A- Authoritarian v. Democratic v. Laissez Faire Leadership B- Back Stage v. Front StageC-Conflict TheoryD-DevianceE-EthnocentrismF-FunctionalismG-Gemeinchaft v. GessellschaftH-Hirschi Study 2001I-Id, Ego, SuperegoJ-De jure v. De facto Discrimination K-Kholberg’s Theory of Moral DevelopmentL-Labeling TheoryM-Mechanical v. Organic Solidarity
N-Norms, Folkways, Mores, Laws, SanctionsO-Out group v. In groupP- Piaget’s Theory of SocializationQ-QuestionairesR-Role Conflict v. Role StrainS- Status InconsistencyT-Thomas TheoremU-Civil Union v. MarriageV-ValuesW-White Collar CrimeX-XenophobiaY-Symbolic InteractionismZ-Zimbardo Prison Experiment
By Megan Ramirez
A IS FOR: Authoritarian v. Democratic v. Laissez Faire Styles of Leadership
Authoritarian• they lead by giving orders
Democratic• they leads by trying to reach a
compromise
Laissez Faire• they lead by being easy going and giving
people a lot of freedom (not that effective)
B IS FOR: Back Stage v. Front Stage
Back Stage• Where you let your hair
down• Ex. homeFront Stage• Where we play our
assigned roles• Ex. when at work, school
C IS FOR: Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory• Key to human history is class conflict• Bourgeoisie (wealthy) v. proletariat (workers)• All about power and competition• Karl Marx!• “social living is a contest”
D IS FOR: Deviance
Deviance• the violation of norms, rules, or expectations• The reactions to the act is what makes it deviant• Ex. Criminals
E IS FOR: Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism• Use your culture to judge another (“Eating a monkey is gross”)• Thinking your group is better that another for no good reason!!!• Leads to negative feelings about “their” behavior• Gives us the right to take over other countries/ have slaves
F IS FOR: Functionalism
Functionalism• Life is like a body• Contributions made by each part of society• Change in one part of society leads to changes in
all parts of society• 4 Types• Function- positive; keeps group together• Dysfunction-negative; hurts group• Manifest- main or intended purpose• Latent- unintended outcome
G IS FOR: Gemeinchaft v. Gessellschaft
Gemeinchaft• Intimate community• personal relationships with family
and friendsGessellschaft• Impersonal association• Most time spent with strangers
H IS FOR: Hirschi Study 2001
Hirschi Study 2001• Deviance depends on the bonds between society and the
individual• Social bonds formed with attachment, commitment
involvement, and belief
I IS FOR: Id, Ego, Superego
Freud and Personality Id• Inborn basic drives
to avoid pain, seek pleasure etc.
Ego• Balancing force
between the id and superego
Superego• Our conscience
J IS FOR: De Jure v. De facto Discrimination
De Jure• Discrimination “by law”• Ex. Plessy v. Ferguson• segregation in schools and other public places• ”separate but equal”
De facto• Discrimination “by fact”• Ex. After Brown v. Board of Education• Segregation not constitutional but people still
discriminate
K IS FOR: Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Development• Amoral (0-6 yrs)• Preconventional (7-10)• Conventional (10-18?)• Post Conventional (adult+)
L IS FOR: Labeling Theory
Labeling Theory • Idea that the labels people are given affect their own
and others’ perceptions of them • The result is that people channel their
behavior into either deviance or conformity
M IS FOR: Mechanical v. Organic Solidarity
Mechanical• People perform similar tasks • Shared values and beliefs• Ex. Farmers-hard work, religion?
Organic• Interdependence in an industrial society • No shared values—might not have anything in common
except that they need each other to work• Ex. Factory workers—assembly line, need everyone to
make a specific part
What holds society together?
N IS FOR: Norms, Folkways, Mores, Laws, Sanctions
Norms-specific guideline for behavior (no smoking)
Folkways-everyday habits/manners (don’t talk with full mouth)
Mores- norms vital to well being of society and to our values (no incest)
Laws- government’s rules (murder)
Sanctions- punishment for violating norms/ reward for following them (jail, honor roll)
O IS FOR: Out group v. In group
In group• a group you are part of• Ex. VHHS students, share school pride, classes, and clubs
Out group• a group you are not a part of• For every in group there is an out group
P IS FOR: Piaget’s Theory on Socialization
Piaget’s Theory on Socialization• Well accepted • Stages are fluid• 4 stages• Sensory Motor Stage (0-2 yrs)• Pre-Operatinal Stage (2-7)• Concrete Operationl Stage (7-12)• Formal Operational Stage (12+)
Q IS FOR: Questionnaires=Surveys
Questionnaires=Surveys• Most common for reasearch• Sample=number of people or types of people
picked to answer questions • Random= Ex. People on street• Representative= Ex. 50% of VHHS
R IS FOR: Role conflict v. Role strain
Role conflict• Too many things to do/expectations and not
enough time in the day!!!!• Ex.—come home and study? Prep for club?
Talk with family?Role strain• More of a moral dilemma • Ex. Lance Armstrong—do drugs and win
dishonestly or no drugs and don’t win?
S IS FOR: Status Inconsistency
Status Inconsistency• Have some status characteristics that are relatively
high and some that are relatively low• Ex. A poor person wins the lottery
+
U IS FOR: Civil Union v. Marriage
Different kinds of families
Marriage• Legal union with mutual rights and obligations• Ex. Tax and insurance benefits; if one dies, other still
has to pay the mortgage
Civil Union• Recognition of association by state• Also includes things like tax and insurance benefits and DNR• But! Not all states recognize civil unions so have to stay in • state where it is recognized or lose these benefits
V IS FOR: Values
Values• General idea that people share about what is good or bad• Ex. Civil rights, hard work • 5 elements important to Americans• Leisure• Self-fulfillment• Physical fitness• Youthfulness• Concern for environment
Hard work
W IS FOR: White Collar Crime
White Collar Crime• Crimes high status people commit usually as
they do their jobs• Ex. Insider trading, tax evasion, embezzement• These money crimes lead to less jail time than people crime
Y IS FOR: SYmbolic Interactionism
SYmbolic Interactionism• Cooley and Meade• Symbol=stands for
something that has agreed meaning (Ex. Love, flag)
• Defines what one should and shouldn’t do
• Defines oneself and others
Z IS FOR: Zimbardo Prison Experiment
Zimbardo Prison Experiment• Experiment where some college students played
the role of guards while others played the role of prisoners
• Not long after the experiment started, the “gaurds” were psychologically torturing the “prisoners”
• The experiment had to be stopped after just six days