10/21/13
1
The Eukaryotes 5.5: Fungi
Cell wall components
Fungal Morphology
mold
hypha/ae
= coenocytic
“fairy ring”
mycelium
10/21/13
2
budding yeast
(Other: fission yeast)
Fungal Morphology
yeast bud
Dimorphic?
Asexual Reproduction
with Conidiospores
General Fungal Life Cycle (based on having haploid adults)
Diploid (2N)
Spores
Spores
Hyphae Heterokaryotic
(N + N) (dikaryon)
10/21/13
3
Nutrition
all chemoheterotrophic, extracellular digestion
saprobes
parasites, predators
mutualists
Mycosis
systemic
subcutaneous
cutaneous
superficial
mycetoma
aseptate hyphae motile spores eg: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
aseptate hyphae non-motile spores (sporangiospores) made in sporangia
10/21/13
4
P: Zygomycota: eg: Rhizopus stolonifer = black bread mold
2N
1N fertilization
+
-
Mucor spp.
Absidia spp.
zygosporangium
zygosporangium
sporangium
sporangium
Microsporidia = Microspora: unusually small cells Examples: Nosema spp. (N. connori and N. ocularum) Ocular & GI infections Microsporidium spp.
Polar filament
10/21/13
5
septate hyphae non-motile spores (conidia) made on conidiophores
(Karyogamy inside ascus)!
dikaryon (1N + 1N)
plasmogamy
P: Ascomycota
1N
2N
Saccharomyces cerevisiae = baker’s & “top”-brewing yeast
S. pastorianus = “bottom”-brewing yeast
S. bayanus = champagne yeast
Peziza spp. ascocarp (made of dikaryotic hyphae)
(side-cut view)
ascus
10/21/13
6
Morchella spp. = morels Tuber spp. = truffles
Gourmet items
Penicillium glaucum & P. roqueforti P. camemberti
Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidioides immitis
“(San Joaquin) Valley fever”
10/21/13
7
Aspergillus
† A. flavus A. niger A. oryzae
aspergillosis
Candida albicans
Pneumocystis carinii/jirovecki
“thrush”
“yeast infection” = candidiasis, balanitis (male)
“PC”
Dermatophytes Trichophyton spp. Microsporum spp. Epidermophyton spp.
“ringworm” =
“Tinea ____” onychomycosis
Mycetoma formers Pseudallescheria spp. Madurella spp.
10/21/13
8
Sporothrix: rose-gardener’s-disease
Stachybotrys
Claviceps forms ergot
ergometrine
ergotamine
lysergic acid
grain
septate hyphae non-motile spores made on ends of hyphae
10/21/13
9
Basidiomycota life cycle (mushroom)
plasmogamy
zygote
Karyogamy inside basidia
2N
1N +1N
1N
1N
Ustilago maydis = corn smut =
huitlacoche/cuitlacoche
Edibles:
Most common: Agaricus bisporus
Lentinula edodes = shiitake
Amanita spp. some edible, some poisonous
Amanita muscaria = fly agaric
death cap The Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera, & A. ocreata
Amanita calyptrata
10/21/13
10
ear & jelly fungus
brackets bolete
puffball
Some other basidios stinkhorn
Bird’s nest
Pathogenic Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans Malasezzia furfur
can cause pityriasis
Disappearing “phylum” Deuteromycota = imperfect fungi (For those who’ve not been observed to do sexual reproduction)
Aspergillus Penicillium Fusarium
10/21/13
11
endotrophic mycorrhiza
Symbiosis:
mycorrhizae
Symbiosis:
lichens
Usnea: usnic acid (antibacterial)
Roccella: litmus & dye
Useful lichens