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Business Ethics &Business Ethics &
Professional ResponsibilityProfessional Responsibility
Instructor: Dean R. PoirierInstructor: Dean R. Poirier
([email protected])([email protected])Mount Olive CollegeMount Olive College
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Unethical BehaviorUnethical Behavior
Unethical behavior inUnethical behavior in
business is not just a recentbusiness is not just a recent
phenomenonphenomenon
In the sixth century, B.C., theIn the sixth century, B.C., the
philosopher Anacharsis once said,philosopher Anacharsis once said,
The market is a place set apartThe market is a place set apart
where men may deceive onewhere men may deceive oneanother.another.
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Unethical BehaviorUnethical Behavior
The Old Testament also talksThe Old Testament also talks
about false balancesabout false balances(Amos 8:5; Hosea 12:7;(Amos 8:5; Hosea 12:7;
Micah 6:11) despite GodsMicah 6:11) despite Gods
command against such (Lev.command against such (Lev.19:36; Ezek. 45:10)19:36; Ezek. 45:10)
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Business EthicsBusiness Ethics
Business Ethics is about:Business Ethics is about:
Decision-MakingDecision-Making
By People in BusinessBy People in Business
According to Moral Principles orAccording to Moral Principles orStandardsStandards
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Decision-MakingDecision-Making
Conflicting duties, loyalties orConflicting duties, loyalties orinterests create moral dilemmasinterests create moral dilemmas
requiring decisions to be maderequiring decisions to be made
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Decision-MakingDecision-Making
Ethical decision-making involves theEthical decision-making involves the
ability to discern right from wrong alongability to discern right from wrong along
with the commitment to do what is right.with the commitment to do what is right.
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Decision-MakingDecision-Making
Some factors affecting decision-making (fromSome factors affecting decision-making (from IntegrityIntegrityManagementManagement, by D. T. LeClair et al, Univ. of Tampa, by D. T. LeClair et al, Univ. of Tampa
Press, 1998):Press, 1998):
Issue IntensityIssue Intensity
(i.e. how important does the decision-maker(i.e. how important does the decision-makerperceive the issue to be?perceive the issue to be?
Can be influenced by company/managementCan be influenced by company/management
emphasis)emphasis)
Decision-Makers Personal Moral PhilosophyDecision-Makers Personal Moral Philosophy Decision-Makers Stage of Moral DevelopmentDecision-Makers Stage of Moral Development
Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture
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Decision-MakingDecision-Making
8 Steps to Sound, Ethical Decision-Making8 Steps to Sound, Ethical Decision-Making 1. Gather as many relevant & material facts as1. Gather as many relevant & material facts as
circumstances permit.circumstances permit.
2. Identify the relevant ethical issues (consider alt.2. Identify the relevant ethical issues (consider alt.
viewpoints)viewpoints) 3. Identify, weigh & prioritize all the affected parties (i.e.3. Identify, weigh & prioritize all the affected parties (i.e.
stakeholders) (see Johnson & Johnson Credo, Takingstakeholders) (see Johnson & Johnson Credo, TakingSides, p.25)Sides, p.25)
4. Identify your existing commitments/obligations.4. Identify your existing commitments/obligations.
5. Identify various courses of action (dare to think creatively)5. Identify various courses of action (dare to think creatively) 6. Identify the possible/probable consequences of same6. Identify the possible/probable consequences of same
(both short & long-term)(both short & long-term)
7. Consider the practicality of same.7. Consider the practicality of same.
8. Consider the dictates and impacts upon your character &8. Consider the dictates and impacts upon your character &
integrity.integrity.
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Decision-MakingDecision-Making
Disclosure TestDisclosure Test: How comfortable: How comfortable
would I feel if others, whose opinion ofwould I feel if others, whose opinion of
me I value, knew I was making thisme I value, knew I was making this
decision?decision?
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Decision-MakingDecision-Making
The higher the level of a decision-The higher the level of a decision-
makermaker
the greater the impact of the decisionthe greater the impact of the decision
and the wider the range of constituenciesand the wider the range of constituencies
that will be affected by the decision.that will be affected by the decision.
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By People In BusinessBy People In Business
The moralThe moralfoundation of thefoundation of thedecision-makerdecision-makermattersmatters
He doesnt have a moralHe doesnt have a moralcompass. Whistleblowercompass. WhistleblowerSherron Watkins describingSherron Watkins describingAndrew Fastow, former CFOAndrew Fastow, former CFO
of Enron. (of Enron. (Watkins gets frankWatkins gets frankabout days at Enronabout days at Enron, Edward, EdwardIwata, USA Today, MarchIwata, USA Today, March25, 2003, p. 3B.)25, 2003, p. 3B.)
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By People in BusinessBy People in Business
Ultimately, one's own motivation for ethical behaviorUltimately, one's own motivation for ethical behavior
must be internal to be effectivemust be internal to be effective. External motivation. External motivation
has a limited value -- punishment and fear is onlyhas a limited value -- punishment and fear is only
effective in the short-run. If people believe that theyeffective in the short-run. If people believe that they
are above the law, they will continue to actare above the law, they will continue to act
unethically. Organizations that have a clear vision,unethically. Organizations that have a clear vision,
andand support individual integritysupport individual integrity are attractive placesare attractive places
of employment. - Teri D. Egan, Ph.d, Associateof employment. - Teri D. Egan, Ph.d, Associate
Professor, The Graziadio School of Business atProfessor, The Graziadio School of Business atPepperdine University,Pepperdine University, Corporate Ethics, WashingtonCorporate Ethics, Washington
Post Live OnlinePost Live Online, Friday, Aug. 2, 2002;, Friday, Aug. 2, 2002;
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EthicsEthics ValuesValues: guiding constructs or ideas, representing deeply held: guiding constructs or ideas, representing deeply held
generalized behaviors, which are considered by the holder, to begeneralized behaviors, which are considered by the holder, to be
of great significance.of great significance.
MoralsMorals:: a system or set of beliefs or principles, based on values,a system or set of beliefs or principles, based on values,
which constitute an individual or groups perception of humanwhich constitute an individual or groups perception of human
duty, and therefore which act as an influence or control over theirduty, and therefore which act as an influence or control over their
behavior. Morals are typically concerned with behaviors thatbehavior. Morals are typically concerned with behaviors that
have potentially serious consequences or profound impacts. Thehave potentially serious consequences or profound impacts. The
word morals is derived from the Latinword morals is derived from the Latin moresmores (character, custom(character, custom
or habit)or habit)
Ethics:Ethics: the study and assessment of morals. The word "ethics"the study and assessment of morals. The word "ethics"
is derived from the Greek word,is derived from the Greek word, ethosethos (character or custom).(character or custom).
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MoralityMorality
The most important human endeavor isThe most important human endeavor is
the striving for morality in our actions.the striving for morality in our actions.
Our inner balance and even our veryOur inner balance and even our veryexistence depend on it. Only morality inexistence depend on it. Only morality in
our actions can give beauty and dignityour actions can give beauty and dignity
to life. -to life. - Albert Einstein (in a letter 11/20/50)Albert Einstein (in a letter 11/20/50)
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MoralityMorality
The historian Arnold ToynbeeThe historian Arnold Toynbee
observed: "Out of 21 notableobserved: "Out of 21 notable
civilizations, 19 perished not bycivilizations, 19 perished not by
conquest from without but by moralconquest from without but by moral
decay from within."decay from within."
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Absolutism vs. RelativismAbsolutism vs. Relativism Ethical Absolutism:Ethical Absolutism: What is right or wrong isWhat is right or wrong is
consistent in all places or circumstances. There areconsistent in all places or circumstances. There are
universally valid moral principles. ( only byuniversally valid moral principles. ( only by
obedience to universal moral norms does man findobedience to universal moral norms does man find
full confirmation of his personal uniqueness and thefull confirmation of his personal uniqueness and the
possibility of authentic moral growth. - Pope Johnpossibility of authentic moral growth. - Pope JohnPaul II, see also Rom. 12:2; Heb. 13:8)Paul II, see also Rom. 12:2; Heb. 13:8)
Ethical Relativism (also called SituationalEthical Relativism (also called Situational
Ethics)Ethics): What is right or wrong varies according to: What is right or wrong varies according to
the individual/society/culture or set of circumstances.the individual/society/culture or set of circumstances.There are no universally valid moral principles.There are no universally valid moral principles.
(Related Biblical reference "everyone did what was(Related Biblical reference "everyone did what was
right in his own eyes" (Deut. 12:8, Judges 17:6;right in his own eyes" (Deut. 12:8, Judges 17:6;
21:25) (see also Isa. 5:20 & 24, Jer. 2:13, Rom.21:25) (see also Isa. 5:20 & 24, Jer. 2:13, Rom.
1:18-32, 1 Cor. 5:6-7, 2 Cor. 6:14-15, 1 John 1:8)1:18-32, 1 Cor. 5:6-7, 2 Cor. 6:14-15, 1 John 1:8)
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RelativismRelativism As R.H. Popkin describes relativism in his article on theAs R.H. Popkin describes relativism in his article on the
subject insubject in The Encyclopedia of ReligionThe Encyclopedia of Religion, views are to be, views are to be
evaluated relative to the societies or cultures in whichevaluated relative to the societies or cultures in which
they appear and are not to be judged true or false, orthey appear and are not to be judged true or false, or
good or bad, based on some overall criterion but are togood or bad, based on some overall criterion but are to
be assessed within the context in which they occur.be assessed within the context in which they occur.
Thus, what is right or good or true to one person orThus, what is right or good or true to one person orgroup, may not be considered so by others there aregroup, may not be considered so by others there are
no absolute standards Man is the measure of allno absolute standards Man is the measure of all
things (quoting the Greek philosopher Protagoras (481-things (quoting the Greek philosopher Protagoras (481-
420, B.C.), and each man could be his own measure420, B.C.), and each man could be his own measure
[Relativism] urges suspension of judgment about right [Relativism] urges suspension of judgment about right
and wrong. (Ellis Washington,and wrong. (Ellis Washington, Reply to Judge RichardReply to Judge Richard
A. Posner on the Inseparability of Law and MoralityA. Posner on the Inseparability of Law and Morality,,
Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 3)Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 3)
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RelativismRelativism
As Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said, Relativism isAs Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said, Relativism ispresented as a position defined positively by thepresented as a position defined positively by the
concepts of tolerance and knowledge throughconcepts of tolerance and knowledge through
dialogue and freedom, concepts which would bedialogue and freedom, concepts which would be
limited if the existence of one valid truth for all werelimited if the existence of one valid truth for all were
affirmed affirming that there is a binding and validaffirmed affirming that there is a binding and valid
truth in history in the figure of Jesus Christ and thetruth in history in the figure of Jesus Christ and the
faith of the church is described as fundamentalism.faith of the church is described as fundamentalism.
Such fundamentalism, is presented in differentSuch fundamentalism, is presented in different
ways as the fundamental threat emerging againstways as the fundamental threat emerging againstthe supreme good of modernity: i.e., tolerance andthe supreme good of modernity: i.e., tolerance and
freedom. - Address to Congregation for the Doctrinefreedom. - Address to Congregation for the Doctrine
of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996
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Absolutism v. RelativismAbsolutism v. Relativism
The demise of Americas legal foundationsThe demise of Americas legal foundationsoccur when society rejects laws that areoccur when society rejects laws that arebased on solid, irrevocable, moral, universal,based on solid, irrevocable, moral, universal,absolute values, to a society that bases itsabsolute values, to a society that bases its
laws on an arbitrary system of relativism,laws on an arbitrary system of relativism,situational ethics, materialism, individualism,situational ethics, materialism, individualism,hedonism, paganism, or in any secularisthedonism, paganism, or in any secularistideology. This secularization of law hasideology. This secularization of law hasinfluenced all branches of knowledge law,influenced all branches of knowledge law,philosophy, business, religion, medicine,philosophy, business, religion, medicine,education, science, the arts, and masseducation, science, the arts, and massmedia. Harold Berman,media. Harold Berman, The Interaction ofThe Interaction ofLaw and ReligionLaw and Religion 21 (1974).21 (1974).
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Absolutism vs. RelativismAbsolutism vs. Relativism
According to a recent poll of collegeAccording to a recent poll of collegeseniors, 73% agreed with the statementseniors, 73% agreed with the statementthat What is right or wrong depends onthat What is right or wrong depends on
differences in individual values anddifferences in individual values andcultural diversity. Only 25% agreedcultural diversity. Only 25% agreedwith the statement that There are clearwith the statement that There are clear
and uniform standards of right andand uniform standards of right andwrong by which everyone should bewrong by which everyone should bejudged."judged."
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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism Relativism undermines moral criticismRelativism undermines moral criticism of practices ofof practices of
particular individuals or in particular societies whereparticular individuals or in particular societies where
those practices conform to their own standards. Forthose practices conform to their own standards. For
instance, it could be used to permit slavery in a slaveinstance, it could be used to permit slavery in a slave
society or it could be used to justify trade andsociety or it could be used to justify trade and
investment with basically evil regimes, e.g. Apartheidinvestment with basically evil regimes, e.g. Apartheidgovernments.governments.
But, as Cardinal Ratzinger said, There are injusticesBut, as Cardinal Ratzinger said, There are injustices
that will never turn into just things (for example, killingthat will never turn into just things (for example, killing
an innocent person, denying an individual or groups thean innocent person, denying an individual or groups theright to their dignity or to life corresponding to thatright to their dignity or to life corresponding to that
dignity) while, on the other hand, there are just thingsdignity) while, on the other hand, there are just things
that can never be unjust. - Address to Congregation forthat can never be unjust. - Address to Congregation for
the Doctrine of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996the Doctrine of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996
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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism Relativism allows for oppression of those withRelativism allows foroppression of those with
minority views by allowing the majority in anyminority views by allowing the majority in anyparticular circumstance to define what is morallyparticular circumstance to define what is morally
right or wrongright or wrong.. In Germany they first came for the Communists,In Germany they first came for the Communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist.and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist.
Then they came for the Jews,Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.
Then they came for the trade unionists,Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Catholics,Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant.and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant.
Then they came for me Then they came for me
and by that time no one was left to speak up.and by that time no one was left to speak up.
- German anti-Nazi activist, Pastor Martin Niemller- German anti-Nazi activist, Pastor Martin Niemller
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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism
Relativists speak in terms that soften harsh realities.Relativists speak in terms that soften harsh realities.
"Intelligent, educated, religious people embrace illogical"Intelligent, educated, religious people embrace illogical
absurdities that set aside not only God's truth, but alsoabsurdities that set aside not only God's truth, but also
our responsibility for the well-being of others. Whenour responsibility for the well-being of others. Whenwords are warped and twisted perversely, they'rewords are warped and twisted perversely, they're
eventually emptied of their true meaning. When youeventually emptied of their true meaning. When you
shine the light of common sense on deceptive languageshine the light of common sense on deceptive language
couched in medical, philosophical or intellectual terms,couched in medical, philosophical or intellectual terms,
the logic evaporates. Moral choices require that we usethe logic evaporates. Moral choices require that we use
language to describe reality. - Jean Staker Garton,language to describe reality. - Jean Staker Garton,
Author/Lecturer, Co-Founder of Lutherans for LifeAuthor/Lecturer, Co-Founder of Lutherans for Life
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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism
Relativists never need bother to examineRelativists never need bother to examinewhy something is moral or immoral, theywhy something is moral or immoral, they
merely accept/tolerate alternativemerely accept/tolerate alternative
determinations, so that none are held todeterminations, so that none are held to
accountaccountOver the years I have found that those who callOver the years I have found that those who call
themselves atheists actually have a strong sense ofthemselves atheists actually have a strong sense of
the absolute truth they know exists. They just dontthe absolute truth they know exists. They just dont
want to acknowledge that its true - because if theywant to acknowledge that its true - because if theydid, they would have to change the way they live.did, they would have to change the way they live.
They flee on moral grounds; refusing to submitThey flee on moral grounds; refusing to submit
themselves, they exchange the truth for a lie. -themselves, they exchange the truth for a lie. -
Chuck Colson -Chuck Colson -Being the BodyBeing the Body, 2003., 2003.
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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism
Commenting on the idea that legal reformsCommenting on the idea that legal reformscan compel corporate morality, Michaelcan compel corporate morality, Michael
Prowse, in theProwse, in the Financial TimesFinancial Times, stated that, stated that
"The underlying problem is that"The underlying problem is that we are livingwe are living
in times that might aptly be called 'post-in times that might aptly be called 'post-ethical.'" People are now "emotivists," whoethical.'" People are now "emotivists," who
relativize moral judgments and "obey the law,relativize moral judgments and "obey the law,
help others and respect customs and moreshelp others and respect customs and mores
only if they calculate that this will benefit themonly if they calculate that this will benefit them
personally in some way. ... The root problempersonally in some way. ... The root problem
is a loss of belief in objective ethicalis a loss of beliefin objective ethical
standards.standards.
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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism
Jesus said in John 8:31-32, If youJesus said in John 8:31-32, If you
continue in my word, then are you mycontinue in my word, then are you my
disciples indeed; And you shall knowdisciples indeed; And you shall knowthethe truth, andtruth, and thethe truth shall make youtruth shall make you
free. It would seem follow then that,free. It would seem follow then that,
people cannot experience ultimate andpeople cannot experience ultimate andtrue freedom unless and until theytrue freedom unless and until they
come to terms with the absolute truthcome to terms with the absolute truth
revealed by God.revealed by God.
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Absolutism vs. RelativismAbsolutism vs. Relativism
Most ethicists reject the theory ofMost ethicists reject the theory ofethical relativism. Some claim thatethical relativism. Some claim that
while the moral practices ofwhile the moral practices ofsocieties may differ, thesocieties may differ, thefundamental moral principlesfundamental moral principles
underlying these practices do not.underlying these practices do not.--Markkula Center for Applied EthicsMarkkula Center for Applied Ethics
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ValuesValues
To ensure that employees can and willTo ensure that employees can and willact with integrity act with integrity organizations needorganizations need
a strong and consistent set of valuesa strong and consistent set of values
that dictate appropriate individualthat dictate appropriate individualactions. -actions. - Conclusion of study conducted byConclusion of study conducted byProfessor Pratima Bansal, cited inProfessor Pratima Bansal, cited in
Rebuilding trust, The integral role ofRebuilding trust, The integral role of
leadership in fostering values, honesty andleadership in fostering values, honesty and
vision,by Carol Stephenson in the Iveyvision,by Carol Stephenson in the Ivey
Business Journal, Jan/Feb. 2004, Vol. 68,Business Journal, Jan/Feb. 2004, Vol. 68,
Issue 3.Issue 3.
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ValuesValues
Navigating the complexities of a situation ...Navigating the complexities of a situation ... requiresrequires
aa reliable compassreliable compass. We can plot that "north" by. We can plot that "north" by
determining clearly our owndetermining clearly our own core valuescore values. We have to. We have to
identify - and articulate - what we believe is importantidentify - and articulate - what we believe is important
to us and to our companies. Our core values driveto us and to our companies. Our core values drive
our behaviors, and our behaviors tell the world whoour behaviors, and our behaviors tell the world whowe are and what we stand for. ...Identifying andwe are and what we stand for. ...Identifying and
adhering to a core-values compass point provides aadhering to a core-values compass point provides a
standard that will make decisions easier, consistentstandard that will make decisions easier, consistent
and justified. -and justified. - Parkinson, J. Robert, Thinking clearly,Parkinson, J. Robert, Thinking clearly,remembering values key to making the call, Milwaukee Journalremembering values key to making the call, Milwaukee Journal
Sentinel, March 22, 2004.Sentinel, March 22, 2004.
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ValuesValues
Without commonlyWithout commonlyshared and widelyshared and widelyentrenched moralentrenched moralvalues and obligations,values and obligations,neither the law, norneither the law, nor
democratic government,democratic government,nor even the marketnor even the marketeconomy will functioneconomy will functionproperly.- (Vaclavproperly.- (VaclavHavelHavel Politics, morality,Politics, morality,
and Civilityand Civility, Summer, SummerMeditations)Meditations)
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ValuesValues
What are the core values that
are fundamental to thesuccess of any individual ororganization?
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ValuesValues
HonestyHonesty RespectRespect
ResponsibilityResponsibility FairnessFairness
CompassionCompassion
PerseverancePerseverance
CourageCourage
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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty
HonestyHonesty - Being straightforward, sincere, truthful,- Being straightforward, sincere, truthful,
free of fraud, deception or misrepresentation.free of fraud, deception or misrepresentation.
TransparencyTransparency - To be open, honest and available,- To be open, honest and available,to provide clear, accurate, and understandableto provide clear, accurate, and understandable
information (e.g. in the context of financialinformation (e.g. in the context of financial
disclosures). Some ethicists have argued thatdisclosures). Some ethicists have argued that
ethical business practices are best measured by aethical business practices are best measured by acompany's character and commitment tocompany's character and commitment to
transparency than by their social vision ortransparency than by their social vision or
rhetoric (e.g. Jon Entine)rhetoric (e.g. Jon Entine)
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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty
HonestyHonesty
Builds/Maintains TrustBuilds/Maintains Trust
Fosters CommunityFosters Community Makes Communication more Efficient &Makes Communication more Efficient &
EffectiveEffective
Demonstrates Respect for the Dignity ofDemonstrates Respect for the Dignity of
OthersOthers
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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty
Moral Leaders welcome transparencyMoral Leaders welcome transparency
and truth as opposed to secrecy andand truth as opposed to secrecy and
deception.deception. Respondents to a recent VictorRespondents to a recent Victor
James ethical leadership survey, by aJames ethical leadership survey, by a
wide margin, cited honesty as thewide margin, cited honesty as thequality most admired in a leader.quality most admired in a leader.
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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty Richard Searsfounder of SearsRichard Searsfounder of Sears
Roebuck and CompanystartedRoebuck and Companystarted
the modern mail order industry,the modern mail order industry,
supplying a burgeoning nationsupplying a burgeoning nation
with innovative products andwith innovative products and
building a business that gavebuilding a business that gave
employment to hundreds ofemployment to hundreds of
thousands of people. In his zeal tothousands of people. In his zeal tosell merchandise, Searssell merchandise, Sears
occasionally would get carriedoccasionally would get carried
away with catalogue descriptions,away with catalogue descriptions,
praising products far beyond thepraising products far beyond the
literal truth. This in turn led toliteral truth. This in turn led to
returned merchandise andreturned merchandise andreduced profits. But Sears learnedreduced profits. But Sears learned
his lesson. In later years, he washis lesson. In later years, he was
fond of saying,fond of saying, "Honesty is the"Honesty is the
best policy. I know because I'vebest policy. I know because I've
tried it both ways.tried it both ways. -- fromfrom Integrity atIntegrity at
WorkWork, ed. By Ken Shelton., ed. By Ken Shelton.
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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty
Honesty and transparency make youHonesty and transparency make you
vulnerable. Be honest and transparentvulnerable. Be honest and transparentanyway. - Mother Teresaanyway. - Mother Teresa
Contra: "Speech was given to man toContra: "Speech was given to man todisguise his thoughts." - Charles-Maurice dedisguise his thoughts." - Charles-Maurice de
TalleyrandTalleyrand
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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty
Some scriptural references regardingSome scriptural references regarding
honesty in business:honesty in business: (Exodus 22:10; 23:13; Leviticus 19:11(Exodus 22:10; 23:13; Leviticus 19:11
12, 35-36, Deuteronomy 25:1316,12, 35-36, Deuteronomy 25:1316,
Proverbs 6:16-19, 11:1, 12:17-19 & 22,Proverbs 6:16-19, 11:1, 12:17-19 & 22,Ephesians 4:25)Ephesians 4:25)
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Values - RespectValues - Respect
Respect:Respect: To give particularTo give particularattention to, show considerationattention to, show consideration
for, or hold in high or specialfor, or hold in high or specialregardregard (Merriam-Webster's Online(Merriam-Webster's OnlineDictionary, 10th Edition)Dictionary, 10th Edition)
Should respect be given or mustShould respect be given or mustrespect be earned?respect be earned?
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Values - RespectValues - Respect
Every man is to be respected as anEvery man is to be respected as an
absolute end in himself; and it is aabsolute end in himself; and it is a
crime against the dignity thatcrime against the dignity thatbelongs to him as a human being, tobelongs to him as a human being, to
use him as a mere means for someuse him as a mere means for some
external purpose. -external purpose. - Immanuel Kant,Immanuel Kant,
Prussian geographer and philosopher (1724-Prussian geographer and philosopher (1724-
1804)1804)
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Values - RespectValues - Respect
Human DignityHuman Dignity is the intrinsic worth that inheres in everyis the intrinsic worth that inheres in everyhuman being. From the Catholic perspective (among otherhuman being. From the Catholic perspective (among otherChristian perspectives), the source of human dignity isChristian perspectives), the source of human dignity isrooted in the concept ofrooted in the concept ofImago DeiImago Dei, in Christs redemption, in Christs redemptionand in our ultimate destiny of union with God. Humanand in our ultimate destiny of union with God. Humandignity therefore transcends any social order as the basisdignity therefore transcends any social order as the basisfor rights and is neither granted by society nor can it befor rights and is neither granted by society nor can it be
legitimately violated by society. In this way, human dignitylegitimately violated by society. In this way, human dignityis the conceptual basis for human rights. While providingis the conceptual basis for human rights. While providingthe foundation for many normative claims, one directthe foundation for many normative claims, one directnormative implication of human dignity is that every humannormative implication of human dignity is that every humanbeing should be acknowledged as an inherently valuablebeing should be acknowledged as an inherently valuablemember of the human community and as a uniquemember of the human community and as a unique
expression of life, with an integrated bodily and spiritualexpression of life, with an integrated bodily and spiritualnature. In Catholic moral thought, because there is a socialnature. In Catholic moral thought, because there is a socialor communal dimension to human dignity itself, personsor communal dimension to human dignity itself, personsmust be conceived of, not in overly-individualistic terms, butmust be conceived of, not in overly-individualistic terms, butas being inherently connected to the rest of society. -as being inherently connected to the rest of society. - fromfromthe Ascension Health Code of Ethicsthe Ascension Health Code of Ethics
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Values - RespectValues - Respect
Civilizations should be measured by "theCivilizations should be measured by "the
degree of diversity attained and thedegree of diversity attained and the
degree of unity retained. - W.H. Auden,degree of unity retained. - W.H. Auden,
English poet (1907-1973)English poet (1907-1973)
Never look down on anybody unlessNever look down on anybody unless
you're helping him up. - Jesse Jackson,you're helping him up. - Jesse Jackson,American political activist and preacherAmerican political activist and preacher
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Values - Respect - Tolerance?Values - Respect - Tolerance?
What about tolerance?What about tolerance?
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Values - Respect - Tolerance?Values - Respect - Tolerance?
"Our culture has fallen into a kind of"Our culture has fallen into a kind ofmoral vertigo we value tolerancemoral vertigo we value tolerance
so much that we don't know how toso much that we don't know how to
talk to each other about what is righttalk to each other about what is right
and good, -and good, - Rev. Kevin Phillips, directorRev. Kevin Phillips, directorof the Business Leadership andof the Business Leadership and
Spirituality Network (BLSN) quoted inSpirituality Network (BLSN) quoted in
Competing Values, by Jane Lampman,Competing Values, by Jane Lampman,Christian Science MonitorChristian Science Monitor, August 1, 2002., August 1, 2002.
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Values - Respect - Tolerance?Values - Respect - Tolerance?
Did you know that the term tolerance (or inDid you know that the term tolerance (or in
some translations sufferance Gk.some translations sufferance Gk. eaoeao) is rarely) is rarelyused in the New Testament, and that where it isused in the New Testament, and that where it isused it is generally used in a negative sense?used it is generally used in a negative sense?For example:For example: Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee,Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee,
because youbecause you toleratetolerate that woman Jezebel, who callsthat woman Jezebel, who callsherself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce myherself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce myservants to commit fornication, and to eat thingsservants to commit fornication, and to eat thingssacrificed unto idols. Rev. 2:20sacrificed unto idols. Rev. 2:20
By contrast, the New Testament uses the term By contrast, the New Testament uses the term
love Gk.love Gk. agapeoagapeo nearly 150 times in a positivenearly 150 times in a positivesense.sense. So whats the difference between love and tolerance?So whats the difference between love and tolerance?
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Values - Respect - Tolerance?Values - Respect - Tolerance?Tolerance:Tolerance: Demonstrating sympathy for, indulging,Demonstrating sympathy for, indulging,
or making allowances for, beliefs or practicesor making allowances for, beliefs or practicesdiffering from, or conflicting with, one's own.differing from, or conflicting with, one's own.
Love:Love: In the Christian context, from the Gk.,In the Christian context, from the Gk., agapeoagapeo,,
an active and beneficent interest in, and concernan active and beneficent interest in, and concernfor, the well-being of another. It is givenfor, the well-being of another. It is givenunconditionallyunconditionally and unselfishly. It involves a clearand unselfishly. It involves a cleardetermination of will and judgment (i.e.determination of will and judgment (i.e. aaresponsible choiceresponsible choice). A loving person,). A loving person, honestlyhonestly
(Rom. 12:9) gives(Rom. 12:9) gives respectrespect and demonstratesand demonstratescompassioncompassion. Demonstrating such love often. Demonstrating such love oftenrequiresrequires couragecourage. The source of such love comes. The source of such love comesfrom above (James 1:17).from above (James 1:17).
Would you rather be loved or tolerated?Would you rather be loved or tolerated?
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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion
Compassion:Compassion: "sympathetic"sympathetic
consciousness of another's distressconsciousness of another's distress
together with a desire to alleviate it"together with a desire to alleviate it"
[Webster's 7th New Collegiate Dictionary],[Webster's 7th New Collegiate Dictionary], fellowfellowfeeling, the emotion of caring concern; thefeeling, the emotion of caring concern; the
opposite of cruelty, in Hebrewopposite of cruelty, in Hebrew rahamanutrahamanut,,
from the wordfrom the word rehemrehem, 'womb', based on, 'womb', based on
the idea of sibling love (coming from fromthe idea of sibling love (coming from fromthe same womb).the same womb).
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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion
"The word 'care' finds its roots in the"The word 'care' finds its roots in theGothic 'Kara' which means lament.Gothic 'Kara' which means lament.The basic meaning of care is: toThe basic meaning of care is: to
grieve, to experience sorrow, to crygrieve, to experience sorrow, to cryout with.. . . A friend who caresout with.. . . A friend who caresmakes it clear that whatever happensmakes it clear that whatever happensin the external world, being presentin the external world, being present
to each other [now] is what reallyto each other [now] is what reallymatters."matters." [Henri Nouwen,[Henri Nouwen, Here and NowHere and Now,,p. 105]p. 105]
V l C i
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Values - CompassionValues - CompassionSouthwest Airlines CEO Herb Kelleher has openlySouthwest Airlines CEO Herb Kelleher has openly
demonstrated a willingness to go the extra mile for Southwestdemonstrated a willingness to go the extra mile for Southwestemployees. He has made it a priority to learn their names andemployees. He has made it a priority to learn their names and
to chip in and work alongside them when the situation hasto chip in and work alongside them when the situation has
demanded his help. He has been observed lugging baggagedemanded his help. He has been observed lugging baggage
and greeting customers in an Easter Bunny costume. He hasand greeting customers in an Easter Bunny costume. He has
repeatedly demonstrated a truly exceptional level of caringrepeatedly demonstrated a truly exceptional level of caringand compassion for his employees, and his employees haveand compassion for his employees, and his employees have
responded in kind. Perhaps the most dramatic example ofresponded in kind. Perhaps the most dramatic example of
their commitment to their beloved leader occurred when theytheir commitment to their beloved leader occurred when they
pooled their own money and ran a $60,000 ad in USA Todaypooled their own money and ran a $60,000 ad in USA Today
recognizing him on Bosses Day. In the ad they thankedrecognizing him on Bosses Day. In the ad they thanked
Kelleher for being a friend, not just a boss. -Kelleher for being a friend, not just a boss. - from Thefrom TheLeadership Wisdom of JesusLeadership Wisdom of Jesus, Charles C. Manz, 1998., Charles C. Manz, 1998.
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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion
I expect to pass through the world but once. AnyI expect to pass through the world but once. Anygood therefore that I can do, or any kindness Igood therefore that I can do, or any kindness Ican show to any creature, let me do it now. Letcan show to any creature, let me do it now. Letme not defer it, for I shall not pass this wayme not defer it, for I shall not pass this way
again. - Stephen Grellet, French/Americanagain. - Stephen Grellet, French/Americanreligious leader (1773-1855)religious leader (1773-1855)
"Men are only great as they are kind. - Elbert"Men are only great as they are kind. - ElbertHubbard, American entrepreneur and philosopherHubbard, American entrepreneur and philosopher(founder of Roycroft) (1856-1915)(founder of Roycroft) (1856-1915)
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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion
"No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever"No act of kindness, no matter how small, is everwasted." - Aesop, 6th Century B.C. Writer ofwasted." - Aesop, 6th Century B.C. Writer ofGreek fablesGreek fables
"If the world seems cold to you, kindle fires to"If the world seems cold to you, kindle fires towarm it. - Lucy Larcom, American poet (1826-warm it. - Lucy Larcom, American poet (1826-1893)1893)
"The individual is capable of both great"The individual is capable of both great
compassion and great indifference. He has itcompassion and great indifference. He has itwithin his means to nourish the former andwithin his means to nourish the former andoutgrow the latter.- Norman Cousins, Americanoutgrow the latter.- Norman Cousins, Americanessayist & editor (1912-1990)essayist & editor (1912-1990)
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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion
"There are two ways of spreading light: to be the"There are two ways of spreading light: to be thecandle or the mirror that reflects it. - Edithcandle or the mirror that reflects it. - EdithWharton, American novelist (1862-1937) -Wharton, American novelist (1862-1937) -
Compassion is the basis of morality.'' - ArthurCompassion is the basis of morality.'' - ArthurSchopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860)Schopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860)
All we need in order to be moral human beings isAll we need in order to be moral human beings iscompassion. - Nina Rosenstand summarizing thecompassion. - Nina Rosenstand summarizing the
view of David Taylor inview of David Taylor in Good and EvilGood and Evil, from, from TheTheMoral of the Story: An Introduction to EthicsMoral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics,,McGraw-Hill, 2004.McGraw-Hill, 2004.
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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion
Some scriptural referencesSome scriptural references
regarding compassion:regarding compassion:
(Matthew 18:27, Luke 10:30-37,(Matthew 18:27, Luke 10:30-37,
(Parable of the Good Samaritan),(Parable of the Good Samaritan),
1 John 3:17, Jude 1:22)1 John 3:17, Jude 1:22)
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Values - ResponsibilityValues - Responsibility
Responsibility/Accountability/Reliability:Responsibility/Accountability/Reliability:MoralMoralLeaders take responsibility for their ownLeaders take responsibility for their ownactions/failures and those of their companies and theyactions/failures and those of their companies and theydemand accountability from their subordinates. (e.g. at Delldemand accountability from their subordinates. (e.g. at Delltheres no The dog ate my homework. Dell ruthlesslytheres no The dog ate my homework. Dell ruthlessly
exposes weak spots during grueling quarterly reviews andexposes weak spots during grueling quarterly reviews andexecs know they had better fix the problem before the nextexecs know they had better fix the problem before the nextmeeting. What You Dont Know About Dell,meeting. What You Dont Know About Dell, BusinessBusinessWeekWeek, Nov. 30, 2003, p.79) Involves a commitment to, Nov. 30, 2003, p.79) Involves a commitment tocompetent quality performance. Implies fidelity to promisescompetent quality performance. Implies fidelity to promisesand other commitments and not making promises thatand other commitments and not making promises that
cannot be kept, such as committing to unrealistic deliverycannot be kept, such as committing to unrealistic deliverydates. Also calls for acknowledgment of implicitdates. Also calls for acknowledgment of implicitcommitments, such as the protection of confidences.commitments, such as the protection of confidences.
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Values - ResponsibilityValues - Responsibility
I am only one, but still, I am one. I cannotI am only one, but still, I am one. I cannotdo everything but I can do something.do everything but I can do something.And, because I cannot do everything, I willAnd, because I cannot do everything, I willnot refuse to do what I can. -not refuse to do what I can. - EdwardEdwardEverett Hale, American clergyman and writerEverett Hale, American clergyman and writer(1822-1909)(1822-1909)
The question for each man to settle is notThe question for each man to settle is notwhat he would do if he had the means,what he would do if he had the means,
time, influence and educationaltime, influence and educationaladvantages, but what he will do with theadvantages, but what he will do with thethings he has. -things he has. - Hamilton Wright MabeeHamilton Wright Mabee
V l R ibilitVal es Responsibilit
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Values - ResponsibilityValues - Responsibility
Any mans life will be filled with constantAny mans life will be filled with constantand unexpected encouragement if heand unexpected encouragement if hemakes up his mind to do his level bestmakes up his mind to do his level besteach day. -each day. - Booker T. Washington, AmericanBooker T. Washington, Americaneducator (1856-1915)educator (1856-1915)
I long to accomplish some great andI long to accomplish some great andnoble task, but it is my chief duty tonoble task, but it is my chief duty toaccomplish small tasks as if they wereaccomplish small tasks as if they were
great and noble. -great and noble. - Helen Keller, AmericanHelen Keller, Americansocial activist, public speaker and author (1880-social activist, public speaker and author (1880-1968)1968)
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Values - FairnessValues - Fairness
Fair:Fair: just, equitable, impartial, unbiased,just, equitable, impartial, unbiased,
objective. Involves a elimination (or at least aobjective. Involves a elimination (or at least a
minimalization) of one's own feelings, prejudicesminimalization) of one's own feelings, prejudices
and desires, so as to achieve a proper balance ofand desires, so as to achieve a proper balance of
conflicting interests. Implies an equitableconflicting interests. Implies an equitabledistribution of burdens and benefits. John Rawlsdistribution of burdens and benefits. John Rawls
argues inargues inA Theory of JusticeA Theory of Justice that rules are fair ifthat rules are fair if
they are rules that the people operating underthey are rules that the people operating under
them would have agreed to, had they been giventhem would have agreed to, had they been givenan opportunity to accept or reject theman opportunity to accept or reject them
beforehand.beforehand.
V l F i
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Values - FairnessValues - Fairness
JusticeJustice: demonstrating fairness, equity,: demonstrating fairness, equity,impartiality, righteous action,impartiality, righteous action,
To some, justice is about conformity to truth. ToTo some, justice is about conformity to truth. Toothers, its about conformity to lawothers, its about conformity to law
But law and justice are 2 different concepts.But law and justice are 2 different concepts.
The law is something we must live with. Justice isThe law is something we must live with. Justice issomewhat harder to come by. - Sherlock Holmes, in Thesomewhat harder to come by. - Sherlock Holmes, in TheCase of the Red Circle.Case of the Red Circle.
This is a court of law, young man, not a court ofThis is a court of law, young man, not a court ofjustice. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.justice. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
justice occurs on earth when power and authorityjustice occurs on earth when power and authoritybetween people are exercised in conformity with Godsbetween people are exercised in conformity with Gods
standards of moral excellence. -standards of moral excellence. - Gary Haugen, in The Good NewsGary Haugen, in The Good NewsAbout Injustice, InterVarsity Press, 1999.About Injustice, InterVarsity Press, 1999.
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Values - PerseveranceValues - Perseverance
Perseverance/FortitudePerseverance/Fortitude --
steadfast determination tosteadfast determination to
continue on despite adversitycontinue on despite adversity
usually over a long period ofusually over a long period oftime.time.
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Values - PerseveranceValues - Perseverance
Nothing in the world can take the placeNothing in the world can take the place
of perseverance. Talent will not; nothingof perseverance. Talent will not; nothing
is more common than unsuccessful menis more common than unsuccessful men
with talent. Education will not; the worldwith talent. Education will not; the worldis full of educated derelicts. Genius willis full of educated derelicts. Genius will
not; unrewarded genius is almost anot; unrewarded genius is almost a
proverb. Persistence and determinationproverb. Persistence and determinationalone are omnipotent. - Calvin Coolidgealone are omnipotent. - Calvin Coolidge
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Values - PerseveranceValues - Perseverance
Some Biblical References: Job 17:9a, the righteous oneSome Biblical References: Job 17:9a, the righteous oneholds fast to his way; Hos. 12:6b, endure to the end, Johnholds fast to his way; Hos. 12:6b, endure to the end, John8:31-32, 2 Cor. 13:5, keep proving yourself; Gal. 5:14,8:31-32, 2 Cor. 13:5, keep proving yourself; Gal. 5:14,stand fast; Gal. 6:9, do not give up in doing what is fine;stand fast; Gal. 6:9, do not give up in doing what is fine;Phil. 1:27, stand firm, striving side by side; Phil. 4:1, standPhil. 1:27, stand firm, striving side by side; Phil. 4:1, standfirm; 1 Thes. 5:21, hold fast to what is fine; 2 Thes. 2:1517,firm; 1 Thes. 5:21, hold fast to what is fine; 2 Thes. 2:1517,stand firm, maintain your hold; 1 Tim. 6:1112, pursuestand firm, maintain your hold; 1 Tim. 6:1112, pursue
endurance; 2 Tim. 2:12, go on enduring; 2 Tim. 3:14,endurance; 2 Tim. 2:12, go on enduring; 2 Tim. 3:14,continue in the things you have learned; 2 Tim. 4:78, fightcontinue in the things you have learned; 2 Tim. 4:78, fightthe fine fight, finish the course; Heb. 2:1, pay attention tothe fine fight, finish the course; Heb. 2:1, pay attention towhat you have heard that you not drift away; Heb. 3:14,what you have heard that you not drift away; Heb. 3:14,make fast your hold to the end; Heb. 10:23, 3536, hold fastmake fast your hold to the end; Heb. 10:23, 3536, hold fastto the declaration of our hope, you have need of endurance;to the declaration of our hope, you have need of endurance;James 1:2-4, perseverance must finish its work, 2 Pet. 3:17,James 1:2-4, perseverance must finish its work, 2 Pet. 3:17,do not fall from steadfastness.do not fall from steadfastness.
God helps those who persevere. - The KoranGod helps those who persevere. - The Koran
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ValuesValues
Which of the core values isWhich of the core values is
the most important?the most important?
V l CV l C
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Values - CourageValues - Courage
The first place to start is for everyThe first place to start is for everyindividual to become aware of theirindividual to become aware of theircore values and to have thecore values and to have the couragecourage
and discipline to live out of them inand discipline to live out of them inall aspects of their lives.all aspects of their lives.(The rising tide(The rising tidewon't lift this economy: Unless we're willing towon't lift this economy: Unless we're willing toconfront the trust problem we've helped toconfront the trust problem we've helped to
create, Bill Grace, Founder & Executive Director,create, Bill Grace, Founder & Executive Director,Seattle's Center for Ethical Leadership, GuestSeattle's Center for Ethical Leadership, GuestColumnist, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 16,Columnist, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 16,2003.)2003.)
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Values - CourageValues - Courage
Courage is the greatest of all virtues; because, unless aCourage is the greatest of all virtues; because, unless a
man has that virtue, he has no security for preserving anyman has that virtue, he has no security for preserving any
other. - Samuel Johnsonother. - Samuel Johnson
Courage is the ladder on which all the other virtuesCourage is the ladder on which all the other virtues
mount. - Clare Booth Luce (1903 - 1987), in Reader'smount. - Clare Booth Luce (1903 - 1987), in Reader's
Digest, 1979Digest, 1979
Courage is the footstool of the virtues, upon which theyCourage is the footstool of the virtues, upon which they
stand. - Robert Louis Stevensonstand. - Robert Louis Stevenson
Courage is not simply one of the virtues, but the form ofCourage is not simply one of the virtues, but the form of
every virtue at the testing point. - C.S. Lewisevery virtue at the testing point. - C.S. Lewis
Courage is strength of mind, capable of conqueringCourage is strength of mind, capable of conquering
whatever threatens the attainment of the highest good. -whatever threatens the attainment of the highest good. -
St. Thomas AquinasSt. Thomas Aquinas
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Values - CourageValues - Courage
Courage is a perfect sensibilityCourage is a perfect sensibilityof the measure of danger and aof the measure of danger and a
mental willingness to endure it.mental willingness to endure it.
- General William T. Sherman (for- General William T. Sherman (forwhom the Sherman tank waswhom the Sherman tank was
named).named).
Courage is being scared toCourage is being scared todeath . . . and saddling updeath . . . and saddling up
anyway. - John Wayneanyway. - John Wayne
V l C
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Values - CourageValues - Courage Whenever you see a successfulWhenever you see a successful
business, someone once made abusiness, someone once made acourageous decision. - Peter Druckercourageous decision. - Peter Drucker
We must constantly build dykes ofWe must constantly build dykes ofcourage to hold back the flood of fear. -courage to hold back the flood of fear. -Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.
One isn't necessarily born with courage,One isn't necessarily born with courage,but one is born with potential. Withoutbut one is born with potential. Withoutcourage, we cannot practice any othercourage, we cannot practice any othervirtue with consistency. We can't be kind,virtue with consistency. We can't be kind,true, merciful, generous, or honest. -true, merciful, generous, or honest. -Maya Angelou (1928 - )Maya Angelou (1928 - )
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Values - CourageValues - Courage
The credit belongs to the man who isThe credit belongs to the man who is
actually in the arena... who strivesactually in the arena... who strives
valiantly... who spends himself for avaliantly... who spends himself for a
worthy cause; who, at the best, knows, inworthy cause; who, at the best, knows, inthe end, the triumph of high achievement,the end, the triumph of high achievement,
and who, at the worst, if he fails, at leastand who, at the worst, if he fails, at least
he fails while daring greatly, so that hishe fails while daring greatly, so that his
place shall never be with those cold andplace shall never be with those cold andtimid souls who knew neither victory nortimid souls who knew neither victory nor
defeat.defeat. - Theodore Roosevelt- Theodore Roosevelt
Val es Co rageValues Courage
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Values - CourageValues - Courage
Courage: the ability to disregard fear;Courage: the ability to disregard fear;bravery. The Latin root of this word isbravery. The Latin root of this word is curcur,,which means heart. Courage literallywhich means heart. Courage literallymeans to take heart. Fear exists along ameans to take heart. Fear exists along acontinuum. Courage involves recognizingcontinuum. Courage involves recognizinga reasonable amount of fear ora reasonable amount of fear ornervousness, facing it and then taking annervousness, facing it and then taking anintelligent risk.intelligent risk.
Moral courage involves standing up forMoral courage involves standing up forones principles, in spite of possibleones principles, in spite of possibleadverse consequences to such things asadverse consequences to such things asreputation or emotional well-being.reputation or emotional well-being.
Values Universal Rule?Values Universal Rule?
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Values - Universal Rule?Values - Universal Rule?
TheThe Golden RuleGolden Rule , i.e. to do unto others, i.e. to do unto othersas you would have them do unto you is anas you would have them do unto you is anexample of a value common to manyexample of a value common to manycultures/religionscultures/religions (Mahabharata 5:1517,(Mahabharata 5:1517,Hinduism, Talmud, Shabbat 31a & Levitcus 19:18,Hinduism, Talmud, Shabbat 31a & Levitcus 19:18,
Judaism, Matthew 7:12, Christianity, Udana-VargaJudaism, Matthew 7:12, Christianity, Udana-Varga5:18, Buddhism, Analects 15:23, Confucianism,5:18, Buddhism, Analects 15:23, Confucianism,Number 13 of Imam "Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths.",Number 13 of Imam "Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths.",Islam)Islam)
Note: Several Corporations have directlyNote: Several Corporations have directlyincorporated some form of this rule in theirincorporated some form of this rule in theircodes of ethics including Coachman, Marycodes of ethics including Coachman, MaryKay, Progressive, Merrill Lynch and USAAKay, Progressive, Merrill Lynch and USAA
Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
Both individuals and organizations hold valuesBoth individuals and organizations hold values A corporation is said to manifest its values in its corporateA corporation is said to manifest its values in its corporate
cultureculture
Corporate cultureCorporate culture is loosely defined as the attitudes,is loosely defined as the attitudes,
behaviors and personalities that make up a company andbehaviors and personalities that make up a company and
that shape its behavior and reputation, or as Elizabeth Kissthat shape its behavior and reputation, or as Elizabeth Kiss
of the Kenan Institute for Ethics puts it, corporate cultureof the Kenan Institute for Ethics puts it, corporate cultureis how we perceive, think, feel and do things aroundis how we perceive, think, feel and do things around
here.here.
Most employees take their cues from the company cultureMost employees take their cues from the company culture
and behave accordingly.and behave accordingly.
A business derives its character from theA business derives its character from thecharacter of the people who conduct thecharacter of the people who conduct the
business. -business. - Ricky W. Griffin,Ricky W. Griffin, Management,Management, Boston: Houghton MifflinBoston: Houghton MifflinCompany (2002)Company (2002)
Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
"Moral behavior is concerned primarily"Moral behavior is concerned primarilywith the interpersonal dimension of ourwith the interpersonal dimension of ourbehavior: how we treat one anotherbehavior: how we treat one anotherindividually and in groups and,individually and in groups and,
increasingly, other species and theincreasingly, other species and theenvironment." The key here is thatenvironment." The key here is thatmorality brings us into contact with othersmorality brings us into contact with othersand asks us to consider the quality of thatand asks us to consider the quality of that
contactcontact. -. - Quote fromQuote from The Leadership CompassThe Leadership Compass, John Wilcox and Susan, John Wilcox and SusanEbbs, as quoted in Everyday Ethics, by Thomas Shanks, S.J.,Ebbs, as quoted in Everyday Ethics, by Thomas Shanks, S.J.,Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
"The first step in the"The first step in the
evolution of ethics isevolution of ethics is
a sense of solidaritya sense of solidarity
with other humanwith other human
beings." beings." AlbertAlbertSchweitzer, early 20th-Schweitzer, early 20th-
century German Nobelcentury German Nobel
Peace Prize-winning missionPeace Prize-winning missiondoctor and theologiandoctor and theologian
Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
The Pressure to ConformThe Pressure to Conform
We are all a kind of Chameleon, takingWe are all a kind of Chameleon, taking
our hue - the hue of our moralour hue - the hue of our moralcharacter, from those who are about us.character, from those who are about us.
- John Locke (1632 - 1704)- John Locke (1632 - 1704)
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture The Pressure to ConformThe Pressure to Conform
Some years ago, a social scientist named Solomon AschSome years ago, a social scientist named Solomon Aschwanted to see how people dealt with social pressure sowanted to see how people dealt with social pressure sohe designed an experiment to measure the results. Hehe designed an experiment to measure the results. Hecame up with a simple test that showed a series of linescame up with a simple test that showed a series of lineson a board in front of the room, with one of the lineson a board in front of the room, with one of the linesmatching another in being the same length. The othersmatching another in being the same length. The others
were either much shorter or much longer. A person waswere either much shorter or much longer. A person wasbrought into the room, along with others in a group,brought into the room, along with others in a group,which unbeknown to the subject, were helpers to thewhich unbeknown to the subject, were helpers to theprofessor. The whole group was asked to match the twoprofessor. The whole group was asked to match the twolines that were the same length together. The helperslines that were the same length together. The helpersintentionally gave the wrong answer and it was foundintentionally gave the wrong answer and it was found
that inthat in almost 75% of the time, the subjects would goalmost 75% of the time, the subjects would goalong with the wrong answer, knowing full well it wasalong with the wrong answer, knowing full well it waswrongwrong,, but not wanting to stand out. -but not wanting to stand out. - Opinion and SocialOpinion and SocialPressure,Pressure, Scientific AmericanScientific American, Nov. 1955, 31-35., Nov. 1955, 31-35.
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The Pressure to ConformThe Pressure to Conform Culture shapes behavior. There are plenty of perfectlyCulture shapes behavior. There are plenty of perfectly
decent people who go astray because they're in adecent people who go astray because they're in a
culture that creates an environment in which they can'tculture that creates an environment in which they can't
get their jobs done unless they engage in unethicalget their jobs done unless they engage in unethical
activities. - Harvard Business School professor andactivities. - Harvard Business School professor and
business ethicist Barbara Toffler, former partner atbusiness ethicist Barbara Toffler, former partner atArthur Andersen. Toffler left Andersen in 1999, wellArthur Andersen. Toffler left Andersen in 1999, well
before the Enron and Global Crossing scandalsbefore the Enron and Global Crossing scandals
destroyed the company. Her book, Final Accounting:destroyed the company. Her book, Final Accounting:
Ambition, Greed, and the Fall of Arthur AndersenAmbition, Greed, and the Fall of Arthur Andersen
(Random House/Broadway Books, 2003), describes the(Random House/Broadway Books, 2003), describes theprocess of ethical erosion in grim detail. Postcardsprocess of ethical erosion in grim detail. Postcards
from an Ethical Wasteland,from an Ethical Wasteland, CIOCIO, June 1, 2003, June 1, 2003
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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture
In Moral Man and Immoral Society,In Moral Man and Immoral Society,
Reinhold Niebuhr proposed thatReinhold Niebuhr proposed thatindividual persons are always more moralindividual persons are always more moral
functioning alone than when they functionfunctioning alone than when they function
in a social group. - Institutional Ethics:in a social group. - Institutional Ethics:
An Oxymoron, By Joe E. Trull, Editor,An Oxymoron, By Joe E. Trull, Editor,
Christian Ethics Today, Journal ofChristian Ethics Today, Journal of
Christian EthicsChristian Ethics, Issue 035 Volume 7 No 4, Issue 035 Volume 7 No 4
August 2001 .August 2001 .
Do you agree with this?Do you agree with this?
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Rarely do the character flaws of aRarely do the character flaws of alone actor fully explain corporatelone actor fully explain corporatemisconduct. More typically,misconduct. More typically, unethicalunethicalbusiness practice involves the tacit,business practice involves the tacit,if not explicit, cooperation of othersif not explicit, cooperation of othersand reflects the values, attitudes,and reflects the values, attitudes,beliefs, language, and behavioralbeliefs, language, and behavioral
patterns that define an organizationspatterns that define an organizationsoperating cultureoperating culture. - Lynn Sharp. - Lynn SharpPaine, Harvard Business SchoolPaine, Harvard Business School
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A strong corporate culture founded onA strong corporate culture founded onethical principles and sound values is aethical principles and sound values is avital driving force behind strategicvital driving force behind strategicsuccess. - Thompson & Stricklandsuccess. - Thompson & Strickland
One company stressed its commitment toOne company stressed its commitment to
RICE : respect, integrity, communication,RICE : respect, integrity, communication,and excellence. The words have been onand excellence. The words have been onT-shirts, paperweights, and on signs. TheT-shirts, paperweights, and on signs. Thefirm printed a 61-page booklet with itsfirm printed a 61-page booklet with itscode of ethics and every employee had tocode of ethics and every employee had to
sign a certificate of compliance.sign a certificate of compliance. ThatThatcompany was Enron!company was Enron!
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, PrinciplesMoral, Values, Principlesor Standardsor Standards
Whose Values?Whose Values?
According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles or
StandardsStandards PersonalPersonal
FamilyFamily PeersPeers
ReligiousReligious
CompanyCompany Community, Regional, National,Community, Regional, National,
InternationalInternational
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles orStandardsStandards
Learned Where?Learned Where?
According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles or
StandardsStandards HomeHome
SchoolSchool Church (or other place of worship)Church (or other place of worship)
Life ExperienceLife Experience
Work ExperienceWork Experience
BooksBooks News MediaNews Media
Entertainment MediaEntertainment Media
According to Ethical or MoralAccording to Ethical or Moral
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According to Ethical or Moral,According to Ethical or Moral,
Values, Principles orValues, Principles or
StandardsStandards The average American, by the age of 65, will have spent theThe average American, by the age of 65, will have spent the
equivalent ofequivalent of15 years15 years of their lifeof their life watching televisionwatching television..
By contrast, over the same time period, the average weeklyBy contrast, over the same time period, the average weeklychurch-going American will have spent onlychurch-going American will have spent only 8 months8 months ofoftheir lifetheir life receivingreceiving spiritual instructionspiritual instruction..
American children will take inAmerican children will take in 63,000 hours of media63,000 hours of media(television, radio, internet, i-pods, etc.) input between the(television, radio, internet, i-pods, etc.) input between theages of 5 and 17.ages of 5 and 17.
By contrast, if they go toBy contrast, if they go to churchchurch once a week for an hour,once a week for an hour,over the same number of years, that'sover the same number of years, that's 600 hours600 hours..
According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
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gg
Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles or
StandardsStandards In the middle of an interview for acceptance to aIn the middle of an interview for acceptance to a
prestigious Ivy League school back east, the interviewerprestigious Ivy League school back east, the interviewer
asked his sure of himself candidate, If no one wouldasked his sure of himself candidate, If no one wouldever find out, and no one got hurt, would you lie for $1M?ever find out, and no one got hurt, would you lie for $1M?
The young man thought for a moment and said, If no oneThe young man thought for a moment and said, If no one
found out, and no one was hurt? Sure, I think I would! Thefound out, and no one was hurt? Sure, I think I would! The
interviewer then asked, Would you lie for a dime? Theinterviewer then asked, Would you lie for a dime? The
young man shot back, No way, what kind of man do youyoung man shot back, No way, what kind of man do youthink I am? The interviewer responded, I have alreadythink I am? The interviewer responded, I have already
determined that, I am just trying to determine your price.determined that, I am just trying to determine your price.
According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles or
StandardsStandards So fearful were the ancient Chinese of their enemies on the north
that they built the Great Wall of China, one of the 7 wonders of the
ancient world. It was so high they knew no one could climb overit, & so thick that nothing could break it down. Then they settledback to enjoy their security. But during the first 100 years of thewalls existence, China was invaded 3 times. Not once did theenemy break down the wall or climb over its top. Each time theybribed a gatekeeper & marched right through the gates. According
to the historians, the Chinese were so busy relying upon the wallsof stone that they forgot to teach integrity to their children.
According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles or
StandardsStandards In the 1950s a psychologist, Stanton Samenow, and a psychiatrist,In the 1950s a psychologist, Stanton Samenow, and a psychiatrist,
Samuel Yochelson, sharing the conventional wisdom that crime isSamuel Yochelson, sharing the conventional wisdom that crime is
caused by environment, set out to prove their point. They began acaused by environment, set out to prove their point. They began a
17-year study involving thousands of hours of clinical testing of17-year study involving thousands of hours of clinical testing of250 inmates here in the District of Columbia. To their250 inmates here in the District of Columbia. To their
astonishment, they discovered that the cause of crime cannot beastonishment, they discovered that the cause of crime cannot be
traced to environment, poverty, or oppression. Instead, crime istraced to environment, poverty, or oppression. Instead, crime is
the result of individuals making, as they put it, wrong moralthe result of individuals making, as they put it, wrong moral
choices. In their 1977 work The Criminal Personality, theychoices. In their 1977 work The Criminal Personality, they
concluded that the answer to crime is a "conversion of the wrong-concluded that the answer to crime is a "conversion of the wrong-doer to a more responsible lifestyle." In 1987, Harvard professorsdoer to a more responsible lifestyle." In 1987, Harvard professors
James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein came to similarJames Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein came to similar
conclusions in their book Crime and Human Nature. Theyconclusions in their book Crime and Human Nature. They
determined thatdetermined that the cause of crime is a lack of proper moralthe cause of crime is a lack ofproper moral
training among young people during the morally formative years,training among young people during the morally formative years,
particularly ages 1 to 6.particularly ages 1 to 6.
According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or
Moral, Values, PrinciplesMoral, Values, Principles
or Standardsor Standards 33% of teens would act unethically to get ahead33% of teens would act unethically to get ahead
or to make more money if there was no chance ofor to make more money if there was no chance of
getting caught, according to a new Juniorgetting caught, according to a new JuniorAchievement/Harris Interactive Poll of 624 teensAchievement/Harris Interactive Poll of 624 teensbetween the ages of 13 and 18. 25% said theybetween the ages of 13 and 18. 25% said theywere not sure and only 42% said they wouldwere not sure and only 42% said they wouldnot. These results confirm our belief that ethicsnot. These results confirm our belief that ethics
education must begin in elementary school. saideducation must begin in elementary school. saidBarry Salzberg, U.S. Managing Partner of DeloitteBarry Salzberg, U.S. Managing Partner of Deloitte& Touche.& Touche.
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards
Does society require a moralDoes society require a moral
code to survive and prosper?code to survive and prosper?
A di t M lA di t M l
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards 17th Century Philosopher17th Century Philosopher
Thomas Hobbes postulated thatThomas Hobbes postulated that
life in an amoral society wouldlife in an amoral society would
be poor, nasty, brutish andbe poor, nasty, brutish andshort, lacking in industry andshort, lacking in industry and
commerce, as well ascommerce, as well as
knowledge and arts, and that itsknowledge and arts, and that its
people would live in a constantpeople would live in a constant
state of fear and insecurity.state of fear and insecurity.
A di M l P i i lA di M l P i i l
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According Moral PrinciplesAccording Moral Principles
or Standardsor Standards Men qualify for freedomMen qualify for freedom
in exact proportion to theirin exact proportion to theirdisposition to put moraldisposition to put moral
chains on their ownchains on their ownappetites. Society cannotappetites. Society cannotexist unless a controllingexist unless a controllingpower is put somewherepower is put somewhereon will and appetite, andon will and appetite, andthe less of it there isthe less of it there iswithin, the more of it therewithin, the more of it theremust be without. -must be without. -Edmund Burke (1774)Edmund Burke (1774)
A di t M lAccording to Moral
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or StandardsThe institutions of ourThe institutions of oursociety are founded on thesociety are founded on thebelief that there is an authoritybelief that there is an authorityhigher than the authority ofhigher than the authority ofthe State; that there is a moralthe State; that there is a moral
law which the state islaw which the state ispowerless to alter; that thepowerless to alter; that theindividual possesses rights,individual possesses rights,conferred by the Creator,conferred by the Creator,which government mustwhich government mustrespect And the body of therespect And the body of theConstitution as well as the BillConstitution as well as the Bill
of Rights enshrined thoseof Rights enshrined thoseprinciples. Justice Williamprinciples. Justice WilliamO. Douglas, inO. Douglas, in McGowan v.McGowan v.MarylandMaryland, 366 U.S, 420 (1961), 366 U.S, 420 (1961)
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards Without civicWithout civic
moralitymorality
communitiescommunitiesperish; withoutperish; withoutpersonal moralitypersonal moralitytheir survival hastheir survival hasno value. no value.
Bertrand Russell, 20th-Bertrand Russell, 20th-century Britishcentury Britishmathematician andmathematician andphilosopherphilosopher
A di t M lAccording to Moral
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards
Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.
once noted, " Theonce noted, " Themost dangerousmost dangerous
criminal may be thecriminal may be the
man gifted with reasonman gifted with reason
but with no morals."but with no morals."
According to MoralAccording to Moral
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards We have grasped theWe have grasped the
mystery of the atom andmystery of the atom and
rejected the Sermon on therejected the Sermon on theMount. The world hasMount. The world has
achieved brilliance withoutachieved brilliance without
wisdom, power withoutwisdom, power without
conscience. Ours is aconscience. Ours is a
world of nuclear giantsworld of nuclear giants
and ethical infants. --and ethical infants. --
General of the Army, OmarGeneral of the Army, Omar
BradleyBradley
According to MoralAccording to Moral
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According to MoralAccording to Moral
Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards There are seven sins in theThere are seven sins in the
world: Wealth withoutworld: Wealth withoutwork, Pleasure withoutwork, Pleasure without
conscience, Knowledgeconscience, Knowledgewithout character,without character,Commerce withoutCommerce withoutmoralitymorality, Science without, Science withouthumanity, Worship withouthumanity, Worship withoutsacrifice and politicssacrifice and politicswithout principle. -without principle. -Mahatma Gandhi (1869 -Mahatma Gandhi (1869 -1948)1948)
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EthicsEthics
R. H. Tawney, the BritishR. H. Tawney, the British
historian, once wrote: ''Tohistorian, once wrote: ''To
argue, in the manner ofargue, in the manner ofMachiavelli, that there isMachiavelli, that there is
one rule for business andone rule for business and
another for private life, isanother for private life, is
to open the door to anto open the door to