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1
CHAPTER-01
INTRODUCATION
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of Fisheries
Bangladesh is endowed with rich and extensive fishery resources; inland, estuarine and
marine with a wide variety of indigenous and exotic fish fauna. The soil, water and climate of
Bangladesh are unique for inland fisheries, both open and closed water. Fish and fisheries are
indispensable part in the life and livelihood of peoples of the country since time immemorial.
Fisheries sector plays an important role in providing nutrition, foreign exchange earnings and
generation of employment opportunities. ven in inland fisheries, Bangladesh ran!s third
among the top ten countries of the world. Fish alone contributes about "#$ to the national
annual protein inta!e of the country. %alnutrition is still in fact a serious and of a bigger
dimension problem in Bangladesh especially for growing children and is caused mainly due to
animal protein & deficient diets. 'nimal protein is essential for proper growth, repair and
maintenance of body tissues. Fish contain about 1"&(#$ protein compared to about 1($ in
egg, ).*$ in mil! and "&+$ in rice and wheat. 's Bangladesh has a limited prospect of
producing animal protein from other !nown source li!e poultry and cattle, fish is not only the
most important source of animal protein for the poorest segments of the population but often
the only one. n 1--#&-1 and 1--1&-( total fish production was +.-" and -.*( la!h metric ton
in the country respectively which increased to 11.( la!h metric ton during 1--/&-*.Thus an
increasing trend in fish production was noticed and this continued onward. n 1--(&-),
fisheries sector contributed /.($ to 02. 3ithin the agricultural sector, fisheries accounted
for 1).$. xport earning constituted about .*$ of the country4s total export earnings
5oF, 1---6.This sector is considered to be a potential source of self&employment for poor
farmers and displaced capture fishermen. 7apid development of aquaculture has already
generated considerable employment through culture of mar!etable fish seed production and
mar!eting of fish and fishery products. 't present this sector absorbs close to 1(.)# million
people, out of which 1.)# million are getting full time employment. 'lso it is significant that
there are 11 million part&time fishermen and women in the country and that )$ of the
households are involved in subsistence fisheries in floodplain 5oF, (##*6. The 8ational
(
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'griculture 9ommission of ndia while estimating the employment potential of fish culture
has indicated that every ton of fish produced provides employment to (.* persons 5:umar,
1--(6. o, there is ample opportunity of self&employment through aquaculture in the country.
The climate of Bangladesh is unique for aquaculture and fisheries resource management.
3inter lasts only for about ( months whereas temperature and rainfall ranges from #< c to
/#< c and 11# to )/## mm respectively. 'll these contribute to the richness of its vast and
varied fisheries and aquaculture resources and provide favorable environment for aquaculture
in particular. t is surprising to note that most of the houses have at least one homestead
multipurpose domestic pond in the country almost suitable for aquaculture. =oo!ing into
vastness of available water and human resources in the country the existing support services
and extension networ! were always considered far below the adequate level. %oreover ox&bow la!es, floodplain and coastal shrimp farm require special extension service for its nature
and dimension. n such context, a technical assistance pro>ect entitled, ?nstitutional
strengthening in the Fisheries ector? was >ointly implemented by 0ovt. of Bangladesh 50oB6
and F'@A82 during 1--#&1--*. The extension component under the pro>ect had been
assigned to increase per unit fish production from pond aquaculture through conducting
demonstration of integrated semi&intensive fish culture. The extension component undertoo!
fisheries extension activities through CTric!le down xtension ystem4 in 11 out of "/districts in the country. There was no definite fisheries extension approach of ept. ofD
Fisheries 5oF6 before adopting CTric!le down xtension 'pproach4 for aquaculture
extension in Bangladesh. 8atore was one of the districts out of 11 in the country. The author
was directly involved and responsible with the aquaculture extension activities under the
pro>ect as istrict Fisheries @fficer and wor!ed as head of oF in 8atore district .The author
carried out the present observation in consultation and guidance from r. ilip :umar,
expatriate CFishery xtension xpert4 under the F'@A82 pro>ect Enstitutional
strengthening in the Fisheries ector?5B0A+A#/*6. The present observations on the
efficiency of CTric!le down xtension 5T6 'pproach4 in aquaculture development are
based upon the activities performed in 8atore district. t may be considered as a representative
of Bangladesh as the factors li!e socio&economic, agro climatic and techno&commercial etc
)
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are more or less same throughout the country except the hill tract districts. Facts and figures
related to this observation are collected, compiled and presented by the author applied to the
situation prevailing during the years from mid of 1--( to mid of 1--*.
1. Fisheries Reso!rces of "an#$a%esh
' total of approximately /.)# million ha of inland water area is available for fish production.
@ut of these about 1./" million ha are perennial and the remaining are seasonal inundated
crop fields and low&lying flood plains almost suitable for aquaculture. ' total number of 1."
million ponds are available 52'77@, 1-+/6. n addition around 1.#+ million ha of brac!ish
water area is utilied under shrimp culture. Towards marine sector the country possesses /+#
!m of coast line with xclusive conomic Gone 5G6.t is surprising to note that nearly all
homestead in the country own a small to medium sie multipurpose domestic pond. nland
closed waters with aquaculture potentials are ponds and ditches, ox&bow la!es and coastal
shrimp farms&covering * (+,)-# ha. n addition many of the water bodies such as beels
5natural depression6, borrow pits, seasonal flood plains, rice fields4 and irrigation canals etc.,
are also considered to be potential areas for aquaculture. 7ecent inland fisheries production
records have indicated that there has been rise in the production from aquaculture while a
decreasing trend is noticed in open waters capture fisheries. everal factors have been
responsible for such decline in production of fish; population pressure and resultant over
fishing have reduced the natural stoc! in open waters. =arge scale siltation discharge of
industrial effluent, increasing use of insecticides and other related factors, reduction in inland
fish habitat and changes to aquatic environment resulting from the implementation of flood
control, drainage and irrigation canals etc. are the principal causes of decline of fish
production in the country. 'll these facts suggest that to meet the increasing demand of fish to
our growing millions we will have to depend largely on aquaculture.
1.& A'!ac!$t!re Techno$o#(
n inland waters, carp culture is widely practiced. The carp culture system as a whole is
operated as a three&tier culture system where the practices are adopted for rearing fish during
their different stages till they are harvested. pawn 5post larvae6 are reared up to fry 5(&) cm6
/
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stage in nursery ponds, fry to fingerlings 5+ & 1( cm6 in rearing ponds and finally fingerlings
to table sie fish in culture ponds or stoc!ing ponds. 7elatively smaller seasonal ponds are
mainly used for rearing spawn to fry stage and harvested after (&) wee!s. everal crops 5)&/6
of fry are usually cultured during the season. 2ond fertiliation by cattle manure and feeding
with 1H1 mixture of oil ca!es and rice bran is the usual practice. Fry raised in nurseries are
reared up to fingerling in slightly bigger ponds 5#.#* & #.1 ha6 of seasonal or perennial in
nature. Fingerlings are removed after *#&"# days and stoc!ed in rearing ponds. The most
successful system of pond fish culture is the poly culture of three ndian ma>or carp species
namely; 9atla (Catla catla),7ohu (Labeo rohita) and %rigal (Cirrhina mrigala) along with
three 9hinese carps namely ; ilver carp (Hypopthalmicthys molitrix) 0rass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella) and 9ommon carp(Cyprinus carpio). The best results in terms offish production in this system results not only through a >udicious combination of species but
also due to appropriate management techniques including pond fertiliation & both organic and
inorganic and supplementary feeding with mustard oil ca!es, rice bran and wheat bran and
health care. @n the basis of growth performance of different species, modifications are often
made in stoc!ing density, species ratio, fertiliation schedule and supplementary feeding
program in different environment. %ultiple harvest and stoc!ing are also practiced during
rearing operation 5:umar, 1--(6. Fish production to the tune of /& tonAhaAyear have beenachieved in different areas of Bangladesh by applying the above mentioned culture
technology. n south&western part of Bangladesh where seeds of freshwater prawn is
available, poly culture of fish with giant freshwater prawn Cgolda chingri4 5Macrobraclrium
rosenbergii) israised. n this practice more attention ispaid to maintain a high water quality
in pond with requisite fertiliing and feeding. pecial care is ta!en to avoid any in>ury during
molting of prawn. 8atural seeds of prawn are generally collected from the nearby rivers and
stoc!ed in freshwater ponds for rearing purpose. Bottom feeders li!e %rigal 59. mrigala) and
9ommon carp 59. carpio) are removed from stoc!ing and freshwater prawn is substituted for
them. Benthos produced from the properly fertilied pond form the bul! of natural feed of
prawn. 's the freshwater prawn is high priced item in the mar!et, it helps to increase the
income of the fish farmer A pond owners. uccessful demonstrations of bac!yard hatchery
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operation and thereby nursing of freshwater prawn seed can ensure the supply of seed
throughout the country which will integrate the fresh water prawn culture with carps. This
integration can bring a drastic change in the industry in earning foreign exchange, capital
investment and employment generation opportunities. Besides two or three fold income of
fish farmers are expected from poly culture of freshwater prawn and fish farming. 't this
stage this technology is highly dependant on the availability of seeds of prawn through
artificial propagation and adoption of the same by private entrepreneurs.
Farming of tiger shrimp 5Penaeus monodon)in the coastal belts especially in the south&east
and south&west part of Bangladesh is slowly emerging as a growing industry. There is a bright
prospect of increasing the production of shrimp by refining the culture technology such aspond preparation, removal of predatory and weed fishes, proper fertiliing, stoc!ing in proper
density and feeding with quality supplementary feeds along with better water quality
management. Iowever, the shrimp production industry in the country needs a big push in
adopting the modem technology of raising shrimp attracting a huge investment from the
private sectors A entrepreneurs and a favorable 0ovt. policy towards the development of this
sector.
1.) Past Efforts of A'!ac!$t!re E*tension +er,ice
3ith the recommendations from r. 7amaswamy 8aido 5eptember, 1-)+6 the irectorate of
Fisheries was first set up in 1-/(. 'fter partition of ndia in 1-/, it was bifurcated and
shifted to 9omilla district. n 1-*/ the developmental functions along with the staff were
transferred to the newly formed irectorate of xtension and 7ural evelopment. Iowever
this arrangement did not wor! and the irectorate was again restored to its original form in
1-**. Fisheries extension activities were felt vital but could be experienced that it wor!s
better when the activities are controlled by the Fisheries irectorate proper. ven during the
first * year plan of the then 2a!istan the development program for fisheries had integrated
research and extension components. ' scheme was prepared even during those days wherein
it was proposed to have an extension unit under the control of Fisheries pecialist who will
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utilie the fisheries and other related personnel for social, economic and general improvement
of the area so far fish, fisheries and fishing industries are concerned. The second * year plan
comprised of )* schemes. @ut of which (1 were related to development of fisheries and the
remaining 1/ were for research, education and extension. uring the said plan period; -.*
million fish fry were produced; + million distributed out of them to the interested fish culturist
bringing about improvement in over ""+# ha of water areas. Fish eed %ultiplication Farms
were constructed to meet the growing demand of fish seed among the fish culturists. The
sub>ect of conservation and biological management was also felt equally important and
accordingly () Fisheries were declared as sanctuaries. For the first time a Fisheries xtension
ervice cheme was introduced at an expenditure of T!. -.*" la!h. uring the period
approximately *#,### ponds were surveyed, 1+,### ponds were brought under culture and/+# model fish culture demonstration started. ' ?0row more fish? scheme was also ta!en up
under which 11 million fish fry were raised and distributed free of cost among the interested
farmers. The fisheries development activities of the public sector was by and large limited to
inland water until 1-"/ when the then ast 2a!istan Fisheries evelopment 9orporation was
created for exploiting marine resources. n order to explore fisheries resource potential of the
Bay of Bengal, a pre&investment survey was underta!en in collaboration with F'@ and other
infra&structural support were given in recognition as these were found to be essentialinstrument for development. Iowever, as early as 1-"# a post of xtension @fficer was
created to coordinate the extension activities of the department.
ince independence in 1-1 the 0overnment of Bangladesh has ta!en vigorous attempts to
enhance the development of Fisheries sub§or. everal ma>or fisheries development
pro>ects were planned, financed and implemented by the public sector. Four plans have
already been implemented. n the on&going Fourth Five Jear 2lan FFJ251--#&1--*6
0overnment set forth an ambitious program to increase fish production and exports to create
greater employment opportunities and to improve the socio&economic conditions of the target
group particularly fishermen. n mid seventies, a 89F sponsored pro>ect ?trengthening
of Fisheries xtension ervice? was started under which (* Fish eed %ultiplication Farm
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5F%F6 were upgraded and activated by creating hatcheries, water supply system, training
dormitories and other facilities. To enhance fisheries extension activities throughout the
country, "# post of nit xtension @fficer were created under the pro>ect. Besides conducting
training on fish culture for the rural youths under the pro>ect, a few result demonstrations
supplying with some inputs were started but due to lac! of proper extension approach the
performance of the extension activities failed to give any measurable change. 'nother *#
F%F have been upgraded in the early eighties under the 'sian evelopment Ban! 5'B6
assisted First 'quaculture evelopment pro>ect. uring 1-+" management of (# F%F has
been transferred to 0rameen Ban! to facilitate one spot input and credit facilities to fish
farmers. %ost of the F%Fs have now excellent facilities for demonstration of fish breeding
techniques, seed rearing and table sie fish production etc. These farms also offer testing ofnewly developed aquaculture technologies and transfer of tested technological !now&how to
fish farmers, training of unemployed youths and extension staff of oF. These farms also
provide sufficient support to on going developmental activities. n addition to the networ! of
F%Fs, several Fisheries xtension and Training 9enters 5FT9s6 have also been established
with excellent facilities for practical and field oriented training for officers, staff and fish
farmers. uch training activities are of regular feature at Fisheries Training and xtension
9entre, Faridpur; FT9, 9handpur; 9entral Fish Breeding K Training 9entre, :otchandpur,Lhenaidah; Fish Breeding K Training 9entre, 7aipur , =a!shmipur. %ore or less similar
facilities now exist at F%F, 8atore and better facilities at 8orth&west Fisheries xtension
2ro>ect at 2arbatipur, ina>pur. Freshwater prawn hatchery at 9oxDs baar and shrimp culture
demonstration centers at :hepupara, Barguna and 9harfashan, Bhola have also been
established to extend extension support to the neighboring shrimp farmers.
Iowever, loo!ing into the vastness of available water and human resources in the country the
existing support services and extension networ! were always considered far below the
adequate level. The on&going 'B assisted econd 'quaculture evelopment 2ro>ect tend to
promote extension of shrimp and carp culture in (* districts of the country. The basic strategy
of the extension program of this pro>ect is to train the existing staff of oF wor!ing in the
+
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selected districts and organiing demonstration of improved culture practice, pond
engineering, hatchery and fry handling techniques etc. The pro>ect mobilies the desired
material inputs to the farmers, the cost of which would be realied after the farmers sell their
crop. uring the span of the pro>ect such demonstration will be carried out in 1/+ shrimp and
111) poly culture based farmer4s ponds. imilar strategies are also being followed in other
areas of the country under the ntegrated Fisheries evelopment 2ro>ect of oF, Bangladesh.
The ' assisted shrimp culture pro>ect covers shrimp culture extension activities in the four
coastal districts namely 9oxDsbaar, at!hira, Bagerhat and :hulna. nder this pro>ect the
technology of producing post larvae of tiger shrimp 5P. monodon) in hatcheries has been
demonstrated in 9ox4sbaar and :hulna region. Besides two emonstration Farm&cum&Training 9entre 5FT96 one each in :hulna and 9ox4sbaar area are being established to
demonstrate improved culture technology and to provide training to shrimp farmers and
hatchery operators. The trained extension staff is expected to process loan application,
supervise and implement of on&farm investment, credit and business management of farms.
'dequate financing for construction of shrimp farms and hatcheries in the private sectors
would be provided from the pro>ect.
nder the ' assisted @xbow la!e evelopment pro>ect, six oxbow la!es in the districts of
Lessore, 8arail and Lhenaidah were developed and managed by stoc!ing and subsequent
harvesting by listed fishermen since 1-+#&+1. This has greatly contributed to the rise of family
income of the involved fisherman. nder the >oint program of Bangladesh 7ural evelopment
Board and oF, +# ha of !has ponds in greater districts of 7a>shahi, 2abna and :ushtia have
been re&excavated and developed for fish culture and leased out to landless poorAmarginal
farmers. They are also being trained for 1* days at F%F :ushtia and 8atore on improved
method of fish culture.
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nder '8' assisted 8oa!hali 7ural evelopment 2ro>ect 58726 which covers
8oa!hali, =a!shmipur and Feni district over 11,### persons have been trained on fish culture,
induced breeding of fish, fish hatchery and nursery operations. n addition ))# fish culture
demonstration ponds have been ta!en up for transfer of improved technologies.
'8' supported %ymensingh 'quaculture xtension 2ro>ect 5%'26 is under operation
in %ymensingh, Lamalpur and herpur district with the overall ob>ectives of increasing fish
production, creating employment, increase income and creating co&operation and group
formation. The extension approach followed by the pro>ect guarantees availability of all
aquaculture supports down to the village level with efficient and quic! delivery system.
The Bay of Bengal program 5B@B26 of F'@ is also operating xtension evelopment 2ro>ect
in 2atua!hali and Barguna district. everal micro level pro>ects have been designed aiming
group formation, initiative of group saving scheme, credit delivery to support economic
activities, participation and involvement of women, introduction of aquaculture and post
harvest technology and implementation of social program li!e literacy, health, education,
water supply, sanitation etc. are the core functions of the pro>ect. 7egular fortnightly group
visits by extension staff to support and monitor the activities are being followed.
t has been realied that not only dedicated and effective extension service but also an appropriate
extension approach is critically needed to give definite direction to the program ensuring
maximum impact. nder F'@A82 technical assistance pro>ect Enstitutional trengthening in
the Fisheries ectorM 5B0A+A#/*6, the oF has operated an extension program which is based
upon CTric!le down xtension 5T6 'pproach4. n T 'pproach, selection of the farmers is
based upon their experience on fish culture, resources and interest. @ne&day preparatory training
is organied for the selected fish farmers to implant self pride, self confidence and most basic
aspect of culture technology they intend to follow. 'bsolutely no input support is extended and to
compensate this intensive efforts are rendered towards motivational and convincing aspects. ach
such farmer is designated as 7esult emonstrator Fish Farmer 576 who involves 1# neighboring
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farmers designated as Fellow Fish Farmer 5FF6. 7 get one day training once in every ) months
and in turn they organie one day training for their lin!ed 1# FF at their pond site. uring 1--# N
1--), over *## 7 with )## FF had been adopted from 11 districts in the country. nder the
auspices of this program, the present Cobservations on the efficiency of tric!le down extension
approach in aquaculture development4 was conducted.
%oreover, development partners li!e 3orld Ban!, 'B, B, F 5former @'6, L9',
'8' etc are actively involved in the development of fisheries. Besides, there are more
than 1## international, national and local 80@s that are active in promoting fisheries
development throughout the country. Their activities include utiliation of resources,
introduction of new fish culture technology, inputs supply, offering credit, arranging training,seminars and wor!shops for fish farmers, landless people, marginal farmers, distressed group
etc.
1. "roa% O/ecti,es of the +t!%(
'n appropriate extension system is needed for any organied and well directed extension
system. ?Tric!le down xtension system? has been developed recently and presently being
followed by oF under F'@A82 assisted pro>ect ?nstitutional trengthening in the
Fisheries ector 5B0A+A#/*6? from 1--# for effective aquaculture extension service in the
country. This is the high time to test the practicability of the system in Bangladesh. This is the
first demonstration of this type of aquaculture extension system in the region including
Bangladesh, ndia and 2a!istan.
The overall ob>ectives of the study are to implement, monitor and evaluate the theoried
?Tric!le down xtension system? in aquaculture development.
The specific ob>ectives of the study wereH
i6 To transfer the low input based improved fish culture technology to selected fish
farmers through tric!ling down process of !nowledge and s!ill;
ii6 To increase income of marginal A poor fish farmers through self&employment of lin!ed
farmers and their family members;
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iii6 To test the practicability of aquaculture extension without material input assistance;
iv6 To develop locally applicable aquaculture technology tailored according to need and
ability of the fish farmers;
v6 To create a continuous learning environment for fish farmers and promote
participatory movement of fish farmersA pond owners;
vi6 To give opportunity to fish farmers from different segments to participate.
1. Importance of the +t!%(
2resentations made at various fora around the globe have always pointed out that reaping a
good developmental harvest in rural sector largely depends upon three basic inputsH
appropriate technological base, extension efforts and credit and other service supports.n the
process, extension catalyses the crystalliation of development as soon as the reagents i.e.
improved technologies and mobilied inputs is mixed in the bac!ground of available natural
and human resources.
2roper analysis of the laid past plan ob>ectives and accomplishments made so far show that
the production targets were always fixed much lower than the national requirements of the
population and in spite of that the targets could never be achieved. 'mong several reasons
attributed to the shortfall one of the most acceptable explanations remained the extremely
inadequate extension and service support in the fisheries sector. f we review the pace of
fisheries development in 'sian countries, it is evident that the development depends upon
many factors including the support services and the system of information transfer from the
7esearch and evelopment 9enters to the farmers and fishermen at the grass root level.
3ithout the existence of such a system even the output of research and development is totally
wasted. 7ecent experiences in several countries have pointed out that an organied orreorganied extension service along with strictly professional lines can have a significant and
rapid impact on increasing fisheries production and raising the standard of living of fish
farmers and fishermen 57ahman K Iaque, 1--16. n the above context it is evident that there
exists a big gap between potential production based upon available aquaculture technology
1(
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and the actual national fish production in the outh 'sian countries. The cause is well !nown.
The fish farmers are relatively poor, illiterate and ignorant lot and hence they remain unaware
of the technological innovations. %erely due to this reason, there is emphasis on transfer of
technology carrying the information from lab to landA ponds 57ahman K Iaque, 1--16.
The outcome of this field oriented study will provide a lot of valuable information which will
form basis for planning aquaculture extension strategy in the countries of this region including
Bangladesh, ndia and 2a!istan etc.
1. Phi$osoph( of E*tension
1..1 E*tension - Economic Necessit(
Today most enlightened governments have realied that without a stable, productive and
contented rural population, all other factors towards economic development may fail. 8o
country can afford to neglect its rural population for the following reasonsH First, every
country needs an ample and dependable supply of staple foods for the whole nation. n a
country where the farmers A fish farmers are discontented or not very efficient, the supply of
staple foods can not meet the demands of the whole nation. econd, where there is a great
difference between the standard of living of city&dwellers and that of rural people, many of
the best young men will tend to leave agriculture A aquaculture and drift to the cities. But the
city is not always able to absorb them. The result is overcrowding slums, unemployment,
vagrancy and social unrest. Third, it has been found that besides producing food, a modern
farmer can also grow industrial crops. These crops provide valuable raw materials for many
and diverse industries which help to provide employment for swelling population and increase
national wealth. Thus extension serves the economic ob>ectives of the nation.
1.. E*tension "ase% ResearchThe main focus of extension is on people and the things that cause people to act as they do or
how to influence them to change. 't least two things are necessary to bring about change
namelyH
16 ource of new information
(6 pread of the information to the masses.
1)
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The people in general have little opportunity to compare their practices with others; often they
are not even aware there is room for improvement. Therefore the first >ob of the extension
wor!ers have to do is to help the people define their own problems. @nce the problems have
been clarified, the extension wor!er can present them to the researchers, who in turn try to
loo! for possible solution. 'gain the extension wor!ers have to bring the solution bac! to the
villager. Ie has to translate abstract formula into clear understandable language and show
them how; when and where the new !nowledge may he profitably applied. Thus research
discovers and develops technology; it is the source of new information. xtension imparts the
technology to be usedH it spreads necessary information from its source to the ultimate user &
the villager and the members of his family and encourages them to use the information. The
concept is illustrated in Fig.1 belowH
Fi#. 1. Research as a "asis of E*tension Phi$osoph(
1..& E*tension "ases its Pro#rams on Peop$e2s Nee% as 3e$$ as Technica$ an%
Nationa$ Economic Nee%s 5Bradfield, . L. 1-6
'll people desire higher goals in life. @nce people are convinced of the value of new methods
and the new methods will help them to reach their goal, they will change to attain this desired
goal. Therefore the ma>or tas! of extension is to convince the people of the value of new and
better practices. xtension paves the way for further progress by ma!ing the community
aware of the benefits to be obtained from this program.
1/
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1.. E*tension Cooperation
xtension is only one of the many factors which tend to produce change in society.
'quaculture extension is concerned mainly with producing change to improve fish
production. The basic principle of extension can be illustrated by a source hierarchy circle asillustrated in Fig. ).
Fi#. &. +ocia$ hierarch( circ$es as asis of phi$osoph( of e*tension
Bigger circleH Target of development area & needing critical attention;
mall circleH rban sector & needing less attention;
maller circleH 0overnment & for policy and decision.
The outer ring represents the target group mostly in the poverty stric!en rural areas beset with
problems of poverty; hardly able to meet their basic needs. The succeeding circle represents
the urban area with comparatively lesser problems and the inner core circle, the government.
1"
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Through extension the government see!s to bring about development and positive change to
alleviate the problem areas, uplift socio&economic conditions in the rural area and prevent the
influx of the population to the urban areas. To bring about development through extension,
various areas of the economic sectors are being tapped and aquaculture is one of them. The
principle of extension is summed up in the 9hinese proverbH ? 0ive man a fish and he has
food for the day. Teach him how to grow fish and he has food for the rest of his life?.
1.. Characteristics of Tric4$e %o5n E*tension 6TDE7 Approach
Before mentioning the characteristics of Tric!le down xtension 5T6 approach, letDs loo!
into the definition of CFisheries xtension4. Fisheries xtension has been defined as a service
or system which assists fish&farmersA fishermen through educational process in improving fishfarming methods and techniques; increasing production efficiency and income and ultimately
improving their levels of living and quality of rural life. The central figure in this effort is the
fish farmers Afishermen and their families. n a wider context extension has to go beyond the
dissemination of new technologies which increase production and productivity and must
concern itself with the overall ob>ectives of development of self&confidence, creating the
awareness of self&prestige and improvement of conditions of rural life; in particular the small
income fish farmers Afishermen. uch an approach calls for a more integrated view of the
problems and a better balance between economic and social ob>ectives 5:umar K :arim,
1--16 K 5%aunder, 1-)6.
Tric!le down ystem 5T6 of 'quaculture xtension is participatory extension which is
based upon the farmer to farmer move incorporating both individual and group extension
approaches. The system ensures practical hand on training to the fish farmers !nown as 7esult
emonstration Fish Farmers 57s6 who underta!e demonstration of improved aquaculture
practice in their own ponds under the close guidance and supervision of the xtension
@fficers. The 7 in turn demonstrates his activities through method and result demonstrations
to the neighboring farmers designated as Fellow Fish Farmers 5FFs6. uring the following
production cycle; FFs graduate to become 7, adopt the technology voluntarily, conduct
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similar demonstration and in turn lin! *&1# FFs with them. Thus the !nowledge of improved
technology tric!les down from the xtension @fficers 5@s6 to 7s and ultimately to FFs and
this chain of events continues to follow 5Fig./6.
Fi#. ). Tric4$e %o5n E*tension +(stem
ince it is ensured that FFs are invited to participate as and when method A result
demonstrations and in-situtraining are organied by the 7s at their pond sites the tric!ling
down of !nowledge is purposefully made an active process 5:umar K :arim, 1--)6.
1.8 9e( Components of the +(stem
Fishery xtension @fficer A'gent 5istrict Fisheries @fficersAThana Fisheries
@fficersA'ssistant Fisheries @fficers6;
7esult emonstration Fish Farmers 57s6;
Fellow Fish Farmers 5FFs6;
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ound and appropriate aquaculture technology;
'ppropriate and adequate training for xtension @fficers;
In-situ mosaic training and demonstration support to 7s and FFs ;
Tight and effective monitoring schedule, record !eeping and reporting.
1.: Detai$s of Tric4$e %o5n E*tension +(stem
1.:.1 "asic Desi#n
nder Tric!le own xtension ystem 5T6 , fish farmers are selected on the basis of well
laid criteria and the farming technologies are selected as per their resources, on going
activities, area of interest, financial and technical capabilities etc while negotiating with them,
proper attention is paid to honor their traditional values, belief and their sentiments. The
selected 7s are supported to demonstrate the results of selected fish culture technology in
their own ponds. The complete pac!age of successive practices of the particular aquaculture
technology including the overall production and profit performance are also demonstrated to
*&1# neighboring fish farmers designated as FFs. 'll the FFs are !ept informed about the
successive steps of farming type to be displayed by the 7s and are frequently invited to see
the activitiesAdemonstration. xtension officer is considered to be the functional unit of the
extension service system.
The records of all the activities pertaining to production technology followed, inputs used and
the expenditure incurred are properly maintained by the 7 with the help of extension
personnel in the especially designed record !eeping boo! supplied to them. xtension personnel
ma!e at least two visits a month to the 7s pond to extend necessary guidance and to help carry
on method demonstration whenever organied. The extension personnel properly explains the
7 what is required to be done in the next fortnight to one month and also inserts his advice in
the record boo! !ept with the 7 so that if the 7 forgets the instruction, he is having access to
read it or someone nearby can read for him. uring the next visit, the xtension @fficer reviews
the progress, identifies the problems and suggests the possible solutions. 'll the activities are
1-
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systematically monitored and communicate to the head quarter through their line of authority.
specially designed field diary is given to the extension wor!ers for this purpose. The diary is
submitted to the respective higher authority every month for appraise the on&going activities
and also to receive necessary guidance if required. The higher authority inserts his guidanceA
remar!s in the diary for further course of action. The progress and problems are also
discussed during the scheduled monthly meeting at the district headquater. 3or!shops are
organied at considerable intervals where extension wor!ers and 7s are given opportunity to
exchange and express their views, experience and results to revitalie the system. nder this
theoried system an atmosphere of owners is created among the extension personnel and the
fish farmers and the !nowledge and s!ill of improved fish culture technologies tric!les down
from the 7s to FFs and rest of the farmers in due course.
1.:. Trainin#
Training is one of the core components of this system. 'lthough separate training is organied
for extension personnel, 7s and lin!ed FFs, the system operation itself provides a
continuous learning environment for all the participatory functionaries.
1.:.& E*tension Personne$
nitially short&duration extension orientation program is organied for the extension personnel
to ma!e them understand the program ob>ectives, the system design and its operation which
enables them to proceed to select the 7s, maintain record !eeping boo!, tour diary, reporting
formats etc. ' C9omprehensive xtension Training4 on fish culture for the extension personnel
is organied where field activities are clarified to them through practical exercise. This brings
clarity in their understanding about the pac!age of practices of the selected production
technology and the mechanism of its transfer. 9oncept of fishery extension, communication,
appropriate extension teaching methods and tools, extension program planning etc form partof the comprehensive training. The extension program gets momentum after the
comprehensive extension training. uring the field operation these extension agents are given
guidance and necessary support through periodical visits by the extension experts. @ne
complete year of such an exercise offers ample opportunity for the extension wor!ers to get
grip over the program and gain confidence. 0rowing popularity and respect among the fish
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farming community brings more dedication and confidence in their approach.
1.:.) Res!$t Demonstration Fish Farmers 6RDs7
7s are invited for day long in-situ training preferably at one of the 7s pond site. The
content of the training is directed towards building up of self confidence, self respect,
leadership, managerial capability and fish culture s!ill. tress is given for maintaining the
record !eeping boo! especially designed for the purpose. They are also reminded about their
social and religious responsibility to train *&1# neighboring FFs in fish culture who are going
to be selected at their recommendations. 'ppropriate extension teaching methods and tools
are employed for ma!ing the communication most effective .n this case, pictorial information
on extension and improved method of fish culture were chosen for dissemination.
9onsidering the bac!ground and level of education of 7s and FFs, pictures on differentinformation of extension and improved aquaculture practice has been prepared from the
pro>ect. These pictures were pasted on the plain side of sand papers. The sand papers with
pictures are attached temporarily on velvet clothes and hang from a vertically placed wooden
stand for showing it the audience one after another.
'fter )&/ months of field operations similar day&long training N cum & discussion is again
organied for 7s at one of the demonstration pond site which serves as refresher&cumfollow&up course. Their on&farm problems are discussed and solutions are advised. They are also
trained how to organie and conduct method demonstrations and training for their lin!ed FFs.
9oncerned extension wor!er are given full responsibility and proper direction to organie
such mosaic in-situtraining programs. n no circumstances 7s and FFs training should be
combined; otherwise FFs will give no importance and attention to their 7s as a result 7s
will become ineffective for this program. 0radually he will lose interest and initiative for
further course of action.
1.:. Fe$$o5 Fish Farmers 6FFs7
'fter )&/ months of culture operations when the crop becomes matured enough to be displayed,
7s are encouraged and supported to organie a day&long training program and method
(1
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demonstrations at their pond site for their FFs.3hile conducting the training especially designed
and developed extension materials and tools are used. imple and pictorial instructional manual
on fish culture is distributed among the participants through their respective 7s. uch short
demonstration& cum& training program is usually repeated once in every )&/ months. 't the time
of harvest the crop as well as the economics are properly displayed and explained to all FFs and
other neighboring farmers. This helps FFs to acquaint with the production and profit potential of
the endeavor, arouse interest and also gives them confidence to act as 7 in the subsequent cycle.
%eanwhile the 7 becomes doubly confident recalls his deficiencies and pledges to do much
better in the next production cycle. uch 7s require little care and occasional supervision by
extension wor!ers. @n the other hand, they become more confident and s!illed in their operation
and extend more efficiently his services to his FFs 5converted 7s6 and graduate to becomesenior 7.
1.:. +a$ient Feat!res of Tric4$e %o5n +(stem
Farmers to farmers approach Acontact;
nsures flow of tric!ling down process of !nowledge and s!ill;
9ontinuous learning environment for fish farmers and field officers;
2romotes participatory movement;
t helps fish farmers to develop self&reliance. self&respect and self&confidence;
Ielps in creating large number of s!illed fisheries extension volunteers;
8o Aor least material input assistance;
=ocally applicable aquaculture extension technology tailored according to need and
ability of the fish farmers;
t gives opportunity for fish farmers from different segments to participate.
1.:. "asic 9e( Components !n%er the +(stem
16 election of right type of 7esult emonstration Fish Farmers 57s6 from different
segments of fish farmers;
(6 =in!ing of Fellow Farmers 5FFs6 as per the recommendations of 7s with each 7;
((
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)6 =ocally applicable aquaculture extension technology tailored according to the
capacity of the fish farmers;
/6 9onducting training for field extension wor!ers;
*6 9onducting training for 7s and their FFs;
"6 Follow up activities;
6 2roper way of recording;
+6 9reating a continuous learning environment for the fish farmers as well as the
extension personnel.
1.10 ;Tric4$e %o5n E*tension Approach< in A'!ac!$t!re De,e$opment
8early all homestead in Bangladesh own a small to medium sie multipurpose domestic
pond. ue to illiteracy, poverty, lac! of access to information etc., rural mass remain ignorant
of the technological developments and still practice the age&old traditional methods of fish
culture in such ponds. There are more than 1." million ponds in the country with an average
production of fishO 1.) tonAhaAyr 5F7, 1--)6 which could easily be raised to over *.*
tonAhaAyr. The existing situation analysis of the relevant facts associated with pond fish culture
in Bangladesh surfaced the following factsH
16 Past population of client group with traditional out loo!s;
(6 lliterate to semi& literate clientele;
)6 'ge&old traditional fish culture technology in practice;
/6 xtremely wea! financial base of the .fish farmers;
*6 9ritically limited number of field personnel with the oF who are yet to be oriented
towards extension function;
"6 Tendency of farmers towards immediate gain in the form of free input and credit
rather than learning the technology and reaping the benefit after practicing the same.
%oreover, there was no definite fisheries extension approach of oF before adopting this
approach in Bangladesh. Iowever, a pro>ect entitled, ?nstitutional strengthening in the
Fisheries ector?5B0A+A#/*6 was >ointly implemented in Bangladesh by 0ovt. of
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Bangladesh 50oB6 and F'@A82. 'mong others the extension component was assigned to
increase the fish production from pond culture through conducting demonstration of
integrated semi&intensive pond fish culture system in private ponds. The extension component
undertoo! fisheries extension activities in 11 out of "/ districts in Bangladesh on a pilot basis.
8atore was one of the districts out of 11 in the country. The author was directly involved and
responsible with the aquaculture extension activities as istrict Fisheries @fficer under the
pro>ect. Four thanas 5lowest administrative unit6 out of " were selected for fisheries extension
activities in 8atore district 5Fig.*6.
The present observations on the efficiency of Tric!le down xtension 5T6 'pproach in
aquaculture development are based upon the observations in 8atore district. t may be consideredas a representative of Bangladesh as the factors li!e socio&economic, agro climatic and techno&
commercial etc are more or less same throughout the country except the hill tract districts.
1.11 Impro,e% =+emi-intensi,e Fish C!$t!re Techno$o#( 6+IF7 Fo$$o5e%
The following steps are followed in improvedA semi&intensive fish culture technology 5F6
especially for profitable carp cultureH
16 The pond is dewatered to !ill or eradicate unwanted or carnivores fish. This also helps
to repair the pond dy!e to save from over flooding during rainy season and ma!es the
pond bottom even for easy netting .@therwise the pond may be poisoned by using
rotenone powder, selphos or quic!phos tablet to eradicate the unwanted carnivores
fish, insects and other carnivores .The pond became ready for stoc!ing of fish
fingerling after ( 5two6 wee!s. ' complete cycle has been shown in Fig.*.
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Fi#. . Impro,e%=semi-intensi,e fish c!$t!re techno$o#( c(c$e
(6 Following after dewatering or poisoning the pond, lime is applied O 2 !g Adecimal to
release micronutrients and !ill unwanted insects and mollus!s and acts to maintain
favorable condition of water 52I".# to .*6 which is most desired for maintaining
better water quality and rapid growth of fish.
)6 'fter 1&( wee!s of lime application, both organic manure such as cow dung, chic!en
litters, compost and inorganic fertiliers such as rea, Triple super phosphate 5T26
and %uriate of potash 5%26 are applied to boost up growth of plan!ton& the ultimatenatural food of cultured fishes.
(*
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/6 3hen water became greenish, bigger sie and healthy fish fingerlings 5&1( cm6 of
cultured species ndian ma>or carp namely; 9atla (C. catla), 7ohu (L. rohita) and
%rigal (C. mrigala)along with three exotic carp namely; ilver carp (H. molitrix).
0rass carp (C. idella)and 9ommon carp (C. carpio)are stoc!ed. orputi5Puntius sp6
is also advised to stoc! in low density. This combination of six species has been found
to utilie the available natural food of all layers of the pond ecosystem.
*6 To remove the obnoxious gases and enhance the fermentation fresh cow dung is
soa!ed with / times of water and !ept for (/ hours in an open place .rea and T2 are
well mixed with this semi& liquid material and again mixed with water before
spreading through out the pond during #-.## to 11.## Irs on sunny days. This
promotes to intensify and maintain a steady growth of plan!ton in the pond.
"6 9onsidering the ability, the farmers are advised to supply the supplementary feed. To
promote rapid growth of fish, supplementary fish feed li!e mustard oil ca!e, rice bran
and wheat bran are applied O(&)$ of body weight of stoc!ed fish fingerling. The
mustard oil ca!e is soa!ed for (/ hours in water and then mixed with rice bran and
wheat bran before apply to the pond. The amount of fish feed is ad>usted with the
increased body weight of cultured fish .0reen grass li!e napier grass, banana leaf,
sweet potato leaf, duc! weed etc are applied to feed the grass carp and supplied in a
feeding tray 5 rectangular bamboo frame6 fixed in one corner of the pond.
6 'fter )&/ months, sampling of fish is done to monitor the growth of fish and record the
weight of different species of fishes to ad>ust the supplementary feed.
+6 3hen the fishes attain table sie 5#.*&1.# !g6, the fishes are sold !eeping a record of
the number of fishes ta!en out.
-6 The same number and same species of healthy fish fingerling are again stoc!ed in the
pond.
1#6 7ac!ing is done very often to eliminate the obnoxious gases from the pond bottom
with a rac!er.
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1.1 Operationa$ >imitations an% ?o%ifications
's mentioned earlier there was no definite extension approach of ept. of Fisheries 5oF6, so
the adopted Tric!le down xtension 'pproach in its implementation phase had the following
limitationsH
1. The 7s, FFs and the xtension 2ersonnel had a tremendous curiosity in the
beginning; but a slow, steady and cautious adoption of the approach was noticed.
(. o many pro>ects A departments in their mode of extension service to the agricultural
farmers had the provision of supplying input credit. o if input assistance could be
introduced in the pro>ect, a better performance is expected but there was no scope to
supply inputs to farmers. This had a limitation in quic!er adoption of the approach.
). The transfer of xtension 2ersonnel from a wor!ing place created limiting negative
effects on the clientele. ubstitute officers in the same place had to understand the
wor!ing atmosphere and the approach because the pro>ect extension activities were
not spread over the country.
/. nitial 7s had a strong tendency towards getting immediate gain in the form of free
inputs and credit rather than learning the technology of fish culture.
*. ome women fish farmers were very much interested to !now the improved fish
culture technology at home but failed repeatedly to attend any training program
organied at village level due to social barrier. %oreover, there was no women
extension wor!er to wor! with the women clientele.
". Farmers sometimes were very reluctant to collect the necessary fish culture inputs li!e
organic manure, quality and bigger in sie fingerlings from ad>acent areas etc.
. xtension personnel had acute transport problem in the early stage of the pro>ect.
3hich if supplied could increase extension activities and outcome.
+. The study was confined in 8atore district in the early stage of the program.
-. Facts and figures collected and presented in this observation by the investigator
applied to the situation prevailing during the years from mid of 1--( to mid of 1--/.
1#. The researcher has to depend on the data as provided by the selected farmers both 7s
and FFs and concerned Thana Fisheries @fficers 5TF@s6.
(
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The fo$$o5in# mo%ifications 5ere !n%erta4en%!rin# the st!%(@
1. The fish farmers who had at least minimum ability to bear the production expenses
were selected as 7s as there was no scope to supply fish culture inputs under the
pro>ect.
(. 'quaculture technology was tailored according to the capacity&both technical and
economical of fish farmers before put into operation.
). %ore motivational efforts were engaged to change the attitude of the fish farmers;
although it was a difficult proposition as receiving free input is a common expectation
among the fish farmers.
/. xtension personnel were paid actual travel expenses to cover the traveling cost in his
>urisdiction.*. The number of 7s were !ept manageable and under strict control to facilitate close
supervision and assistance as required by the existing concept of aquaculture
extension, a new approach to the field wor!ers of oF.
(+
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(-
CHAPTER-0
REIE3 OF >ITERATURE
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. REIE3 OF >ITERATURE
The success of any extension program depends on the efficiency of extension approaches
employed for attainment of goals. There was no definite approach of extension before
introduction of DTric!le down xtension ystemD in aquaculture development under ept. of
Fisheries 5oF6 in Bangladesh. Tric!le down xtension ystem has been employed for
aquaculture development since --#. valuative research wor! on efficiency of ETric!le down
xtension ystemM should have been due by this time. The purpose of this chapter is to
review literature having relevance to the present study. The researcher made an elaborate
search of available literature having relevance to this investigation.
Before going to further discussion on extension, one must ta!e into consideration the
extension program of epartment of 'griculture xtension 5'F6 in Bangladesh for its
vastness and long experience. The extension program in the ' was started in this part of
the world in 1-1/ with the appointment of istrict =evel 'gricultural @fficer who conducted
demonstration farm in each district. The extension services for the farmerDs improvement did
not go beyond the district level demonstration farm prior to 1-/#. Iowever in 1-*#, (*##
2=' 52rimary =icensing 'gent6 under Lute 7egulation epartment was added with
'gricultural xtension epartment to wor! directly with the farmers. But these field level
wor!ers were mostly grade P level passed, without having any academic bac!ground in
agriculture. uring 1-*#, P&' 5Pillage 'gricultural and ndustrial evelopment6 pro>ect
was made responsible for extension wor!s. Iowever, P&' was discontinued in late 1-*#Ds.
But the realiation of the value of extension education was increased and as such the
irectorate of 'griculture 5xtension and %anagement6 was created in early #Ds !eeping the
irectorate of 'griculture 57esearch and ducation6 separate. This was a true beginning of
extension program to educate farmers for adoption ofD improved crop production practices.
uring the mid seventies realiation of extension services was over&emphasied and thereby
several mono crop extension agencies were created under the %inistry of 'griculture and
other %inistries also organied their own extension services for specialied crop and
management. Iowever the last phase of evolutionary process of extension services that
)#
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records to distinct metamorphosis are; i6 introduction of the TKP system ii6 unification of
mono&crop services into irectorate of 'gricultural xtension 5'6. 5Ialim.1--16.
Iowever, the Training KPisit 5TKP6 system did not wor! as anticipated and promoted single
crop farming. The ' are now wor!ing for 9rop iversification 2rogram 5926 as
expected along with 'griculture upport ervice 2rogram 5'26.
ince 1-"#Ds the country has experienced a chronic food deficiency. he has to spent a lionDs
share 5(#&)#$6 5BB, 1-+-6 of her export earnings to meet the food shortage. To achieve
self&sufficiency in food grain, the then government introduced Iigh Jielding Pariety 5IJP6
of seed & fertilier & irrigation technology, popularly !nown as ?0reen 7evolution? in mid&
sixties which resulted in changes of traditional aus 5paddy6A>ute or aman5paddy6 followed by
rabi based cropping pattern 5926 into boro based 92. Iowever introduction of Flood 9ontrol
rainage and rrigation 5F96 in early -#Ds had accelerated the change. n recent years
boro alone covers (*$ of total rice producing areas 5BB, 1--)6. nder the changed 92 most
parts of flood plains and beels5natural depression6 remain bare of vegetation which allowed
playing of small craft and easy use of gears and destruction of hiding places of fishes.
%oreover surplus agricultural laborers became engaged in fishing for income thus creating
high fishing pressure and less catch per unit 5926. Thus it appeared that the trade offD
between agriculture and fisheries had gone to the advantages of agricultural populations and
to the detriment of the traditional fishermen which deserved serious attention of the planners
and decision ma!ers 5%ondal, 1--/6. This was the onset of emergent need for fisheries
extensions in Bangladesh both in capture and culture fisheries. o after 1-(&), 0overnment
organiation postulated the need for fisheries development through extension services. :arim
51-+6 mentioned that as class fishermen in Bangladesh were very poor. 8o comprehensive
survey of the socio&economic of fishermen had ever been made. nformation about them was
thus rather s!etchy. ome information about the coastal fishermen was available.
n ri =an!a, the 0overnment was in the process of restructuring and evolving an extension
service to suit its decentralied governance and also to answer the changed needs of primary
producers. %aldives was >ust evolving an extension services to cater the needs of its thriving
)1
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fisher fol! communities. %alaysia had already developed a solid fisheries extension service
based on locating technical trained staff at field level and used modified form of Training and
Pisit 5TKP6 ystem. 57ahman K Iaque, 1--16.
Fish farmers, artisanal fishermen and fisherwomen engaged in fish culture, collection of fish
seed from natural sources, fishing in enclosed and open inland and coastal waters, processing
etc are the primary producers of the sector and as such they are the focal ob>ect for sectoral
development and welfare schemes. nli!e agriculture there is mar!ed socio&economical and
functional stratification among the primary producers. Broadly they are divided into small
scale fish farmer belonging to landless, pond less, small and marginal farmer categories, the
artisanal fishermen and fisherwomen engaged in fishing, transport, crude processing and retailmar!eting of fishing products and last group consisting of affluent and well&off aquaculture
entrepreneurs, corporate bodies, trading houses etc. engaged in operating large commercial
farms, mechanied and sophisticated fishing craft, owners of processing plants, whole sellers
of fishery products and exporters 5:umar, 1--)6.
9ole 51-+6 reviewed the role of extension services on the different pattern of operation in the
ndo 2acific Fishery 9ommission 52F96 region. n many countries the fisheries extensionfunction is relatively new but there is an increasing awareness of its value. Ie emphasied the
means and need of bridging the gap between the fishermen and the administrator or research
wor!er. Tiete 51-+(6 mentioned the main purpose of @rissa marine fisheries extension
service was to assist in the technological, economic and social development of traditional
fishing families.
Pasantha!umar et al, 51-++6 reported that improvement in the standard of living of fishing
households and fishing labor households and optimal utiliation of fishery resources for
employment production and export were the important goals of marine fisheries extension
service of Tamil 8adu tate. ndia. Ie gave an account of the extension teaching methods
used for individual contact, group contact and mass contact, the sub>ect matter fields covered
)(
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in extension teaching with their relative importance, the characteristics of extension
personnel, research support provided co&ordination among the various agencies involved and
the participation of the clientele and the organiation.
Tiete 51-+/6 advocated the development of small scale fisheries in outhern 'sia. Ie outlined a C
training and visit4 system that has been widely used in agricultural extension wor! and suggested
how such a system could he applied to fisheries. Ie mentioned that extension wor!ers not only
give technical advice but they attempt to change socio&cultural attitudes that impede development.
Iotta 51-+(6 recommended in his report submitted to F'@ for welfare of ndonesian
fishermen to strengthen fisheries extension service 52ro>ect personal was attached6 a more
vital functioning of fisheries co&operatives in institutional credit coupled with the upgradingof their mar!eting infrastructure and facilitiesH implementation of socio&economic studies
concerning economic impacts rendered by credit programH better co&ordination between the
irectorate 0eneral of Fisheries and co&operative epartment at all levels of administration
and managementH implementation of feasibility studies of B7 prior to the disbursement of
loansH compilation of a manual on lending policiesH pro>ect evaluation and appraisal and
utiliation of agriculture training facilities for fisheries extension officers.
'lam 51--#6 experienced from 80@ 59ommunity evelopment 9entre && 9@96 activities
that i6 participatory approach was a significant output of regular learning process. ii6
2articipatory approach in the field of development was a evolutionary and degree of
development could be measured by degree of participation. iii6 trong support from the
government required to abolish the exploitation of the middlemen as well as to abolish the
fa!e fisher fol! organiations. iv6 0overnment should recognie the non&formal real fisher
fol! organiation already established by different 80@s in Bangladesh.
7oy 51--#6 reported that the success of any program for development of small scale fisheries
and coastal fisher fol! largely depended on the ability of the fisheries extension staff to
communicate and mobilie effectively the fisher fol! communities. ' number of problems
were identified such as lac! of funds, transportation, training and as well as the equipment,
trainers and s!ills for extension and !nowledge transfer for effective extension wor!.
))
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9ha!roff 51-+16 recommended that aquaculture development largely depended on extension
services that operate at field level and effectively transfer culture technologies to fish farmers.
Ie also mentioned that the organiations and functions of aquaculture extension service vary
from country to country depending upon its political, social and economic goals. 7eferring ten
selected countries experience in establishing aquaculture extension service, he advised to
develop their own systems that would meet their socio&economic goals.
7ao 51-++6 in status report of ndia slated fisheries extension as the wea!est lin! in fisheries
development. Ie reiterated the need of a well organied extension system in the country to
propagate modern fish farming technology to the remote rural areas. 'quaculture xtension
ervices status report of F'@ 51-+(6 in countries around the world has shown that in most casesthere was very little information available or information was too old. 3omenDs involvement in
aquaculture has been reported by harma et al 51--16 as an emerging trend in ndia. They
mentioned of giving incentives by way of economic inputs li!e fish seed, feed, fertilier,
piscicide, breeding !its to ensure fruitful participation in adoption of innovations. The extension
methodology oriented the focus on scientific and technological inputs li!e continuous training,
demonstrations, regular farm visits, performance evaluation and feed bac!. %utambo 51--16
examined the problems involved in the extension of aquaculture in traditional villages in%alawi. 'ccording to him aquaculture is relatively new in the country and requires technical
support from very competent personnel. xtension depends upon effective communication
which is very different in the traditional environments in rural 'frica due to the different social
structures. F'@ 9ommission on Fisheries 51-+16 has adopted four front strategies for
aquaculture development concentrating onH 16 8ational planning development (6 The
establishment of regional research and training centers )6 The identification, formulation and
implementation of demonstration andAor pilot&scale pro>ects, and /6 The preparation and
publication of extension manuals. mphasis will be given to brac!ish water lagoon A estuary
fisheries and to aquaculture extension. harma 51-++6 has given an account of aquaculture
development and fisheries production in 8epal and pointed out training, 2anchayet pond
leasing, infrastructure, fisheries extension and loan as main constraints.
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:umar 51--(6 reported that the most successful system of pond fish culture is the poly culture
of three ndian ma>or 9arp species N 9atla, 7ohu and %rigal along with three 9hinese carps
vi. ilver carp, 0rass carp and 9ommon carp. The best results are obtained through a
>udicious combination of species and appropriate pond management techniques including
pond fertiliation, supplementary feeding, health care and harvest which are often ad>usted
with stoc!ing density, species ratio, fertiliation schedule and supplementary feeding
program. Fish production more than 1# tonAhaAyear has been achieved in ndia. eppert et al
51--#6 reported even higher fish production through applying intensive culture techniques
with regular fertiliing and daily feeding with high quality balanced fish feed, water
exchanges or aeration and monthly harvests. 7ecently the 9entral nstitute of Freshwater
'quaculture 59F'6 under support from ept. of Biotechnology has come forward with an
improved freshwater aquaculture technology with a potential for producing fish over 1*
tonAhaAyear 5:umar. 1--/ 2ersonal communication6. :umar 51--(6 reported of raising fish
together with compatible combination5s6 with poultry, duc!ery, pig rearing and cattle rising.
Fertiliers and supplementary feed are not used resulting in drastic cost reduction. Fish
production obtained from fish Q pig farming, fish Q duc! farming and fish Q poultry farming
were "& tonAha, )&/ tonAha and /&* tonAha respectively with a reasonable amount of animal
production in the form of meat and eggs.
3ith the increase of irrigation facilities, the raising of boro paddy 5776 has also been
increased. o, in most paddy fields it is possible to culture fish with little management and
care. This gives the opportunity to raise two crops; paddy and fish at the same time from the
sameland with little extra fertilier andlabor. 7ice paddy varieties which are disease resistant
and fish species which are hardy, fast growing and survive in low oxygen level are selected
for rearing in rice&fish culture system. This culture technique is becoming popular in
Bangladesh day by day 58F2, 1--/6. 7ecently the culture of fresh water prawn is also being
introduced. 't present, it is being reared with carps either supplying with supplementary feed
or with fertiliing alone. The introduction of semi&intensive or intensive culture techniques
will help to increase production many folds. 9ultures of 2enaeid shrimp in the coastal belt are
the introduction of a gigantic shrimp farming industry in the country which requires most
improvement in the present culture techniques.
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:umar 51--(6 reported that although the worldDs total marine production now stands at more
than +# million tons per year, all trends indicate that a saturation point is quic!ly approaching.
uring the past decade the growth rate hovered around ($ much lower than earlier decades.
t is estimated that 'sian aquaculture production could be raised from present + million to (#&
)# million tons a year by the end of the century. 'quaculture production has increased at an
annual growth rate of nearly $ from 1-*&+/. ue to the pollution of water and over fishing,
the aquatic resources of the coast and near sea have suffered damage to a certain degree. o
marine fishing is becoming high in cost and unprofitable. Freshwater fish culture is a
profitable underta!ing with low investment, quic! result and low cost technology. The meat
production rate of fish culture is the highest among all forms of animal culture. 2roduction in
the water can be done in a vertical way. 'nd the waste of agriculture can he used in fishculture. o, the development of agriculture, fisheries and animal husbandry can promote one
another. Because of all these reasons, many countries have gradually directed the course of
their development of fisheries to the development of aquaculture. 5'non. -+6.The author
51--/6 found that aquaculture production technologies are available in the country and
elsewhere which ensure fish production ranges loom *&* tonsAhaAyear against national
average production of 1.) tonsAhaAyear. n shrimp farming, the national average production is
)## !gAha against available technology of producing /&* tonsAhaAyear. Thus a wide extensiongap exists between the technology evolved in the 7esearch nstitutes and the farmers practice
in the country.
The national daily ?The Bangladesh @bserver? in her sub&editorial on /th of Luly, 1--/ has
emphasied about the advantages of Bangladesh to other countries and mentioned that it has a
very broad base of inland freshwater along with a sea&coast which may be used for fish
production. The !nowledge and s!ill needed for pisciculture is already available in the
country. tiliing modern technology and inputs, the upcoming entrepreneurs might have
positive results occurring to the economy as a whole. ' widening fish farming sector will also
provide rewarding >obs to the surplus agricultural labor that now migrate to cities and swell
the slums. To bring !nowledge about semi&intensive fish culture to the maximum number of
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pond operators is the basic strategy of %'2 5--)6. The main instrument is the
establishment of an intensive extension program on ?turn !ey? basis in the pro>ect area to
increase fish production. The pro>ect uses the ?demonstration effect? of successful credit and
demonstration ponds to show the largely un&educated rural target group about proper methods
of pond cultivation. The approach followed by %'2 is to guarantee that all aquaculture
supports will he available in the pro>ect area down to the village and ?Bari? level to provide
the improved pond production systems through s!illed extension wor!ers at the nion and
village level. The extension wor!er is the vehicle through which the pro>ect delivers
technology to the beneficiaries. Through credit, demonstration and contact farmers, semi&
intensive fish culture is demonstrated. 2articipatory on site rather than class room oriented
formal training in various aspects of semi&intensive aquaculture, motivation, gender andawareness raising are underta!en by the training section. 9ontinuous formal and non&formal
training is a ma>or feature of the %'2. The credit is of highly supervised in nature and are
without collateral to ensure that the loans get to pro>ect target group of poor marginal and
landless farmers including women interested in fish culture. nvolvement of women in
aquaculture under %'2 is another promising feature expected to open up a new horion as
an income generating activity especially in homestead pond aquaculture. ' tight monitoring
and evaluation are done on field and financial activities. ' computeried data base has beendeveloped and is used for field and pro>ect level production monitoring.
econd 'quaculture evelopment 2ro>ect in Bangladesh had developed a felt need system of
aquaculture extension in the pro>ect area. The system had the opportunity to utilie the interest
free loan money from 'sian evelopment Ban! 5'B6 to support the contact farmers
supplying with required inputs for fish culture as loan. The pro>ect prefers to select those
farmers who can spend some money to buy needed inputs in cases where&tendered inputs will
arrive late from the pro>ect. The pro>ect employed Fisheries xtension @fficers and root level
Thana Fisheries @fficers of oF to demonstrate improved aquaculture technology to the fish
farmers through method and result demonstration while visiting the pond site. @ccasionally,
neighbor pond ownersA fish farmers are invited to seeA share the methodA result demonstrations.
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ndividual contact followed by group methods is followed for communications. t is expected
that the demonstrated aquaculture technology will automatically tric!le down to other farmers
of the area. The contact farmers4 are changed every year to cover the targeted members of
contact farmers of the pro>ect document. t was realied that the extension officers had to be
s!illed up through training and practical demonstration before assigned with extension >ob in
the field. 2ost evaluation showed that instead of wee!long training arranged for the farmers,
repeated day long training gave better performance and understanding. Iowever, the whole
system or approach is still in a developmental stage. 5'. :. %lihir Bhuiya, 1--/, 2ersonal
communication6.
8orthwest Fisheries xtension 2ro>ectDs 58F26 main activities are poverty focused extensionand training, technology development and brood stoc! management. The pro>ect activities are
confined in five districts; 2anchagarh, Tha!urgaon, ina>pur 8ilphamari and 7angpur of
8orth&west region of Bangladesh. The extension and monitoring team select the targeted poor
farmers by a poverty ran!ing method with an average income for farmers entering the pro>ect
of about Ta!a )## annually for an average household of six members. The selected extension
messages are offered to farmers through classroom and pond site training and by using ponds
as centers for demonstration and rallies. 2ro>ect has the provision to provide credit in the formof inputs. The extension officers and wor!ers help to disseminate the better technology on
aquaculture in farmers level developed in the pro>ect. The pro>ect gives special emphasis to
use fry traders as an extension agents in aquaculture 5%eherul, 2ersonal communication,
1--/6.
'bed 51--16 stated that development of the poor is the prime concern of the 80@s and their
focus being on poverty. 80@s wor! predominantly with social ob>ectives, empowerment of
the poor, emancipation of women, removal of social pre>udices and so on. ducation and
consciousness, therefore, figure out prominently in a 80@ activity. o, raising the
consciousness of the target people has been a ma>or goal of the education and development
interventions designed by the 80@s. 80@s firmly believe that adoption of innovation which
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is the goal of any extension program, cannot ta!e place unless the capacity of the receivers is
properly developed. 80@s program are targeted to the poor & landless, small farmers,
fishermen artisans & both men and women.
'hmed 51--#6 mentioned wor!ing experience with B7'9, one of the largest 80@ in
Bangladesh that B7'9 strives for achieving two broad goals; alleviation of poverty and
empowerment of the poor offer a full scale extension service including credit Ainputs,
technology and formal and non&formal training to clients.
The name of the game of extension as with other helping professions is interacting with
people. Few professions require as much ability to accurately read people as do extension.
0ood extension is carried out with and in and through people 5%arsh, 1-6. Ie further added
that the agents need to involve people, needs to help people, ma!e behavioral changes in
themselves and bring about the adoption of change by a wider group of people through
wor!ing with them directly. This amount of peoples contact and involvement adds up to a
need to understand self and others and what goes on between them. These functions of
extension could be achieved only ifD the extension wor!ers are well equipped with recent and
new s!ills, !nowledge and practices through an improved andcontinuous training program.
7esearch findings accept the tric!le down or diffusion process which is continually going on
within the farming community. deas diffuse from the innovators through the early adopters to
the early minority and then tric!le down to the late ma>ority and laggards. t is this diffusion
process which advisory wor! 5extension6 see!s to initiate and accelerate. To be fully effective
advisory wor! must he capable of responding to and meeting the differing needs of the
different !inds of farmers ma!ing up the industry. 5'non, l-+-6. 'ny extension approach has
to he analyed both in its macro and micro environment. But the effect and contributions of
different environmental dimensions on the performance of agricultural extension has beenstudied 57ahman and %ahboob, 1-"; %ridha and Iaque, 1-*; 0ross, 1-; ey, 1-+*; and
Iouse, 1-+16 but the results are conflicting. 9lient character, both at individual and system
level did not have significant influences on the performance of extension programs and
organiations under different socio&economic conditions. n extension, people often are
blamed for not changing from the traditional belief and farming practices. 9howdhury 51-+#6
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questioned; is this due to peopleDs resistance to change or the ineffectiveness of the extension
service to ma!e them changeR o people really resist changeR ome do, but others do not.
%ost frequently wanson et al. 51-+/6 suggested that not only should agricultural extension
be client& oriented, but the technological and related needs of these different client groups
must be identified and solved. 3orld Ban! officials identified 5a6 appropriate technology 5b6
attractive mar!ets and 5c6 available inputs as the critical ingredients for successful
development 57ussel, 1-+16. xtension effectiveness will be dependent upon those
ingredients which are outside its direct control.
'xinn and Thorat 51-(6 pointed out that the extent to which the goals of an agricultural
extension program will he achieved tend to be directly related to the extent to which those,
toward whom the program is directed, have participated in establishing the goals.
7esearch conducted by 7ogers 51-+)6 indicated that extensions effectiveness was directly
related to the number of contacts made by extension wor!ers with given individuals, as well
as the approach used by the wor!er. Ie also revealed that the use of demonstrations was an
excellent technique to build trust and to gain acceptance of information. 9onsequently,
mobility is essential for contacting clients frequently and carrying out field wor!.
@a!ley et al. 51-+*6 recommended that wherever possible ob>ectives of extension should be
expressed in terms of amounts and numbers rather than general statements. @a!lay et al.
51-+*6 advocated evaluating the effect of extension on agricultural production, family
incomes and standards of living. Ie further added that evaluation and farm income for a
representation sample of farm families and then comparing the figures with previous levels.
upe 51-+)6 recommended the devices to measure the progress towards the educational
ob>ectives of extension which wereH a6 value scales b6 altitude scales c6 opinion polls d6
!nowledge and comprehension tests e6 interest chec!s 6 s!ill or performance g6 adoption of
practices h6 case history techniques.
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:umar 51--)6 mentioned that the Tric!le down ystem of 'quaculture xtension had
provided opportunity for fish farmers to act as extension volunteer on behalf of oF. Ie
experienced that farmers were willing to wor! as volunteer extension agent on behalf of
epartment of Fisheries 5oF6. They en>oyed organiing demonstration and training for their
Fellow Fish Farmers 5FFs6 and maintain lin!age with the 0overnment offices and officers.
The main factors responsible for generating such an instant interest was the respect they
received in their society and the production and profit they en>oyed. 'ppreciation was another
tool for motivating them. The half dollar worth of medal which was awarded to the 7
wor!ed as magic potion.
:umar et al 51--)6 wor!ed out the salient features of Tric!le own ystem of xtension asHa6 Farmers to farmers approach A contact b6 nsures flow of tric!ling down process of
!nowledge and s!ill c6 9ontinuous learning environment for fish farmers and Field officers d6
2romotes participatory movement e6 Ielps fish fanner to develop self reliance ,self&respect
and self&confidence 6 Ielps in creating large number of s!illed fisheries extension volunteers
g6 8oA or least material input assistance t6 =ocally applicable aquaculture extension
technology tailored according to need and ability of the fish farmers h6 t gives opportunity
for fish farmers from different segments to participate. They also recommended for thedevelopment of self&reliance, self&respect and self&confidence of clients through a6 Field
oriented training program b6 Field related wor!shop and seminar 96 'ssigning responsibility
d6 9lose supervision encouragement and time to time appreciation by supervisory officers e6
7ewarding and recognition to the best wor!er A officer A farmers t6 oing by self g6 tart
wor!ing with what you have i6 trengthens collective action for implementation of their own
program and building up problem solving capacity.
8atore district was selected for the transfer of semi&intensive aquaculture technology through
DTric!le down xtension 'pproachD. %icro level studies of T approach involved various
components of performance in the light of technology adoption and response by the involved
clients and the associated field wor!ers. 0ilbert et al. 51-+#6 identified problems facing
/1
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technology development, adaptation and transfer into four ma>or groupsH a6 =ac! of
!nowledge and understanding of farming systems. b6 nsufficient feedbac! from farmers to
research program c6 nsufficient understanding of the environment within which farmers wor!
and6 lac! of mechanisms for testing and adapting technology on farmers fields. %orrison et
al. 51-+/6 reported that many technologies designed for agriculture were basically
inappropriate for a large segment of the clientele and that the solution lies in the design of
appropriate technology which is appropriate for the resource poor farmer. wanson et at.
51-+/6 reported that extensio
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