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THECARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
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Introduction
The circulatorysystem is comprised of:
-the heart,
- veins,
-capillaries,
-arteries,
which work together to supplythe body tissues with
nourishmentand collect wastematerials.
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The cardiovascular system carries blood anddissolved substances to and from different places
in the body.
The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
cardiovascular System.
What is the cardiovascular system?
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Functionsof the cardiovascular system:
Distribute nutrients,
Transport and exchange oxygenand carbon dioxide,
Remove wastematerials,
Distribute secretionsof endocrine glands,
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Prevent excessive bleeding,
Prevent infection, and
Regulate body temperature.
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lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
LeftRight
How does this system work?
Cardiovascular System
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Lungs
Body cells
Our cardiovascular system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
the rightside of
the system
deals with
deoxygenatedblood.
the leftside of
the system
deals with
oxygenatedblood.
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Anatomy of the Heart
The heartis a funnel-shaped, hollow, muscularorgan that is responsible for pumping blood to allparts of the body.
The heart is located near the center of the thoracic
cavity between the lungs and is contained in thepericardial sac.
The pericardial sac supports the heart and containssome fluid for lubrication.
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HEART LOCATION
Heart is located in themediast inum area from the sternum to
the vertebral column andbetween the lungs
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The heart wall is made up of three layers.
Epicardiumouter layer of heart wall, which is also theinner layer of epicardial sac;
Endocardiuminner layer that consists ofendothelial cells, which line the heart, covers the
heart valves, and lines the blood vessels.
. Myocardiummiddle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
The cardiacmuscle is an involuntary, striated muscle
with fibers that intertwine.
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The atrioventricularvalves (AV valve)separatethe atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart.
The AV valves have flaps of tissues, called leaflets orcusps, which open and close to ensure that the blood flowsonly in one direction and does not backflow into theatriums.
The AV valve on the right side of the heart is called thetricuspidvalve because it has three leaflets (cusps).
The AV valve on the left side of the heart is called the
bicuspidvalve (or mitral valve) because it has two leaflets.The pulmonaryvalve and the aorticvalve prevent bloodfrom back-flowing into their respective ventricles.
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The pulmonary valveis located between the rightventricle and the pulmonary artery.
The aortic valveis located between the left ventricleand the aortic artery.
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How does the heart beat?
A group of cells called the sinoatrialnode(SA node)
control the beat of the heart by sending out electricalsignals to make the heart pump.
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Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,HumanAnatomy
Heart Innervation Heart receives visceral
motor innervation Sympathetic (speeds up)
Parasympathetic (slows
down) p. 534
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The Heart
These are arteries.They carry bloodaway from the heart.
This is a vein. It bringsblood from the body,except the lungs.
Coronary arteries,the hearts ownblood supply
The heart has four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
now lets look inside the heart
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Blood supply to heart wall
Rt and Lft Coronary Arteries
Branch from Ascending Aorta
Have multiple branches along heart
Sit in Coronary Sulcus
Coronary Heart Disease
Cardiac Veins
Coronary Sinus (largest)
Many branches feed into sinus
Sit in Coronary Sulcus
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A heart attackoften involves a clot in the coronaryarteries or their branches.
In this illustration,a clot is shown inthe location of #1.
Area #2 shows theportion of thedamaged heart that
is affected by the .
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The Heart
Left Ventricle
Left AtriumRight Atrium
Right Ventricle
valve
Vein from Lungs
Artery to Head and BodyArtery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
valve
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How does the Heart work?
blood from the
body
blood from
the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relaxand blood
flows into the atria.
STEP ONE
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The atria then contractandthe valves opento allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO
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How does the Heart work?
The valves closeto stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contractforcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxingand once again filling with
blood.
The cycle then repeats itself.
STEP THREE
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blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. ARTERY
b. VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
W ll f A t i d V i
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Walls of Arteries and Veins
Tunica externa Outermost layer
CT w/elastin and collagen
Strengthens, Anchors
Tunica media
Middle layer
Circular Smooth Muscle
Vaso-constriction/dilation
Tunica intima
Innermost layer
Endothelium
Minimize friction
Lumen
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ARTERI :
1. ARTERI BESAR
(ELASTIC ARTERY):
2. ARTERI SEDANG(MUSCULAR
ARTERY):
3. ARTERI KECIL
(ARTERIOLE):
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The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.
thin muscle andelastic fibres
veins have valveswhich act to stop theblood from going inthe wrong direction.
body muscles surround the veinsso that when they contract tomove the body, they also squeezethe veins and push the blood alongthe vessel.
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M. Frolich Ph.D. Human Anatom
Artery/Vein differences
Arteries (aa.) Veins (vv.)Direction
of flow
Blood Away fromHeart
Blood to Heart
Pressure Higher Lower
Walls THICKER: Tunicamedia thicker than
tunica externa
THINNER: Tunicaexterna thicker
than tunica mediaLumen Smaller Larger
Valves No valves Valves (see next)
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The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick
they exchange materialsbetween the blood andother body cells.
The exchange of materials
between the blood and thebody can only occur throughcapillaries.
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artery vein
capillariesbody cell
The CAPILLARYA collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.
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AORTA
I. AORTA ASCENDENS :
- A. CORONARIA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
II. ARCUS AORTA
III. AORTA DESCENDENS
:
A. AORTA THORACALIS
B. AORTA ABDOMINALIS
II ARCUS AORTA
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II. ARCUS AORTA :
1. A.
BRACHIOCEPHALICA:
a. A. SUBCLAVIA DEXTRA
b. A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS
DEXTRA:
- A. CAROTIS INT.DEXTR.
- A. CAROTIS EXT.
DEXTR.
2. A. CAROTIS COMMUNISSINISTRA:
- A. CAROTIS INT. SIN.
- A. CAROTIS EXT. SIN.
3. A. SUBCLAVIA SINISTRA.
III A AORTA THORACALIS
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III. A. AORTA THORACALIS:
1. Aa. INTERCOSTALIS
2. Aa. BRONCHIALIS
3. Aa. ESOPHAGEALIS
III B AORTA ABDOMINALIS
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III.B. AORTA ABDOMINALIS
1. Aa. PHRENICA ABD. DEXTRAET SINISTRA
2. A. COELIACA3. Aa. SUPRARENALIS MEDIA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
4. Aa. RENALIS DEXTRA ETSINISTRA
5. Aa. TESTICULARIS /OVARICA DEXT. ET SIN.
6. A. MESENTERICA SUP.
7. A. MESENTERICA INF.
8. Aa. LUMBALIS
9. Aa. ILIACA COMMUNIS:- Aa. ILIACA EXTERNA
- Aa. ILIACA INTERNA
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ARTERI UNTUK LEHER DAN KEPALA
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ARTERI UNTUK LEHER DAN KEPALA
1. A. CAROTIS EXTERNA
2. A. CAROTIS INTERNA
3. A. VERTEBRALIS
4. A. MENINGICA MEDIA
ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
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ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
A. AXILLARIS
A. BRACHIALIS
A. RADIALIS
A. ULNARIS
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ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
A. FEMORALIS
A. POPLITEA
A. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
A. TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
A. DORSALIS PEDIS
Aa. PLANTARIS
MEDIALIS ET LATERALIS
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TEMPAT TEMPAT UNTUK PALPASI ARTERI
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TEMPAT-TEMPAT UNTUK PALPASI ARTERI
(NADI)
VENNAE BESAR
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VENNAE BESAR
ATRIUM DEXTRM
I. V. CAVA SUPERIOR V.
AZYGOS
Vv. BRACHIOCEPHALICA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
Vv. JUG INT. Vv.SUBCLAVIA
DEXT/SIN DEXT/SIN
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II. V. CAVA INFERIOR:
1. Vv. PHRENICA
INFERIOR
2. Vv. HEPATICA
3. Vv. SUPRARENALIS
4. Vv. RENALIS
5. V. TESTICULARIS/OVARICA DEXTRA
6. Vv. LUMBALIS
7. Vv. ILIACA COMMUNIS
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
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VENNAE EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
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VENNAE EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
V. SUBCLAVIA
V. AXILLARIS
V. CEPHALICA--------- V. BASILICA
VENNAE MANUS
------ V. MEDIANA CUBITI
VENNAE EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
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VENNAE EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
V. ILIACA EXTERNA
V. FEMORALIS
V. POPLITEA V.SAPHENA
MAGNA
V. SAPHENA
PARVA
VENNAE PEDIS
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