19.-an -- ku-iĆĄ-ki da-ĆĄu-wa-aáž«-áž«i na-aĆĄ-ma 19âž la-a-ki ka-ru-Ăș 1 . . pĂ-iĆĄ-ker ki-nu-na 20 . pa-a-i
â 12.8. nu URUNe-e-ĆĄa-an iĆĄ-pa-an-di na-ak-ki-it 175 da-a-aĆĄ URUNe-e-ĆĄa-aĆĄ -un ïżœ- . 176 URUNe-e-ĆĄa i-da-a-lu na-at-ta ku-e-da-ni-ik-ki tĂĄk-ki-iĆĄ-ta
â 12.9. nu ke-e .. áž«ar-ni-in-ku-un a-aĆĄ-ĆĄu-ma-aĆĄ-ĆĄi 177 ĆĄa-ra-a da-aáž«-áž«u-un nu -er-mi-it a-aĆĄ-ĆĄa-u-i-it178 ĆĄa-ra-a ĆĄu-un-na-aáž«-áž«u-un
â 12.10. nam-ma-aĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ-kĂĄn . iĆĄ-áž«i-iáž«-áž«u-un nu-mu . pĂ-iĆĄ-ke-u-an179 da-a-er na-at-mu la-aáž«-áž«i kat-ta-an180 pa-iĆĄ-ga-u-wa-an179 ti-i-e-er
â 12.11. up-pĂ©-eĆĄ-ĆĄar MEĆ -ma-at-ta ku-e up-pa-aáž«-áž«u-un nu áž«u-u-ma-an - '4-- ma-ni-ya-[aáž«-áž«u-un]
â 12.12. ki-nu-na d- tu-uk mKu-pa-an-ta-d-an - ku-it-ki 181 i-da-la-u-wa-aáž«-áž«u-un
â 12.13. nu URUNe-ri-iq-qa-aĆĄ ku-it - - mážȘa-an-ti-li ar-áž«a áž«ar-ga-an-za e-eĆĄ-ta na-an -pa Ăș-e-da-[aáž«-áž«u-un]
â 12.14. d . áž«al-zi-ya-u-en nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi áž«a-ra-a-tar wa-aĆĄ-tĂșl-la pĂ©-ra-an tar-nu-me-ni nu d .-an pĂ©-ra-an la-a-u-e-ni 182
â 12.15. nu-kĂĄn -- ku-e-da-aĆĄ - ..&. da-an-na-at-t [a-aĆĄ -an ].. Ăș-e-te-et na-aĆĄ LĂ da-a-an nam-ma áž«ar-ni-[ik-ta]
Vocabulary
appezzian âafterwardsâ (sg. nom.-acc. neuter of appezziya- used adverbially)áž«alzai-áž«áž«i âto call, summonâáž«arÄtar (neut.) âoffenseâáž«ark- (+ aráž«a) âperish utterly, be destroyedâiĆĄáž«i( ya)-áž«áž«i âto bind, tie; imposeâ (see §13.30, p. 228, for inflection)
175. The form and precise meaning of nakkit in this expression is unclear. See CHD under nakki- B, b. The context suggests a sense like âwith might, by stormâ.
176. The Hittite noun behind . is either dative, in apposition to kuedanikki or partitive geni-tive (for the latter see §16.41, p. 252). For the syntax of noun plus natta kuedanikki see §26.6 (p. 342), last example.
177. It is uncertain whether the use of dative singular -ĆĄĆĄi to refer back to a neuter plural antecedent reflects regular OH grammar or an error by the copyist.
178. See §4.56 (p. 102) for the form of ÄĆĄĆĄawit.179. For the syntax of these forms in -wan read §§25.37â25.38 (p. 338).180. kattan here governs the clitic pronoun -mu, not the d.-l. noun laáž«áž«i; see §18.10 (p. 279).181. ` kuitki is sg. nom.-acc. neuter functioning adverbially: âin no way, not at allâ.182. The verb tarna- in this context means âto admit, confessâ. The force of -ĆĄĆĄi carries over from the
first sentence to the second, where one should also understand (nu)âžĆĄĆĄi . . . peran.
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idÄlawaáž«áž«- âto mistreat, harmâ kaka- (19) (com.) âtoothâkarĆ« âalready; earlierâkattan âwith, besideâ (not the same as kattan âbelowâ; see p. 295, n. 3)kinun ânowâ (kinunâža)kuwapikki âanywhere; any timeâlaáž«áž«a- (com.) âcampaign; tripâ lÄi- âto release, let go, dispelâlak-áž«áž«i âto knock down/outâmaniyaáž«áž«- âto hand over, assign, distribute, entrust, administer, governâmema/i-áž«áž«i âto speakânaáž«(áž«)-áž«áž«i âto be afraidânakki- (neut.) âmight(?), powerful attack(?)âtak(ki)ĆĄ- âto put together, make, perpetrate; wieldâ dÄn âa second timeâtamai- âanotherâdannatta- âempty, desolateâdaĆĄuwaáž«áž«- âto blindâuppeĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âthing sent, giftâwete-/weda-áž«áž«i âto buildâ (see §12.21 with n. 61, p. 198).zaĆĄáž«ai- () (com.) âdreamâzaĆĄáž«iya- () âto appear in a dreamâ.. âtowerâ.&. (plural marker) (used exclusively with Sumerograms) '+ âmessengerâ (= Akkad. amÄl áčÄme; the is not a determinative)ïżœ âtook, seizedâ (= Äpta)ïżœ âthousandâ- âourâ (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms)
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Lesson 13
Grammar
This lesson introduces the medio-passive and the highly irregular verb au(ĆĄ)- âseeâ. Memorize the paradigm of au(ĆĄ)- §13.32 (p. 229). Note the mixture of mi- and áž«i-end-ings and the presence/absence of the -ĆĄ-. The less common verb mau(ĆĄ)- âfallâ is in-flected in the same way. Read chapter 14 in its entirety, with special attention to the endings of the medio-passive present and preterite indicative (see also §11.17, p. 184) and the sample paradigms for consonantal stems (§14.2, pp. 230â231) and vocalic stems (§14.5, p. 232). Verbs that take endings in the third person singular without -t- are spe-cially marked in the vocabulary. Read chapter 21 on the use of active and medio-passive. Hittite has no subjunctive or optative mood. Read §§23.10â23.16 (pp. 314â316) on how Hittite expresses potential or unreal conditions.
Translation Exercise
13.1. -uĆĄ .-na pa-iz-zi nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄi .-aĆĄ ap-pa-an-da i-ya-at-ta â 13.2. ma-a-an-wa - URUNe-ri-iq-qa pa-i-wa-ni nu-wa-aĆĄ-ĆĄan183 ku-wa-pĂ 184
e-ĆĄu-wa-aĆĄ-ta185 â 13.3. nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an ĆĄa-ra-a-az-zi-ya-aĆĄ -e-aĆĄ kat-te-ra-aĆĄ-ĆĄa ut-ne-ya-aĆĄ áž«u-u-ma-
an-da-aĆĄ tu-el-pĂĄt d-wa-aĆĄ âšla-lu-ki-ma-aĆĄ â© ti-ya-ri nu .7-aĆĄ &-aĆĄ-ĆĄa áž«a-an-ni-eĆĄ-ĆĄar áž«a-an-na-at-ta-ri
â 13.4. dA-la-lu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an GIĆ .-ki e-eĆĄ-zi da-aĆĄ-ĆĄu-ĆĄa-aĆĄ-ĆĄi dA-nu-uĆĄ .-aĆĄ áž«a-an-te-ez-zi-ya-aĆĄ-me-iĆĄ186 pĂ©-ra-an-ĆĄe-et 187 ar-ta 188
â 13.5. nu-uĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ 189-kĂĄn d-aĆĄ dDa-aĆĄ-mi-ĆĄu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa -za ap-pa-an-da-at 190 â 13.6. ma-aáž«-áž«a-an-mu-kĂĄn191 . URUDu-uq-qa-am-ma me-na-aáž«-áž«aâš-an â©-da
a-Ăș-e-er na-at-mu me-na-aáž«-áž«a-an-da Ăș-e-er
183. See §28.86 (p. 374) for the use of -ĆĄan.184. Interpret kuwapi here as interrogative.185. The syntax of ÄĆĄ- âsit (down)â in sentences 2 and 4 is that of Old Hittite, in sentence 8 that of New
Hittite. Read carefully §28.30 (p. 362).186. See §17.19 (p. 275) on the meaning of the genitive with áž«antezzi(ya)-. 187. See §20.26 (p. 300) on the use of âžĆĄet with peran.188. The verbs in this example are both historical presents. See §22.6 (p. 307).189. -ĆĄmaĆĄ is functioning here as a reflexive. See §28.18 (p. 358).190. See §21.7 (p. 303).191. On the use of -kan or -aĆĄta with menaáž«áž«anda au(ĆĄ)-, but not with menaáž«áž«anda uwa-, see CHD
LâN menaáž«áž«anda 1 a 4Êč and 4 a.
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â 13.7. [nu-za URU]Dur-mi-it-ta URUGa-aĆĄ-ga-aĆĄ 192 da-a-an -pa 193 -aáž«-ta-at nu-mu . pĂ©-eĆĄ-ke-u-an da-a-ir
13.8. ma-aáž«-áž«a-an-za -- --iĆĄ ki-ĆĄa-at 194, 195 nu-za-kĂĄn - GIĆ . -- e-eĆĄ-áž«a-at
â 13.9. nu ak-kĂĄn-za ku-e-da-aĆĄ uk-tu-ri-ya-aĆĄ wa-ra-a-ni nu a-pĂ©-e-da-aĆĄ uk-tu-ri-ya-aĆĄ a-ra-aáž«-za-an-da 12 .4.. ti-ya-an-zi
â 13.10. - .1.-wa-ra-aĆĄ -- pĂĄr-ga-u-eĆĄ-kad-da-ri - .1.-ma-wa-ra-aĆĄ -an pĂĄr-ga-u-eĆĄ-kad-da-ri 196
13.11. ma-aáž«-áž«a-an-za na-aĆĄ-ĆĄu -uĆĄ na-aĆĄ-ma .-aĆĄ --iĆĄ ki-ĆĄa-ri nu ĆĄal-li a-ni-ur a-ni-ya-an-zi 197
â 13.12. [Ăș-ga -] - ku-it 198 i-ya-nu-un nu-mu199 - i-na-ni pĂ©-ra-an pĂt-tu-li-ya-aĆĄ -er ki-ĆĄa-at
â 13.13. nu-kĂĄn dážȘĂ©-pa-du-uĆĄ ĆĄu-uáž«-áž«a-az kat-ta ma-uĆĄ-ĆĄu-u-wa-an-zi wa-aq-qa-re-eĆĄ 200 ma-an ti-ya-at ma-na-aĆĄ-kĂĄn ĆĄu-uáž«-áž«a-az kat-ta ma-uĆĄ-ta-at 201
â 13.14. .-ma 202 ma-a-an 203 áž«ar-ga-eĆĄ . . . ma-a-an da-an-ku-wa-e-eĆĄ - ku-it-ki 204 du-uq-qa-a-ri
â 13.15. ma-a-an-wa-mu 1-an -205 pa-iĆĄ-ti ma-an-wa-ra-aĆĄ-mu LĂ-- ki-ĆĄa-ri
VocabularydAlalu- (com.) â(the god) AlaluâdAnu- (com.) â(the god) Anuâ
192. Despite the determinative one should understand this word as adjectival: âthe Kaskean peopleâ.193. Äppa here has the meaning of âagain, re-â.194. For kiĆĄ- with and without -za in the meaning âbecomeâ see §§28.28â28.29 (pp. 361â362).195. This is the standard expression for referring to the death of the Hittite king or queen. 196. For the syntax of this sentence see §16.29 (p. 249) and §16.75 (pp. 261â262).197. The reference in the second clause is to the royal funeral rites.198. Interpret kuit here as interrogative.199. For the use of -mu see §16.67 (p. 258). 200. For the meaning of wakkar- plus infinitive see §25.28 (p. 336). Read the verb as /wakkaris/ despite
the spelling (see §1.80, p. 34).201. Contrary to fact condition expressed by correlative man . . . man (see §23.16, p. 316; and §30.55,
p. 423) âIf she had . . . , she would have. . . .â202. This noun (to be understood as a plural, despite the absence of an overt marker) is a topic standing
outside the clause proper which follows. One may either translate it simply as the subject of the clause or render it approximately as âas for the rams . . . â.
203. Take mÄn . . . mÄn together (see vocabulary and reference).204. ` kuitki is adverbial (see p. 46, n. 181, above).205. While it is not entirely certain how the possessive was expressed in Hittite in this New Hittite
example, it is clear that the meaning is âone son of yoursâ = âone of your sonsâ.
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aniur- (206) (neut.) âritualâar-ttari âto stand, stand upâ au(ĆĄ)-/Ć«- âto seeâ (for paradigm see §13.32, p. 229).ÄĆĄ-ari âto sit (down)âáž«anna-ari âto judgeâdážȘepadu- (com.) â(the goddess) Hebatâinan- (neut.) âillnessâiya-ttari âto walk, goâURUGaĆĄga- (com.) âKaskeanâ207
kattera- âlower, inferiorâkiĆĄ-ari âto happen; becomeâlalukkima- (com.) âradiance, lightâ man (marks irreal condition) mÄn . . . mÄn âwhether . . . orâ (§30.69, p. 427) mau(ĆĄĆĄ)- âto fallâ (§§13.32, p. 229)pargaweĆĄĆĄ- âto grow high, tallâpittuliya- (com.) âworry, anxietyâĆĄarazzi( ya)- âupperâ (see §§4.10â4.11, p. 85, and §4.38, p. 94)dTaĆĄmiĆĄu- (com.) â(the god) TaĆĄmiĆĄuâtuqq-ari âto matter; be visibleâ (conjugated like eĆĄ- and kiĆĄ- in §14.2, pp. 230â231)tunnakiĆĄ(n)- (.-(n)a-) (neut.) âinner chamberâ (§4.90, p. 120)uktĆ«ri- (pl. tantum) âfuneral pyreâ (lit., âcontinually (burning place)â)waqqar-áž«áž«i âto fail, missâwar-ani âto burnâ (intrans.) (conjugated like eĆĄ- ari and kiĆĄ- ari in §14.2, pp. 230â231; for
warÄni instead of *warÄri see §1.128, p. 45) GIĆ . âthroneâ(-n)a- (com.) (measure of length) -(n)aáž«áž«- âto subject, make oneâs servantâ-(m)a- (com.) âmonthâ (= arma-)GIĆ .-ki(t)- (com.) âchair, throneâ .-a/i- (com.) âramâ.7-(n)a- (com.) âdogâ208
âell, yardâ (measure of length)
206. can also cover Hittite malteĆĄĆĄar or mukeĆĄĆĄar, terms for offerings, prayers, or ceremonies (see CHD sub malteĆĄĆĄar).
207. The KaĆĄka were hostile nomadic groups moving about in the north, in the area between the Hittite heartland and the Black Sea.
208. For the stem of .7 see [].7-na-a-tar KBo 19.145 ii 23 (correct the edition by Haas and Thiel 1978: 298â99).
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Lesson 14
Grammar
This lesson introduces the imperative mood and numerals. Memorize the endings of the imperative active (§11.6, p. 182) and medio-passive
(§11.17, p. 184). Note in particular the irregular second-person forms of the verbs âgoâ and âcomeâ (§12.42, p. 210). Familiarize yourself with the imperative portions of the paradigms for all other verbal stem types in chapters 12, 13, and 14.
On the use of the imperative read §§23.1â23.9 (pp. 313â314). Notice that the first-person plural âvoluntativeâ is indistinguishable from the present indicative and that the imperative second plural is formally identical to the preterite indicative. Only context can determine the intended meaning in a given example.
Numerals are almost always written logographically in Hittite, so that determining the phonetic shape of the Hittite forms is difficult. Whatever their stems are, the car-dinal numbers for âoneâ and âtwoâ are inflected like the demonstrative pronouns (§9.7, p. 154; and §9.11, p. 156), while teri- âthreeâ is an ordinary i-stem (§9.13, p. 156), and me/i (y)u- âfourâ is a u-stem adjective (§9.14, p. 157). Both âfourâ and âeightâ, however, have dative-locative forms in -taĆĄ, which could reflect the pronominal declensionâs plu-ral dative-locative in -edaĆĄ. Read carefully all of chapter 9 on the rest of what we know about Hittite cardinal and ordinal numbers.
Translation Exercise
â 14.1. nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an dTe-li-pĂ-nu-uĆĄ ..-it pa-ap-pĂĄr-ĆĄa-an-ta -ĆĄa 209 i-ya-an-ni
â 14.2. nu-mu . URU Tap-ti-na . . . me-na-aáž«-áž«a-an-da Ăș-e-er na-at-mu .-aĆĄ kat-ta-an áž«a-a-li-ya-an-da-at
â 14.3.210 nu ki-iĆĄ-ĆĄa-an me-mi-er ---wa-an-na-aĆĄ le-e áž«ar-ni-ik-ti nu-wa-an-na-aĆĄ-za -an-ni da-a nu-wa-an-na-aĆĄ-za . ...&. i-ya
â 14.4. nu-uĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ 211 &.. pĂ©-ra-an tĂĄk-ĆĄa-at-ni-ya-an-ta-ru .&.-ma-aĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ pĂ©-ra-an ar-mi-iz-zi-ya-an-ta-ru
â 14.5. nu-mu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-an áž«u-u-ma-an-da-az pa-aáž«-ĆĄi nu ku-iĆĄ - d- i-da-a-lu-uĆĄ tu-uq-qa a-pa-a-aĆĄ i-da-a-lu-uĆĄ e-eĆĄ-du
209. For the collective plural of common gender palƥa- see §3.13 (p. 68). 210. This sentence immediately follows sentence 2 in the original context.211. Interpret -ƥmaƥ in both occurrences in this example as second person plural dative.
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14.6. tu-el-kĂĄn - -i an-da a-aĆĄ-ĆĄu lu-u-lu Ăș-wa-al-lu nu-mu ut-ne-e áž«u-u-ma-an-da ma-ni-ya-aáž«
â 14.7. . URUNu-áž«aĆĄ-ĆĄi-wa ku-it ku-u-ru-ur nu-wa-aĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ 212 i-it áž«al-ki ážȘI.AuĆĄ 213 ar-áž«a áž«ar-ni-ik nu-wa-ra-aĆĄ-kĂĄn an-da áž«a-at-ke-eĆĄ-nu-ut
â 14.8. nu mi-e-Ăș-uĆĄ 214 ku-i-uĆĄ d-uĆĄ tu-u-ri-ya-an áž«ar-ĆĄi nu-uĆĄ-ma-aĆĄ ka-a-ĆĄa 215 ...19.-aĆĄ áž«al-ki-in ĆĄu-uáž«-áž«a-aĆĄ nu mi-e-wa-aĆĄ-ti-iĆĄ 216 ka-ri-ip-pa-an-du nu ku-it-ma-an mi-e-ya-wa-aĆĄ-te-eĆĄ áž«al-ki-in ka-ri-ip-pa-an-zi zi-ga d-uĆĄ áž«u-e-eĆĄ
â 14.9. - d--za 217 ag-ga-an-na-aĆĄ -an-na-aĆĄ -aĆĄ e-eĆĄ
â 14.10. ki-nu-na-wa ka-a-ĆĄa - 218 2 . ĆĄar-ni-ik-ta nu - pĂĄr-ku-iĆĄ nam-ma e-eĆĄ-du
â 14.11. tĂĄk-ku áž«a-an-te-ez-zi-iĆĄ . nu ku-iĆĄ ta-a-an pĂ©-e-da-aĆĄ - nu -uĆĄ a-pa-a-aĆĄ ki-ĆĄa-ru
â 14.12. nu ma-a-an ku-u-uĆĄ li-in-ga-a-uĆĄ pa-aáž«-áž«a-aĆĄ-du-ma ĆĄu-ma-a-ĆĄa .-eĆĄ pa-aáž«-ĆĄa-an-da-ru
â 14.13. nu-wa-mu-za -la-an ku-it áž«al-ze-eĆĄ-ĆĄe-eĆĄ-ta 219 ki-nu-na-wa e-áž«u nu-wa za-aáž«-áž«i-ya-wa-aĆĄ-ta-ti 220 nu-wa-an-na-aĆĄ d -- -eĆĄ-ĆĄar áž«a-an-na-a-Ăș
14.14. ma-a-an-kĂĄn ku-u-un li-in-ga-in ĆĄar-ra-at-ta nu-ut-ta li-in-ki-ya-aĆĄ . - - .- da-an-ku-ya-az tĂĄk-na-az ar-áž«a áž«ar-ni-in-kĂĄn-du
â 14.15. .221 te-ri-ya-aĆĄ -aĆĄ 222 mi-u-wa-aĆĄ -aĆĄ -an pa-a-an-du â 14.16. nu - URUA-ri-ip-ĆĄa-a an-da-[an za-aáž«-áž«i-ya i-ya-an]-ni-[ya-nu-un] a-ĆĄi-ma-
kĂĄn URUA-ri-ip-ĆĄa-aĆĄ [ .]. ki-it-ta-ri
â 14.17. nu-uĆĄ-ĆĄa-[an áž«a-a]n-te-ez-zi-ya GIĆ -i ku-iĆĄ 1 .4. ki-it-ta-at . . . na-an-ĆĄa-an - GIĆ . . . . ĆĄe-er da-a-i
212. For the use of the dative enclitic pronoun to indicate possession see §16.67 (p. 258).213. For the unusual spelling see §1.43 (p. 24).214. The Sun-god was believed to have a team of four horses. The spelling mi-e- is probably to be read
as /me:-/.215. For the meaning of kÄĆĄa with the preterite see §24.28 (p. 324).216. The forms mi-e-wa-aĆĄ and mi-e-ya-wa-aĆĄ must be taken in context as nominative plural common
gender. Their status as real forms of a u-stem is extremely dubious. The text copy from which this passage is taken shows a number of unexpected spellings and inflections (notice the unique and aberrant -pp- of the forms of karap-). Read -ti-iĆĄ in the first example as if it were -te-eĆĄ like the second.
217. On the reason for -za here see §28.36 (p. 363).218. - stands here for an accusative. On this phenomenon see §31.21 (p. 436).219. For the use of -za plus áž«alziĆĄĆĄa- see §28.23 (p. 360).220. For this use of the medio-passive see §21.7 (p. 303).221. . stands for a plural, although not marked as such.222. For the use of a singular noun with a number higher than âoneâ see §9.22 (p. 159).
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Vocabulary
andan âinto, untoâarmizziya- âto bridgeâaĆĄi âthatâ (pron.) (see §§7.10â7.16, pp. 144â146).eáž«u âcome!â (imp. sg. 2 to uwa-)áž«aliya-ari âto bow, prostrate oneselfâáž«anna-áž«áž«i âto judgeâáž«atkeĆĄnu- âbesiege, hem inâ (+ anda)áž«ue/iĆĄ- âto live, be aliveâÄ«t/Ä«tten âgo!â (imp. sg./pl. 2 to pÄi-, see §12.42 and n. 129, p. 210)ki-ttari âto lie, be placedâlĆ«lu(t)- (neut.) âprosperityâ me(i)u- âfourâ papparĆĄ- âto sprinkleâparÄ áž«and(ant)Ätar (neut.) âdivine guidance, divine powerâĆĄarra-ttari âto cross, traverse, transgressâ (generally with -aĆĄta or -kan)ĆĄuáž«áž«a-áž«áž«i âto pour (out)â takĆĄatniya-/takĆĄanniya- âto (make) levelâ (see §1.112, p. 42)teri- âthreeâGIĆ . âlarge tableâ.. âfine oilâ-(n)Ätar (neut.) âservitude, bondage, slaveryâ.-a- (com.) âbeeâ = Akkad. âin, on, atâ . âtime(s)â (with numbers)
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COMPREHENSIVE VOCABULARY
This list includes all vocabulary introduced in the lessons. It makes no claim to cover meanings of the listed words appropriate to texts outside this tutorial. The alphabetiza-tion follows the usual conventions for Hittite, with Hittite, Sumerian, and Akkadian in separate sections. In the Hittite section the voiced stops b, d, and g are alphabetized with p, t, and k respectively. Geminate consonants are treated like single consonants. Since we transliterate the glides with w and y, we have alphabetized according to the usual place of these letters. In the transliteration of Sumerograms we have generally followed the practice of the HZL. We have also included alternate or superseded readings for some common Sumerograms, since readers will meet with them in Hittitological works. The citing of phonetic complements in the forms given below does not mean that such complements are always present. In the case of complements part of which is enclosed in parentheses, e.g., -(ĆĄ)a-, the full form is often not employed. Numbers in paren-theses following the glosses refer to the lesson in which the word with that meaning first appears in the exercises.
Hittite (including Luwianisms)
-a (conj.) (geminates preceding consonant)/-ya (after vowel) âand; alsoâ (see Latin -que) (1)
-a (conj.) (non-geminating)/-ma (introduces new topic; see Greek ÎŽÎ ); âbut, on the other hand, whileâ (weakly adversative, often contrastive/oppositional; see CHD -ma); (1)
aiĆĄ- (Ă-iĆĄ) (neut.) âmouthâ (8)ak(k)-áž«áž«i âto dieâ (8)dAlalu- (com.) â(the god) Alaluâ (13)alpa- (com.) âcloudâ (2) anna- (-(n)a-) (com.) âmotherâ (1) aniur-(223) (neut.) âritualâ (13)aniya- âto carry out, execute; writeâ (10)anda âin(to), amongâ (4, 7)andan âinto, untoâ (14)antuáž«ĆĄa- (-(ĆĄ)a-/.19.-a-) (com.) âman, human beingâ (1)dAnu- (com.) â(the god) Anuâ (13)
223. can also cover Hittite malteĆĄĆĄar or mukeĆĄĆĄar, terms for offerings, prayers or ceremonies (see CHD sub malteĆĄĆĄar).
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Äppa (-pa) âback; againâ (3)Äppan (-an) âbehind, afterâ (Äppan tiya- âto step behindâ = âto supportâ) (9)appanda (-( p)anda) âbehind; afterwardsâ (6)apeniĆĄĆĄan () âthus, soâ (2)appezzi(ya)- (-(ez) zi ( ya)-) ârear; lastâ (2)appezzian âafterwardsâ (old sg. nom.-acc. neuter of appezziya- used adverbially) (12)appezziyaz (-(ezziy)az) âafterwards; laterâ (2) ar-áž«áž«i âto arrive (in), reachâ (+ d.-l. or allative) (8)ar-ttari âto stand, stand upâ (paradigm in §14.2, p. 230â231) (13)araáž«zanda âaroundâ (6)aráž«a âaway, offâ (preverb) (1)ariya- âto make (the subject of) an oracular inquiryâ (10)arkam(m)an- (com.) âtributeâ (7)arkam(m)anÄtar (neut.) âpayment of tributeâ (7)armizziya- âto bridgeâ (14) aruna- (..) (com.) âseaâ (4)aĆĄ(ĆĄa)nu- âto make right; arrangeâ (4)aĆĄawar () (neut.) âsheepfoldâ (7)aĆĄeĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âassemblyâ (7)aĆĄi âthatâ (pron.) (see §7.10â7.16, pp. 144â146) (14)ÄĆĄĆĄiyant- âdear, belovedâ (5)ÄĆĄĆĄu- âgoodâ; as neuter collective noun âgoodsâ (see §3.20 end, p. 72, for the spelling
ÄĆĄĆĄĆ«) (3)atta- (/) (com.) âfatherâ(1)au(ĆĄ)-/Ć«- âto seeâ (for paradigm see §13.32, p. 229). (13)awan katta âdown besideâ (9)eáž«u âcome!â (imp. 2nd sg. to uwa-) (14)eku-/aku- âto drinkâ (paradigm in §12.3, pp. 188â189) (1)Äpp-/app- âto take, seize, grasp; holdâ (paradigm in §12.3, pp. 188â189) (1)e/iĆĄáž«arwant- âbloody; blood-redâ (11)ÄĆĄ-/aĆĄ- A âto beâ (paradigm in §12.3, pp. 188â189) (1)ÄĆĄ-/aĆĄ- B âto be sitting, resideâ (see §28.30, p. 362, and p. 366, n. 12) (1)ÄĆĄ-ari âto sit (down)â (paradigm in §14.2, p. 230â231) (13)ÄĆĄĆĄa- (see Ä«ĆĄĆĄa-) ÄĆĄáž«ar (neut.) âblood; bloodshedâ (6)Äd-/ad- âto eatâ (paradigm in §§12.3, pp. 188â189) (1) áž«Äli- (neut.) âcorralâ (7)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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LĂáž«alliri- (com.) (cult functionary) (4)áž«aliĆĄĆĄiya- âto coat, inlayâ (7)áž«aliya-ari âto bow, prostrate oneselfâ (2, 14)áž«alki- (com.) âgrain; barleyâ (2)áž«allu- âdeepâ (3)LĂáž«alugattalla- (com.) âmessengerâ (7)áž«alzai-áž«áž«i âto call, summonâ (12)áž«alziĆĄĆĄa-áž«áž«i (imperfective to áž«alzÄi- âto callâ; see §13.15, p. 220â221) (11)áž«ameĆĄáž«a- (.7, ïżœïżœ ) (com.) âspringâ (11) áž«anna-áž«áž«i and áž«anna-ari âto judgeâ (13 and 14)dážȘannaáž«anna- (d.) (a fate-goddess) (10)áž«anneĆĄĆĄar (, ïżœ) (neut.) âjudgment, law caseâ (8, 13)áž«andÄi- âto arrange, prepareâ (3)dážȘantaĆĄepa- (com.) (one of class of minor deities) (9)áž«antezzi ( ya)- (-(ez) zi ( ya)-) âfront, foremost; firstâ (2)áž«apan- (-an-) (com.) âriverâ (8)áž«appiriya- (-(riy)a-) (com.) âcityâ (2) áž«Äran-MUĆ EN (MUĆ EN) (com.) âeagleâ (7)áž«arÄtar âoffenseâ (12)áž«Äriya- (com.) âvalleyâ (3)áž«ariya- âto buryâ (7)áž«ar(k)- âto hold, haveâ (paradigm in §12.10, pp. 193â194) (6)áž«ark- âto perishâ (2) (+ aráž«a âperish utterly, be destroyedâ) (12)áž«arki- () âwhiteâ (2)áž«arnau- (com.) âbirthing stoolâ (§4.54, p. 102) (6)áž«arnink- âto destroyâ (with or without aráž«a) (5)áž«arĆĄar (.) (neut.) âhead; personâ (6)NINDAáž«arĆĄi- (.4.-i-) (com.) âleavened breadâ (3)DUGáž«arĆĄiyalli- (neut.) âpithos, storage jarâ (10)áž«aĆĄ(ĆĄ)-,áž«eĆĄ(ĆĄ)-áž«áž«i âto openâ (with or without Äppa) (8)áž«aĆĄ(ĆĄ)-áž«áž«i âto give birthâ (optional -za) (8)áž«aĆĄĆĄa- (-a-) (com.) âhearthâ (3) áž«a(ĆĄ) ĆĄÄtar (-tar) (neut.) âbirth; familyâ (6)áž«aĆĄtai- (neut.) âboneâ (9) áž«aĆĄĆĄu- (-u-) (com.) âkingâ (3)áž«aĆĄĆĄuĆĄĆĄara- (.-(r)a-) (com.) âqueenâ (1), see §2.39 (p. 59).áž«atalkiĆĄ(n)- (neut.) âhawthornâ (11)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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áž«attÄtar (neut.) âwise thought, wise plan, strategyâ (9)áž«atkeĆĄnu- âbesiege, hem inâ (+ anda) (14)áž«atrÄi- âto send a message (about), write (about)â (3)áž«enkan- (neut.) âdeath; plagueâ (7)dážȘepadu- (com.) âHebatâ (13)áž«imma- (com.) âmodel, replicaâ (7)4 áž«iĆĄuwa- (a major festival) (10)áž«ue/iĆĄ- (-eĆĄ-) âto live, be aliveâ (14)áž«uiĆĄnu- (-nu-) âto keep alive; rescue, saveâ (2)áž«uiĆĄwant- (-(w)ant-) âalive, livingâ (6)áž«uiĆĄwÄtar (-(wa)tar) (neut.) âlifeâ (6)áž«uitt(iya)- âto draw, pullâ (11)áž«ue/idar (sg. neut.) âgame, wildlifeâ, (pl. áž«ue/idÄr âwild animals, beastsâ (seen as
individuals), see §3.20 (p. 72) (6)áž«ulle- âto fight (someone, -thing); contraveneâ (6)áž«Ć«mant- âall, wholeâ (follows modified noun: see §25.41, p. 339) (5)áž«Ć«nink- âto injureâ(5)áž«uppar- (com.) âbowlâ (8) áž«urki- (com.) âwheelâ(2)áž«Ć«dÄk âimmediately; suddenlyâ (2)áž«uwai-áž«áž«i âto runâ (9)áž«uwappa- (&-( p)a-) âwicked, evilâ (2)inan- (neut.) âillnessâ (13)iráž«a- (-a-) (com.) âborder (territory)â (4)Ä«ĆĄĆĄa-/ÄĆĄĆĄa-áž«áž«i (imperfective to iya- âto do, makeâ) (paradigm in §13.15, pp. 220â221)
(11)iĆĄáž«Ä- (-a-, ) (com.) âlord, master; ownerâ (2)iĆĄáž«aáž«ru- (neut.) âtearsâ (6)iĆĄáž«i(ya)-áž«áž«i âto bind, tie; imposeâ (12)iĆĄáž«iul- ( ) (neut.) âobligation, treatyâ (8)iĆĄpai-áž«áž«i (with -za) âto be satisfiedâ (9)iĆĄpant- (6-ant-, `) (com.) ânightâ (5)DUGiĆĄpantuzzi- (neut.) âlibation-vesselâ (9)iĆĄtamaĆĄĆĄ- () âto hearâ (5)iĆĄtanana- (..-(n)a-) âaltar, sacrificial tableâ (2)dIĆĄtanu- (d-u-) (com.) âthe sun-(god)â (4) iĆĄtanzan- (-an-) (com.) âsoulâ (8), see §4.79 (p. 113).
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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iĆĄtarna aráž«a âthrough, acrossâ (4)iĆĄtarnink- âto make sick, incapacitateâ (5)Ä«t/Ä«tten âgo!â (imp. 2nd sg./pl. to pai-, see §12.42, p. 210) (14)idÄlawaáž«áž«- âto mistreat, harmâ (12)idÄlaweĆĄĆĄ- âto become bad/hostileâ (4)idÄlu- (&-(l )u-) âbad, evil; hostileâ (3)iwar âas, likeâ (with preceding genitive) (4)iya- âto do, make; treat (as)â; + -za âto worshipâ (paradigm in §12.29, p. 203) (2)iya-ttari (-ttari) âto walk, goâ (paradigm in §14.5, p. 232) (13)iyanna/i-áž«áž«i âto set out; begin to move; goâ (11)kaka- (19) (com.) âtoothâ(12)kallar(a)- âunfavorable, harmfulâ (6)ganeĆĄĆĄ- âto recognize, acknowledgeâ (3)kank-áž«áž«i âto hangâ (trans.) (8)karÄp-áž«áž«i âto devourâ (9)kÄri tiya- âto accede to (the wishes of)â (7)karp-/karpiya- âto lift, raise; perform, carry outâ (1) and (8) karĆĄ- âto cut; segregateâ (7)karĆĄanu- âto omit, neglectâ (2)kartimmieĆĄĆĄ- âto become angryâ (3)kartimmiyatt- (.-(at) t-) (com.) âangerâ (5)kartimmiyawant- (.-(w) ant-) âangryâ (5)karĆ« âalready; earlierâ (12)karĆ«ili- âformer; primevalâ (2)kÄĆĄa/kÄĆĄma (4) (see §§24.27â24.29, pp. 323â324)URUGaĆĄga- (com.) âKaskeanâ (13)katta1 (this and the following entry usually written kat-ta, sometimes ka-at-ta, Sum.
) âdown(ward)â (3)katta2 âwith, besideâ (9) (see §20.21, p. 299)kattan1 (this and the the following entry usually written kat-ta-an, sometimes
ka-at-ta-an, Sum. -an) âunderâ (7) (§16.58, p. 255)kattan 2 âwith, besideâ (12) (see §20.21, p. 299)kattanda âdown in(to)â (9)kattera- âlowerâ (13) gÄnu- (neut.) âkneeâ (3)genzuwala- âmercifulâ (4)ker () (neut.) âheartâ (9)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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ke/iĆĄĆĄara- and keĆĄĆĄar- (-(r) a-, ) (com.) âhandâ (1) and (8) (for stem and inflection see §4.82, pp. 115â116)
ki-ttari âto lie, be placedâ (paradigm in §§14.5, p. 232) (14)kinun ânowâ (12) kiĆĄ-ari (DĂ-ari) âto happen; becomeâ (paradigm in §14.2, p. 230â231) (13)kiĆĄĆĄan âthus, as followsâ (3)kiĆĄtant- (com.) âhungerâ (10)kiĆĄtanu- âto extinguishâ (6)kuen-/kun- âto strikeâ (without -kan); âkillâ (with -kan) (see §28.77, p. 372) (1)kuer-/kur- âto cutâ (1)A.Ć Ăkuera- (com.) âfieldâ (2)kuit âbecause, sinceâ (4) (see §§30.41ff., pp. 418ff.)kuitman âwhile, as long asâ (9)gulĆĄ(ĆĄ)- âto incise, inscribe, drawâ (6)kunna- (-(n)a-) âright-(hand)â (adj.) (1)TĂGkureĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âscarfâ (8)kĆ«rur- âhostileâ (see §4.86, p. 117) (8)kuĆĄĆĄanka âeverâ, natta kuĆĄĆĄanka = âneverâ (7)kuwapi âwhen; whereâ (interrog. or rel.) (10)kuwapikki âanywhere; any timeâ (12)kuwat âwhy?â (2)kuwatta ĆĄer âon what account, whyâ (10)laáž«áž«a- (com.) âcampaign; tripâ (12)laáž«(áž«)anzan-MUĆ EN (com.) (kind of duck) (7)lÄi- (8) âto release, let goâ (12)lak-áž«áž«i âto knock down/outâ (12)lalukkima- (.-a-) (com.) âradiance, lightâ (13)lÄman () (neut.) ânameâ (7)lÄ (plus indicative) âdo/shall notâ (prohibitive negative) (2)lÄliwant- âswiftâ (7)le/iĆĄĆĄ- âto gather, pick upâ (9)lingai- (ïżœ -) (com.) âoathâ (10)linkiyanteĆĄ (ïżœ .) (com. pl.) âoath-godsâ(7)lukke- âto set fire toâ (6)lĆ«lu(t)- (neut.) âprosperityâ (14) luluwÄi- âto make prosperâ (4)luttai- (GIĆ ) (§4.34, p. 93) âwindowâ (9)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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luzzi- (neut.) âcompulsory public work, corvĂ©eâ (8) maáž«áž«an (-an) âas, likeâ (2); âwhen; asâ (4); âhow?âmakkeĆĄĆĄ- âto multiply, become numerousâ (intrans.) (3)man (marks unreal condition) (13)mÄn âif, wheneverâ (in Old Hittite also âwhenâ) (1)mÄn . . . mÄn âwhether . . . orâ (13), see §30.69 (p. 427). maniyaáž«áž«- âto hand over; administerâ (12)mÄĆĄa- (5) (com.) âlocustâ (9)mau(ĆĄĆĄ)- âto fallâ (13)mÄáž«ur (neut.) âtimeâ (6)me(i)u- âfourâ (14)mekki- âmuch, manyâ; sg. nom.-acc. neuter as adverb âveryâ (2) and (5)mema/i-áž«áž«i (11) âto speakâ, imperf. memiĆĄke- (7, 12)memi(y)an- () (com.) âword; matter, affairâ (7)menaáž«áž«anda (-anda) âtowards, facingâ (4)LĂmene(y)a- (com.) (a cult functionary) (11)dMezzulla- (com.) (a deity) (5) (URU)Mizra/i âEgyptâ (3)naáž«(áž«)-áž«áž«i âto be afraidâ (12) naáž«ĆĄaratt- (com.) âfear, awe; fearsomenessâ (5)naáž«ĆĄariya- âto be(come) afraidâ (4)naáž«ĆĄarnu- âto frighten, terrify, scareâ (1)nai-áž«áž«i âto turn; sendâ (9)nakki- âheavy; important; revered, augustâ (2)nakki- (neut.) âmight(?)â (12)namma (clause-initial) âthen, nextâ; (non-initial) âagainâ (` namma âno longerâ) (2, 3)nanna/i-áž«áž«i âto driveâ (11)naĆĄma âorâ (4)naĆĄĆĄu . . . naĆĄma âeither . . . orâ (9)nÄta- () (com.) âreed; arrowâ (11)natta ânotâ (usually written as ` or , rarely ) (1)nekut- (com.) âtwilight, eveningâ (6)nepiĆĄ- (, ) (neut.) âheaven, skyâ (8)newa- () ânewâ (3)ninink- âto raise, mobilize; (re)moveâ (5)nu (conj.) (marks beginning of a clause; indicates progression of the action; sometimes
â(and) thenâ, but usually best left untranslated in English) (1)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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nĆ«man (marks negative volition; translatable as âdo/did not wish to . . .â, §26.19, p. 344) (10)
nuntarnu- âto hasten, act hastilyâ (4)paáž«(áž«a)ĆĄ- âto protectâ (6)paáž«áž«aĆĄnu-, paáž«ĆĄanu- (-nu-) âto protect, guardâ (with d.-l. and peran âagainst . . .â)
(1)paáž«áž«ur () (neut.) âfireâ (6) pai- âto goâ (4)pai-áž«áž«i âto giveâ (9)palĆĄa- (-(ĆĄ)a-) (com.) âpath, way; time, instanceâ (11)paltana- (UZU.-(n)a-) (com.) âshoulderâ (2)papparĆĄ- âto sprinkleâ (14)paprÄtar (neut.) âimpurityâ (6)parÄ âforth, outâ (preverb) (1)parÄ áž«and (ant) Ätar (neut.) âdivine guidance, divine powerâ (14)paráž«- âto chase; attackâ (2) and (11)parÄ-áž«áž«i âto appear, come forthâ (9)pargaweĆĄĆĄ- âto grow high, tallâ (13)parku- âhighâ (3)parkui- âpureâ (3)parkunu- âto purify, cleanseâ (6)-pat (particle) (see chapter 28) (6)pada- (-a-) (com.) âfootâ (1)GI/GIĆ pattar (neut.) âbasketâ (9)pÄ áž«ar(k)- âto offer, furnishâ (7)peáž«ute- âto leadâ (§12.21, p. 198) (7)penna/i-áž«áž«i âto drive (away)â (11)per () (neut.) âhouseâ (6)peran âbefore, in front ofâ (1)pÄda- (neut.) âplace, spotâ (2)pÄda-áž«áž«i âto carry (off), bringâ (10)piĆĄna/i- (-(n)a/i-) (com.) âman, male personâ(1)pittuliya- (com.) âworry, anxietyâ (13)pittuliyant- âworried, anxiousâ (5)piya- âto sendâ (5) pĆ«áž«ugari- (com.) âox of ritual substitutionâ (10)punuĆĄĆĄ- (.) âto ask, question, interrogateâ (2)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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ĆĄai-áž«áž«i âto press; sealâ (9)ĆĄakk-áž«áž«i (Akk. ) âto know; recognizeâ (8)ĆĄakl(a)i- (com.) âcustom, rule; prerogative, right; rite, ceremony (as the prerogative of
a deity)â (9)ĆĄÄktÄi- âto tend to, care forâ (the sick or injured) (5)ĆĄÄkuwa- (-wa-) (com.) âeyeâ (6)ĆĄalleĆĄĆĄ- (-(l ) eĆĄĆĄ-) âto grow large; to grow upâ (3)ĆĄalli- (-(l ) i-) âgreat, large; adultâ (2)ĆĄanezzi- âfine; sweetâ (5)ĆĄanáž«- (a) (with no particle) âto seek, look for; attempt, try;â (b) (with -kan or -aĆĄta) âto
search through, scour, sweepâ (5)LĂĆĄankunni- (LĂ -(n)i-) (com.) âpriestâ (3)ĆĄarÄ âup(ward)â (4)ĆĄarra-ttari (with -kan or -aĆĄta) âto cross, traverse, transgressâ (generally with -aĆĄta or
-kan) (14) ĆĄarazzi( ya)- (-(az)zi(ya)-) âupperâ (13) ĆĄarku- âexalted, eminent, powerfulâ (4)ĆĄarlÄi- âto exalt, praise, vindicateâ (3)ĆĄarnikzil- (com.) ârestitutionâ (8)ĆĄarnink- âto make restitution (acc. = for something)â (6)ĆĄardi(y)a- (ïżœïżœ ) (com.) âhelper, auxiliaryâ (8)ĆĄÄru- (neut.) âbooty, plunderâ (3)ĆĄaruwÄi- âto plunderâ (3)ĆĄaĆĄt- (GIĆ ) (com.) âbed; sleepâ (5)ĆĄeli- (com.) âgrain heap, granaryâ (10)ĆĄer âabove; on; forâ (with preceding dative-locative) (5)ĆĄi(p)pand-/iĆĄpand-áž«áž«i () âto libate; sacrifice; offer to (a deity, in acc.)â (8)ĆĄiun(i )- (--n(i)-) (com.) âgodâ (§4.50, pp. 100â101) (2) ĆĄiwatt- (/.-(at)t- [§9.51, p. 167]) âdayâ (5)ĆĄiyeĆĄĆĄar (-eĆĄĆĄar ) âbeerâ (6)ĆĄuáž«áž«a- (com.) âroofâ (4) ĆĄuáž«áž«a-áž«áž«i âto pour (out)â (14)ĆĄumeĆĄ âyouâ (pl.) (1)ĆĄunna-áž«áž«i âto fillâ (10)ĆĄĆ«niya- âto sow, scatter, sprinkleâ (5)UZUĆĄuppa- âsacralized/consecrated meatâ (collective plural only) (4)ĆĄuppi- âholy, sacred, consecratedâ (2)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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ĆĄuwe- âto push (away), rejectâ (6)ta (conj.) (Old Hittite only; see §§29.15â29.22, pp. 393â395, for its use) (5)dÄ-áž«áž«i âto takeâ (+ parÄ âto pick outâ) (10)dai-áž«áž«i âto put, placeâ (9)tak(ki)ĆĄ- âto put together, make, perpetrate; wieldâ (12) takĆĄan âtogetherâ (1)takĆĄatniya-/takĆĄanniya- âto (make) levelâ (14)takĆĄul- (neut.) âpeaceâ (8)takĆĄulatar (neut.) âpeaceâ (7)takku âifâ (Old Hittite only) (5)daluki- âlongâ (5)tamai- âanotherâ (12) tamaĆĄĆĄ- âto press, oppressâ (7)dÄn âa second timeâ (12)dannatta- âempty, desolateâ (12)taninu- âto put in order, organizeâ (9)dankui- (6-i-) âdark, blackâ (2)dandukiĆĄ(n)- (..19.) (neut.) âhumanity, the human raceâ (§4.90, p. 120);
dandukisnas -(l )a- âchild of mortalityâ = âhuman beingâ (also written ...19.-(l)a-) (11)
tar- (see tÄ-)taráž«- (with -za) âto conquerâ, (without -za) âbe superiorâ (3)tarku- âto danceâ (§12.12, p. 194) (4)tarmÄi- âto nail, fastenâ (3)tarna-áž«áž«i âto release, let goâ (11)tarpaĆĄĆĄa- (com.) âritual substituteâ (5)tÄru- (-(r)u-) (neut.) âwood; treeâ (3)daĆĄ(ĆĄa)nu- âto make powerfulâ (3)dTaĆĄmiĆĄu- (com.) â(the god) Tasmisuâ (13)daĆĄĆĄeĆĄĆĄ- âto become powerfulâ (3)daĆĄĆĄu- âmighty, powerfulâ (3)daĆĄuwaáž«áž«- âto blindâ (12)tÄye- âto stealâ (§12.23, p. 199) (2)tÄ-/tar- âto speak; mentionâ (6)tÄkan () (neut.) âearthâ (7)dTelipinu- (com.) (A male deity of the storm-god class, generally conceived as the
producer of life and proliferation among plants and animals.) (7)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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tepaweĆĄĆĄ- âto become (too) smallâ (5)teri- âthreeâ (14)teĆĄáž«a- () (com.) âdreamâ (5)teĆĄĆĄummi- () (com.) âcupâ (7)tit(ta)nu- âto installâ (+ aráž«a âto remove [from a position]â) (11)tiya- âto step; station oneselfâ (2)tuegga- (.) (com.) âbody; limbâ (3)LĂtĆ«áž«ukantaáž«it- âposition of crown-princeâ (see §4.15, p. 86) (11)tuqq-ari âto matter; be visibleâ (conjugated like eĆĄ- and kiĆĄ- in §14.2, p. 230â231)tunnakiĆĄ(n)- (.-(n)a-) (neut.) âinner chamberâ (13)tuppi- (Sum. , Akkad. ' ) (neut.) âclay tabletâ (3)tĆ«riya- âto hitch/yoke upâ (11)duĆĄgaratt- (com.) âjoyâ(5)duddumili âsecretlyâ (6)tuwarne- âto breakâ (in OH a mi-verb, in NH migrates to the áž«i-conjugation; see
§12.23, p. 199; §12.51, p. 212) (11)tuzziya- âto encamp, go into campâ (5)uktĆ«ri- (pl. tantum) âfuneral pyreâ (13)unu- âto adornâ (also inflected as a stem unuwÄi-) (5)uppa/i-áž«áž«i âto sendâ (11)uppeĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âthing sent, giftâ (12)uda-áž«áž«i âto bringâ (10)uttar (Sum. , Akkad. , pl. ) (neut.) âword; matter, affairâ (6)utnÄ- () (neut.) âland, countryâ (9)uwa-, ue- âto comeâ (4)uwate- âto bringâ (a person) (see §12.21, p. 198) (9)-wa (-war- before vowel) (quotative particle) (introduces direct speech) (see §§28.2ff.,
pp. 354ff.) (2)waáž«nu- (-nu-) âto turn; change, alterâ (10)wai- (neut.) âwoeâ (10)wak(k)-áž«áž«i âto biteâ (11)waqqar-áž«áž«i âto fail, missâ (13)waláž«- (-aáž«áž«-) âto strike, hitâ (1)walwa/i- (.&-a/i-) (com.) âlionâ(1)war-ani âto burnâ (intrans.) (conjugated like eĆĄ-ari and kiĆĄ-ari in §14.2, p. 230â231; for
warÄni instead of *warÄri see §1.128, p. 45) (13)waráž«unu- âto make rough, bushyâ (1)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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warnu- (-nu-) âto burnâ (trans.); + aráž«a âto burn upâ (2)warp- âto batheâ (10)waĆĄ-áž«áž«i âto buyâ (8)waĆĄĆĄe- âto put onâ (clothing) (+ -za = on oneself) (11)waĆĄta-áž«áž«i âto sinâ (10)waĆĄtul- (neut.) âsinâ (8)wÄtar (Sum. A, Akkad. ) (neut.) âwaterâ (6)watku- âto spring, jumpâ (+ peran aráž«a âto flee fromâ) (9)wellu- (.-u-) (com.) âmeadow, pastureâ (3)wemiya- âto findâ; + anda âto reach, attain, overtakeâ (2)weriya- âto call, summonâ (2)weĆĄtara- (LĂ-a-) (com.) âshepherdâ(10)wÄtt-/wÄ«tt- (/.-t- [§9.51, p. 167]) (com.) âyearâ (5)wete-/weda-áž«áž«i âto buildâ (see §12.21, p. 198) (12)wil(a)n- () (com.) âclayâ (7)wi/eda(i)- âto bringâ (11)wiyana- (-(n)a-) (com.) âwineâ(1)-za (âreflexiveâ particle) (see §§28.16â28.42, pp. 357â364, and footnotes) (1)zaáž«(áž«)--áž«áž«i âto strikeâ (+ anda âto penetrateâ) (8)zaáž«áž«ai- (com.) âbattleâ (9)zaáž«áž«iya- âto fightâ (5)zanu- âto cookâ (trans.) (1)zaĆĄáž«ai- () (com.) âdreamâ (12)zaĆĄáž«iya- () âto appear in a dreamâ (12)zikke- âto placeâ (imperfective to dai-áž«áž«i) (7)LĂ zináž«uri- (com.) (a cult functionary) (4)
Sumerograms
.. = aruna- (com.) âseaâ (4).-(n)a- (com.) âfieldâ (1)MUĆ EN = áž«Äran- âeagleâ (7)-a- = anna- âmotherâ (1) = nepiĆĄ-, Akkad. âheaven, skyâ (8).. âtowerâ (12)-a/i- (com.) âass, donkeyâ (11) (previously read as )...-a- (com.) âmuleâ (11) (previously read as ...)..-u- (com.) âhorseâ (3) (previously read as ..)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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LĂ âexorcistâ (3). âdiedâ (= akkiĆĄ) (4) (previously read as . or .6) = áž«arki- âwhiteâ (2) (previously read as )GIĆ -u- (com.) âtableâ (8), GIĆ . âlarge tableâ (14)-nu- = warnu- âto burnâ (trans.) (2)14 = âcrop(s), harvestâ (9) (previously read as )-a- (com.) âwifeâ (9)-atar (neut.) âwifehood, marriageâ (7) = áž«anneĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âlegal caseâ (8).&. (plural marker) (used exclusively with Sumerograms) (12) (previously read
as ..&.)/-/--n(i)-, pl. . = ĆĄiun(i)- âgodâ (1) and (2)-(l)a- (com.) âchild; sonâ (1)..-i- (com.) âpalace officialâ (plural . .)(1).-a-(plural . ) (com.) âprinceâ (3).-a- (com.) âdaughterâ (1) (previously read as .)...19.-(l )a- = dandukiĆĄnaĆĄ -a- (com.) âhuman beingâ (6)
(previously read as ...LU) = per/parn- (neut.) âhouseâ (6).- (pl. ..) = ĆĄiunaĆĄ per (neut.) âtempleâ (3) .- (neut.) âpalaceâ (4)-an = Äppan âbehind; afterâ (9)-(ez)zi(ya)- = appezzi(ya)- ârear-, lastâ (2)-pa = Äppa âback; againâ (3)-a- = iĆĄáž«Ä- (com.) âlord, master; ownerâ (2). âclient, patron, sacrificerâ (6).-t- (com.) âtroopsâ (5) (previously read as , , and )-(n)a- (com.) âgrain storage pitâ (10) (previously read as &)-a- (com.) â(piece of) clothâ (3)-(l)i- = ĆĄalli- âgreat, large; adultâ (2) . âchief of the bodyguardâ... âchief of the scribesâ (10) = katta âdown(ward)â (3) and kattan âbelowâ (7) âladyâ(5)6-ant- = iĆĄpant- (com.) ânightâ (5) (previously read as -ant-)6-i- = dankui- âdark; blackâ (2) (previously read as -i-)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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-(a/iĆĄĆĄar)a-224 (com.) âservant, slave-(woman)â (11) (previously read as and )
-(n)a- = wiyana- (com.) âwineâ (1) = nata- âreed; arrowâ (11)GIĆ -a- (com.) âstaff, stickâ (1) (previously read as GIĆ )-an = maáž«áž«an âwhen; as; how?â (2, 4) âshekelâ (10)-a- (neut.) âknifeâ (1)-a- (com.) âfootâ (1)GIĆ .-iĆĄ(n)- = GIĆ kuppiĆĄ(n)- âstoolâ (§4.90, p. 120)225 (1)-(r)u- (neut.) âwood; treeâ (1) and (3)GIĆ . âthroneâ (13) -(l)a- âleft-(hand)â (previously read -(l )a-) (4)-u- (com.) âbovine, cow, steerâ (1) and (7) (also read as 4). âfattened oxâ (also read as 4. or .) (8) LĂ12-a- (com.) (9) (previously read LĂ., LĂ&., or LĂ) (a kind of priest,
ranked below the LĂ/LĂĆĄankunni-priests, but above other temple personnel such as exorcists (LĂ/ LĂ&), cooks, table-men, scribes and musicians; Hittite reading most likely kumra- com., see Hoffner 1996a)
-aáž«áž«- = waláž«- âto strike, hitâ (1)-a- = áž«aĆĄĆĄa- (com.) âhearthâ (3)&. (plural marker) (used almost exclusively with Sumerograms) (1) (previously read
as &)&-( p)a- = áž«uwappa- âbad, evil, malevolentâ (2)&-(l )u- = idÄlu- âbad, evil; hostileâ (3)&.-(r)a- (com.) âmountainâ (1)(UZU) (neut.) = ĆĄakan- (neut.) âfat; oilâ (11) (previously read as UZU ).. âfine oilâ (14) (previously read as ..)-an- = áž«apan- (com.) âriverâ (8)-(ez)zi(ya)- = áž«antezzi ( ya)- âfront-, foremost; firstâ (2)-wa- = ĆĄakuwa- âeyeâ (6)-(n)a- (com.) (measure of length) (13) (previously read as ) = uttar and memia(n)- âword; matter, affairâ (6) and (7) (previously read as )-(n)a/i- (com.) â(male) servant, slaveâ (1) (also read as )-(n)aáž«áž«- âto subject, make oneâs servantâ (13) (also read as )
224. For the stem of this word see p. 59, n. 17.225. The complementation -iĆĄ, which points to an underlying kuppiĆĄ(n)-, is found in KBo 20.8 obv. 19
(OS!), see StBoT 26:239. Other occurrences of GIĆ . may cover the Hittite word áž«apĆĄalli.
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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-(n)Ätar (neut.) âservitude, bondage, slaveryâ (14) (also read as )d (the Stormgod) (5) (also read d)-(m)a- (com.) âmonthâ (= arma-) (13) = paáž«áž«ur âfireâ (1) and (6)Ă = aiĆĄ âmouthâ (8)-(ĆĄ)a- = palĆĄa- (com.)âpath, way; time, instanceâ (11) (previously read ) = ĆĄiyeĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âbeerâ (6) = tÄkan âearthâ (7) . (functions like English âdittoâ) (7)4 (neut.) ânoseâ (11) (previously read as Ă).-i- (neut.) âsilverâ (7) (previously read as .) = utnÄ (neut.) âland, countryâ (3) and (9)d â(the goddess) Iâ (10)-(n)a/i- (com.) âman, maleâ (1) GIĆ (com.) âtable-manâ (server) (9)... âblind manâ (7).GIĆ âman having a obligationâ (8) (previously read as GIĆ ).-(n)a- (com.) âenemyâ (1) '+ âmessengerâ (= Akkad. amel áčÄme; the is not a determinative) (12).19.-a- = antuáž«ĆĄa- âpersonâ (com.) (11) (previously read as .LU)-u- = áž«aĆĄĆĄu- (com.) âkingâ (3)-(u)eznÄtar = *áž«aĆĄĆĄuweznÄtar (neut.) âkingshipâ (11). âminaâ (11) (plural marker) (used almost exclusively with Sumerograms) (1)/.-t- = wÄtt-/wÄ«tt- âyearâ (§9.51, p. 167) (5)LĂ&-a- âcookâ (1) (previously read as LĂ) = áž«aĆĄtÄr- (com.) âstarâ (see §4.81, p. 114) (11)-n- (com.) âwoman; wifeâ (6) (previously read as and ).-(r ) a- = áž«aĆĄĆĄuĆĄĆĄara- âqueenâ (1) (previously read as .).. âold womanâ (medical/ritual practitioner) (8) (previously read as
.).-a- = arnuwala- (com.) âdeportee(?), colonist(?)â (non-free person subject to
periodic resettlement by the king) (11).-a- (com.) âbeeâ (14)-a- = nega- (com.) âsisterâ (7)-a- (com.) âbreadâ (1).4.-i- (com.) âleavened bread, bouleâ (4) (also read as .4.)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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d.-a- = dážȘannaáž«anna- (fategoddess) (10). â(there) is/are notâ (8). = áž«arĆĄar âheadâ (also used for âpersonâ) (6)LĂ(.)-(l)a- (com.) âcupbearerâ (7) (previously read as LĂ..8(.) or LĂ.
.8(.))LĂ-(n)i- = ĆĄankunni- (3)LĂ-a- = wÄĆĄtara- (com.) âshepherdâ (10) (previously read as LĂ)- = ` = iĆĄáž«amiyanzi âthey singâ (4) = aniur, malteĆĄĆĄar or mukeĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âsacrifice, ritualâ (2, 13) (previously
read as . or .). On the variety of Hittite nouns underlying see CHD LâN sub malteĆĄĆĄar.
âinsides; wombâ (8), also = ker/kard- âheartâ (9), and = Akkad. âin, on, atâ (14) (previously read as ())
&-a- (com.) âpigâ (1)-(n) a- = negna- (com.) âbrotherâ (11)-(r) a- = keĆĄĆĄar(a)- (com.) âhandâ (1) and (8)GIĆ .-ki(t)- âchairâ (13). âtime(s)â (with numbers) (14)-(w)Ätar = áž«uiĆĄwÄtar âlifeâ (6)-a- (com.) âcloth, garmentâ (2)... âfestive garmentsâ (10).-(at)t- = kartimmiyatt- âanger (5).-(w)ant- = kartimmiyawant- âangryâ (5)GIĆ -(l)i- (com.) âweaponâ (11) âsmall, littleâ (9)d âStormgodâ (2).-u- = wellu- âmeadowâ (3) = zaĆĄáž«ai- (noun)/zaĆĄáž«iya- (verb) (12)(.)-(at)t- = ĆĄiwatt- âdayâ (5) (also read as 4(.))d.5 âthe favorable dayâ (as a deity) (8) (also read as 4.5)-u- (com.) âsheepâ (6).-a/i- (com.) âramâ (13) âchief, headâ (9)-(ĆĄ)a- (com.) âman, humanâ (1) (previously read as ). 7-(n)a- (com.) âdogâ (13) (previously read as . or .).&-a/i- (com.) âlionâ (1) (= Luwian walwa/i-?)-(ri)ya- = áž«appiriya- âcityâ (2)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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d -u- = IĆĄtanu- âSungodâ (4)d - âmy Sungodâ (royal title; usually translated âHis Majestyâ) (4). âflesh; fatâ (11)d.4.4-a- (com.) (a war-god) (11).&. SAR (neut.) âweedsâ (5)LĂ. or LĂ. (com.) (an official who distributes beverages) (7)
(previously read as LĂ...)-a- = iráž«a- (com.) âborder (territory)â (4)-(n)a- = kunna- âright-(hand)â (1) ..-(n)a- = iĆĄtanana- (com.) âaltar, sacrificial tableâ (2)UZU.-(na)- = paltana- (com.) âshoulderâ (1) = iĆĄtanza(n)- âsoulâ (8)9 âtoothâ (12) (previously read as Ă)
Akkadograms
/ âfatherâ (1) âell, yardâ (measure of length) (13) (marks dative-locative case) (3) ârhyton, animal-shaped drinking vesselâ (10) = áž«anneĆĄĆĄar (neut.) âlegal case, disputeâ (4)() = arawanni- âfree (person)â (10) âin, intoâ (marks dative-locative case) (4)ïżœ = Äpta âtook, seizedâ (12)dI â(the goddess) Iâ (10, 12) (marks ablative or instrumental case, thus âfromâ or âwithâ) (4)- âyourâ (sg.) (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms) (4)- âyourâ (plural) (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms) (3) âthousandâ (12) = wÄtar âwaterâ (1)LĂ âhusbandâ (10)- âourâ (12)ïżœ - âoathâ (4)ïżœ . âoathgodsâ (7) â(together) withâ (9) = keĆĄĆĄar(aĆĄ)âžĆĄiĆĄ âhis/her handâ (11) = apeniĆĄĆĄan âthus, soâ (2)d-a- = arma- âmoon, Moongodâ (9)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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âofâ (marks following logogram as representing a Hittite genitive) (2)() = nepiĆĄaĆĄ âof heavenâ (4)- âhisâ (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms) (1) ânameâ (= lÄman-) (2) and (7)- âtheirâ (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms) (4)'+ see '+ above' âclay tabletâ (10) (written with the sign ) âandâ (5)`/ = natta (1)+ = arkuwÄizzi, áž«e(n)kta, áž«inkta, áž«ingari âbowsâ (4) - âmyâ (used only after Sumerograms and Akkadograms) (1)
Comprehensive Vocabulary
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SOURCES OF EXERCISE SENTENCES MARKED â OR â
2.5 Adapted from KBo 11.14 ii 22 (MH/NS).3.8 KBo 5.6 iii 50â52 (NH), with addition of from the dupl. text KBo 14.12
iii 33.4.4 KBo 20.5 rev.(!) 10â11 (OS) restored from KBo 22.195 iii(!) 5â6 (MS) =
StBoT 25 #12 iii 22Êčâ23Êč. 4.7 Heavily adapted version of KBo 4.3 i 22â24 (NH). 4.9 Adapted from KBo 5.4 rev. 16â17 (NH). 4.12 Adapted from KUB 5.1 i 54 (NH).5.6 Adapted from KUB 30.10 rev. 18 (OH/MS). 5.7 KBo 6.2 i 16â17 (OH/OS) = Laws §10.5.9 Adapted from KUB 19.18 i 17â18 (NH).5.13 Adapted from KBo 4.6 obv. 11â14 (NH).5.14 Adapted from KUB 21.27 iv 13â14 (NH).5.15 Adapted from KBo 10.2 i 36â37 (OH/NS.6.2 KBo 5.6 iii 5â6 (NH). 6.3 Adapted from KUB 43.58 i 46â48 (MH/MS).6.4 KBo 6.2 iv 56â58 (OS), restored from KBo 6.3 iv 55â58 (OH/NS) = Laws §99.6.5 Adapted from KBo 4.2 i 58â60 (pre-NH).6.7 KBo 4.8 ii 10â12 (NH).6.10 Adapted from KBo 20.34 obv. 11 (OH or MH/MS).6.13 Adapted from KBo 3.1 ii 5â7 (OH/NS).6.15 KUB 21.27 iv 35â36 (NH). 7.1 Adapted from KUB 14.10 i 6â8 (NH).7.2 Adapted from HKM 58:5 (MH/MS), see ibid. obv. 8.7.3 HKM 58:6â7 (MH/MS). 7.4 KBo 17.1 iii 8â9 (OS).7.5 KUB 2.10 v 25â26 (OH/NS).7.6 KUB 19.37 iii 46â48 (NH). 7.7 KUB 30.10 obv. 15 (OH/MS).7.8 KUB 21.27 ii 15â16 (NH).7.9 Restored and emended version of KBo 3.1 i 30â31 (OH/NS). 7.10 KUB 14.1 rev. 21â23 (MH/MS). 7.13 KUB 39.7 ii 7â9 (NH). 8.1 KUB 30.21 + KUB 39.7 i 2â4 (NH). 8.2 Adapted from KUB 14.8 i 14â15 (NH).
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8.3 KBo 17.74 iii 48 (OH/MS!), restored from KUB 43.26 iv 7 (OS). 8.6 Restored version of KBo 6.25 + KBo 13.35 iii 5â7. 8.7 KBo 6.2 ii 45 (OS) = Laws §47B.8.8 KBo 5.8 i 26â27 (NH).8.9 Adapted from KBo 4.4 iii 36â37 (NH), see ibid iii 29â30.8.10 Adapted from KUB 7.60 ii 4â6 (NS).8.11 Adapted from KBo 4.4 iii 43â44 (NH).8.12 KUB 6.45 iii 13â15 = KUB 6.46 iii 53â54 (NH).8.13 KUB 26.12 ii 15â16 (NH).8.14 Adapted from KUB 6.45 iii 23â24 (NH).8.15 KBo 6.2 ii 14â15 (OS), restored from KBo 6.3 ii 33 (OH/NS) = Laws §38.9.1 KBo 17.1 i 28â29 (OS).9.3 KUB 5.6 i 39â41 (NH).9.4 KBo 17.15 rev. 18 (OS), restored from KBo 17.40 iv 13 (OS).9.6 KBo 5.13 i 7â9 (NH).9.7 Restored version of KUB 1.16 ii 53â54 (OH/NS). 9.8 Adapted from KUB 1.16 iii 57â58 (OH/NS).9.9 Adapted from KBo 5.13 ii 18â20 (NH). 9.10 Adapted from KBo 5.13 ii 20â12 (NH), see ibid. ii 25.9.11 Adapted from KUB 32.117 + KUB 35.93 iii 10â11 (OS). 9.12 KUB 8.1 ii 16â17 (NH).9.13 KUB 2.13 iii 9â11 (OH/NS).9.14 KBo 15.25 rev. 18 (MH/MS).9.15 Freely restored version of KBo 5.6 ii 31â33 (NH). 10.1 KBo 5.13 i 15â16 (NH).10.2 KBo 6.2 i 51â52, OH/OS = Laws §23.10.3 KUB 17.10 i 29â30, OH/MS.10.4 KBo 4.2 iii 56â57 (NH), restored from KUB 43.50 obv. 18 + KUB 15.36
obv. 10.10.5 KUB 21.17 iii 9â12 (NH).10.6 Restored version of KUB 21.17 iii 13â17 (NH).10.7 KBo 5.6 iv 6â7 (NH).10.8 Adapted from BrTabl. iv 19â20 (NH). 10.9 Restored version of KBo 26.58 iv 44â46 (Ullik., NS), partly from KUB 36.11:2
and partly from KBo 26.59 iii 32Êč.10.10 KBo 6.34 ii 44â45 (MH/NS).10.11 KBo 6.2 iv 49â50 (OS), restored from KBo 6.3 iv 48â49; = Laws §96.10.13 KBo 2.6 iii 17â18 (NH).10.14 Adapted from BrTabl. iv 16â20 (NH).10.15 KBo 15.52 vi 39â45 (NS). 11.4 KUB 29.1 i 19â20 (OH/NS). 11.5 Adapted from KUB 13.2 ii 43â44 (NS).
Sources of Exercise Sentences
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11.6 BrTabl. ii 43â44 (NH).11.7 KBo 6.2 i 22â23 (OS), restored from KBo 6.3 i 31â32; = Laws §12.11.8 KBo 6.3 i 33 (OH/NS) = Laws §13.11.9 Restored version of KUB 33.54 ii 13â14 (OH/NS).11.10 Adapted from KBo 8.35 ii 19â20 (MH/MS).11.11 Restored version of KBo 17.43 i 10â11 (OS).11.12 Adapted from KUB 17.21 iv 12â14 (MH/MS).11.13 KBo 17.4 ii 8â9 (OS).11.14 KBo 12.42 rev. 6â8 (MH/NS).11.15 KBo 6.2 iv 12â13 (OS) = Laws §79. 12.1 Adapted from KBo 5.13 i 20â22 (NH).12.2 KBo 3.4 iii 19â21 (NH).12.3 KUB 1.1 i 36â38 (ážȘatt., NH).12.4 Adapted from KUB 1.1 i 40 (ážȘatt., NH).12.5 Freely restored version of KBo 3.22 obv. 39â42 (OS). 12.6 KBo 4.4 iv 20â21 (NH).12.7 KBo 6.2 i 9â10 (OS) = Laws §7.12.8 KBo 3.22 obv. 6â8 (OS).12.9 KBo 10.2 i 19â21 (OH/NS).12.10 KBo 5.8 ii 3â5 (NH).12.11 Restored version of KUB 23.101 ii 19â20 (NH).12.12 KBo 4.3 i 12 (NH).12.13 KUB 19.65 + KUB 31.13, 6â7 (NH) = ážȘatt. iii 46Êčâ47Êč (restored from KUB
19.64, 20â21).12.14 Adapted from KBo 11.1 obv. 1â2 (NH).12.15 Restored version of KUB 19.10 i 18â19 (NH) = DĆ 13.13.2 KUB 12.66 iv 9â10 (OH/NS).13.3 KUB 31.127+ i 40â49 (OH/NS). 13.4 KUB 33.120 i 8â10 (NS). 13.5 KUB 36.12 i 15 + KUB 33.113 i 3 (Ullik., NS). 13.6 KBo 4.4 iv 18â19 (NH).13.7 Freely restored version of KBo 3.4 i 41â42 (NH). 13.9 KUB 30.15 i 10â11 (NH). 13.10 Adapted from KUB 33.98 iii 15â16 (Ullik., NS).13.12 Restored version of KUB 30.10 rev. 13â14 (OH/MS).13.13 KUB 33.106 ii 8â9 (Ullik., NS).13.14 KUB 9.32 obv. 6â7 (NS). 13.15 KBo 5.6 iii 12â13 (NH).14.1 KUB 17.10 ii 29â30 (OH/MS).14.2 KBo 4.4 iii 45â47 (NH).14.3 KBo 4.4 iii 47â48 (NH).14.4 KUB 15.34 i 45â46 (MH/MS).
Sources of Exercise Sentences
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14.5 KBo 5.3 ii 22â23 (MH/NS). 14.7 KBo 4.4 i 41â42 (NH). 14.8 KUB 31.127 i 52â56 (OH/NS).14.9 KBo 4.14 iii 9 (NH)14.10 KBo 5.1 i 45â47 (NH). 14.11 KBo 3.1 ii 36â37 (OH/NS).14.12 KBo 8.35 ii 14â15 (MH/MS).14.13 Restored and adapted from KBo 16.1 iii 11â14 (NH). 14.15 KUB 43.60 i 10â11 (OH/NS). 14.16 Freely restored version of KBo 4.4 iv 4â5 (NH) 14.17 Restored and excerpted version of KBo 17.75 i 46â47 (OH/NS).
Sources of Exercise Sentences
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