18 February 1966Vol. 151. No. 3712 SCE N C E

LETTERS Animiial Care in the LLaboratory: Who ShouLld Re'z,Ulate It?: A. Freeman7:E. D. .JacoM.n; F. Spverlim,s; R. Rohwce(lr: Paleomacgnetism and Evoltution:E. D. Gill

EDITORIAL The Tea Leaves or the Record?

.... 776

783

ARTICLES Studies of Alloys hb X-ray Absorption Spectroscopv: L. V. 4Acorn.. 785

Fine structuLre exhibits the effect of allmoAing on the absorbingy atoml selectronic struLcture.

The Search for Extraterrestrial I ife: N. H. Horovitz 789

Present knowledge does not permit the conclusion that. if life ever existedon Mars, it is now extinct.

Cultural Patterns in Narrative: B. N. Colby, 793

Are there cuLltuLral patterns in the lolk tales and mvths of a peoplewhich can be objectively described?

NEWS AND COMMENT

BOOK REVIEWS

PittsbuLrgh: The Rockv Road to Acadeemic Excellence (Ill) FDA: New\ Leadcrs-Weather Modification: New Stirrings in the Senate

Repoi-tft 0i17 Europe: P.lSteLur InstituLte Scientists Demand Sweeping lteforilu:V. K. McElhen.

Lorenzs Concept of the Origins of Adaptive Behavior: W. J. Smi7ith .

Hi-hi Laititiude Particles atnd the lono,vphere. reviewed bv .1. A. Fejer: other reviewsby M. L. LiMdher,. G. A. Llato, Y. Satm,'aa. P. P. Lele; New Books

REPORTS Lithiumll-Drifted Germanium Detectors: Applications to Neutron-Activation Analysis:G. L. Schroeder et al.

Rubidium-Strontium Age of the Bosunmtwi Crater Area. Ghana. Compared with the Ageof the Ivory Coast Tektites: C. C. Schnetzler, W. H. Pinson, P. M. Hirley .....

Imidonitrogen in C/llorella Polyphosphate": D. L. Correll

Hemaggglutination by Fava Bean Extract Inhibited by Siniple Sugars:C. B. Perera aind A. M. Frumin ...........

Encephalitogenic Activity of Bovine Basic Proteins: NI. W. Kie.s et al.............

799

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817

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821

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS HENRY EYRING ALFRED S, ROMER DON K. PRICE H. BENTLEY GLASS HUDSON HOAGLANDRetiring President, Chairman President President Elect DAVID R. GODDARD MINA S. REES

VICE PRESIDENTS AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)SECTION SECRETARIES Bernard Friedman Allen V. Astin Alfred E. Brown Philip C. Keenan

Wallace Givens Stanley S. Ballard Milton Orchin Frank Bradshaw Wood

ANTHROPOLOGY (H) PSYCHOLOGY (t SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (L'Albert C. Spaulding Robert M. Gagne Kenneth E. Boulding C. West ChurchmanEleanor Leacock Frank W. Finger lthiel de Sola Pool Norwood Russell Hanson

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Np) AGRICULTURE (0) INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q)Andre Archambault Nyle C. Brady Allen T. Bonnell Clarence H. BoeckJoseph P. Buckley Ned D. Bayley Burton V. Dean Frederic B. Dutton

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIONRichard M. Hurd Eleanor Viereck Daniel S. Aldrich, Jr. Robert C. Miller Earl D. Camp Marlowe G. AndersonPresident Executive Secretary President Secretary President Executive Secretary

SCIENCE is published weekly on Friday and on the fourth Tuesday in November by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NtWvWashington, D.C. 20005. Now combined with The Scientific Monthly®. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Copyright (D 1966 by the American Association for theAdvancement of Science.. Annual subscriptions $8.50; foreign postage, $1.50; Canadian postage, 75e; single copies, 35e, except Guide to Scientific Instruments, which is SISchool year subscriptions: 9 months, $7, 10 months, $7.50. Provide 4 weeks' notice for change of address, giving new and old address and zip numbers. Send a recentaddres label. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature.

Intracellular Localization of Growth Hormones in Plants: S.-H. Liao andR. H. Hamnilton 822

Phenylalanine: Transplacental Concentrations in Rhesus Monkeys:G. R. Kerr and H. A. Waisin?an ......... 824

Catecholamine Concentrations: Changes in Plasma of Rats during Estrous Cycleand Pregnancy: R. D. Green, 111, and J. W. Miller...........................825

Environmental Control of Ovarian Development in Mosquitoes of the Citlex pipiensComplex: B. F. Eldridge .................... 826

Rh Factor: Prevention of Isoimmunization and Clinical Trial on Mothers:V. J. Freda, J. G. Gorman. W. Pol;ack ............................ .. 828

Visual-Cliff Preference by Infant Rats: Effects of Rearing and Test Conditions:J. M. Eichengreen, S. Coren, J. Nachmnias .............................................. 830

Slant Perception and Shape Constancy in Infants: T. G. R. Bower .............. 832

An Examination of "Transfer of Learning" by Nucleic Acid: M. Llattges et al .... 834

Imagery: Effect of a Concealed Figure in a Stimulus: M. Eagle, D. L. Wolitzky,G. S. Klein ....................................

Comment Reportsv: Computer Stereography: G. A. McCue and J. D. O'Keefe; Pain:One Mystery Solved: H. K. Beecher; Visual Excitation of Blood Clotting:W. H. Seegers ...... 839

ASSOCIATION AFFAIRS AAAS Council Meeting, 1965: D. Wolfie .......................... 842

AAAS Officers, Committees, and Representatives for 1965 ......................... 844

A Report of the Fourth Berkeley Meeting: R. L. Taylor ......................... 848

Reports of Sections and Societies ...............................................858

MEETINGS Forthcoming Events .. .. .0.. goo

ALTER ORR::;ROBERTS Ht. BURR STEiNBACH PAUL E. KLOPSTEG DHLSTN r. SPILHAUS JOHN A. WHEELER Treasurer Et f

COVER

S - :-xmsta

cadHMaadDaviE.DvsWreH.Wgr Experimental stimulus. A backgroundNGINERIG()MDICA SCENCS () DETISRY Nd)duck, concealed by the tree in the

aul Rosenberg A.Baird Hastings Lloyd F. Richards right figure, is not present in the con-ewna A.HallRobrt . Olon . 1 Krehovr trol figure on the left. The concealed

INFORMATIO A MDCOMNCTO T TTSIS()~form was unperceived by viewers dur'-Robert, C. millter ThrtnFying experiments, but nevertheless did

Phylis . Prkis Roedih Stgrave influence the content of subsequentimagery. See page 837. [Adapted fromdrawing by David Elkind, University

X . of Denver]

18 February 1966, Volume 151, Number 3712

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR TheTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for Ourthe presentation and discussion of impor- publictant issues related to the advancement of able. Fscience, including the presentation of mi- developnority or conflicting points of view, rather ments.than by publishing only material on which line, "Ia consensus has been reached. Accordingly, iall articles published in Science-including netoreditorials, news and comment, and book Newtonreviews-are signed and reflect the indi- Despvidual views of the authors and not official advanc4points of view adopted by the AAAS orthe institutions with which the authors are tries toaffiliated. to supp

proposapromise

Editorial Board hopehopes aROBERT L. BOWMAN EVERETr I. MENDELSOHN the proJOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN NEAL E. MILLERJOHN T. EDSALL JOHN R. PIERCE conside:EMIL HAURY KENNETH S. PITZER achieveALEXANDER HOLLAENDER ALEXANDER RICH who haWILLARD F. LIBBY DEWr-r STETrN, JR. promiseGORDON J. F. MACDONALD EDWARD L. TATUM entist's

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SCIE:NCETea Leaves or the Record?

scientific leadership has been less than brilliant both in justifyingsupport of basic research and in managing the funds made avail-^ederal support of basic research was initiated because citizens)ed a profound respect for a great record of scientific accomplish-Nevertheless, scientists, in talking to politicians, have taken theYou never know what will come out of scientific research." Then,of talking of recent accomplishments, the spokesmnen speak of

n or Faraday.mite professing inability to judge significance of research work ine, a granting agency such as the National Science Foundationdo just that in passing on research proposals. In deciding whomort, considerable emphasis is placed on the content of the researchal. Knowing this, some scientists are willing to make extravagantas. All of us can have hopes, and it is just as easy to have high5S lesser ones. Panelists are not stupid or easily taken in, but oftenposal is the principal piece of information at their disposal. In-ring grants, much more weight should be given to past scientificments of the individual than to his merchandising abilities. Menave produced are likely to continue to do so; those who haveed much and delivered little will continue to promise. The sci-past stewardship of federal funds should be examined. Althoughitures are audited, there is at present little follow-up on theic results.valuating grant proposals we should focus on the man-his ac-shments and the trends in his accomplishments. If he is youngst beginning, we should rely on- the judgment of his professors.professional development proceeds, more and more weight should-n to achievement. The principle of looking at the record forse has relevance beyond the individual proposals. Valuable judg-bout whole fields of science can be made by looking at the record.ever, instead of giving predominant weight to trends in produc-f fields of research, the NSF has made allocations for grantsvarious sciences largely on the basis of so-called "proposal

e." The NSF has assumed that the scientific community wille proposals for grant support in proportions representative ofds and opportunities of the various fields.r recommendations have been made on the grant proposals byts, the bookkeepers total the sums involved. If the physicistse of grants calling for $120 million and the chemists approveits involving $80 million, proposal pressure in physics is con-to be greater than proposal pressure in chemistry. Accordingly,rsicists are given more money.tle consideration will make it evident that the mechanism of pro-ressure can easily be distorted. Panelists early become aware thatre they recommend the more their science gets. In the past sometaff members have been active and successful in encouragingiroposals for their particular discipline. This- led to high proposale in some fields and not in others, and to distortions in the supportice.NSF can function as a balance wheel only if it develops a better-h to the advocacy and management of basic research. Such anvill necessarily involve continuing analysis of trends and accom-nts in scientific research. Increased support for NSF will bele if the foundation makes a convincing demonstration that basich is continuing to be productive in creating important new,. In judging individuals, areas of science, and organizations,at the record is superior to a look at the tea leaves, and a lotonvincing.-PHILIP H. ABELSON