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REG. NO.- U05EC005
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OBJECTIVES
Describe the Cellular Concept
Explain the GSM Access Network
Explain the GSM Core Network
Explain the GPRS Core Network
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Communication - Mobile
TelephoneExchange
Subscriber
Line(2W)
Inter-Exchange
Junction
Mobile SwitchingCentre (MSC)
BSC BTS MS
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CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
WHAT IS A CELL ?
• A base station (transmitter) having a number of
RF channels is called a cell
• Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile
subscribers within the cell boundaries
( Coverage area)
• Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km(Start up), 1 KM (Mature)
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VoiceChannels
Orcontrol
channels
Lines to
BSC
MS
A RADIO CELL
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Fundamental problems
• Radio range, or coverage
• No. of channels, or voice circuits
• Full, seamless service coverage
• Large no. of subscribers in the range
of millions
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FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM
Tel
Ex.
WIRED NETWORK
100,000 50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE)
Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended
But a Common group of channels is shared
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
BW for Telephony speech:
3KHz increases to 25 KHz with FM for Radio Trans.
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GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation - 200 kHz
No. of RF Carriers - 124
Access Method - TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method - GMSK
Transmission Rate - 270.833 Kbps
Speech Coding - Full rate 13 Kbps
Half rate 6.5 Kbps
Duplex Distance - 45 MHz
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GSM FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access
25 MHz 25 MHz
Mobile to Base
0 1 2
890.2 890.4 890.6 (MHz)
Base to Mobile
0 1 2
935.2 935.4 935.6
200 kHz45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation
890 935 960 915
200 kHz
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GSM TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access)
87
65
43
21
87
65
43
21
45 MHz
Frequency
F2’ F1’ (Cell transmit)
F2 F1(Cell Rx)
Amplitude
Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure
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FDMA/TDMA Scheme
BP1
BP2
BP3
BP4
BP5
BP6
BP7
BP8
BP1
BP2
TIME
890.0 890.2
890.4 890.6
890.8 891.0
891.2 915.8
FREQ
MHz
BURST F
R
A
M
E
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LOGICAL CHANNELS• USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)
• SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)
GSM RF CHANNELS
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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
• Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels
• TCH Allocated to users only when needed
• Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE
• DEDICATED MODE
-- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL
has been allocated during an established call
• IDLE MODE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
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Network Architecture
B
TS
MSC VLR
HLR
PSTNISDN
Data
Networks
Air interface
OSS
BTS
BTS
MSC VLR
BSCBSC
1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
A Interface
A-bis interface
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GSM Network Structure
• GSM Service Area: Total area served by thecombination of all member countries where a mobile canbe served.
• PLMN Service Area: It is one N/W area.
• MSC Service Area: There can many MSC/VLR in onePLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area.
• GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routedthrough GMSC. In a GSM/PLMN N/W all mobileterminated calls will be routed to a Gateway MSC. Call
connections between PLMNs , or to fixed N/Ws must berouted to a GMSC.The GMSC contains the Inter workingfunctions to make these connections.
• Location Area
• Cells
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LOCATION AREA : There are several LA in a MSC/VLR
combination. A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in
which a MS may move freely without updating location
information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA.
Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order to findthe called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system using
the LAI.
CELL : A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS
distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATIONIDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast
over the air.
GSM Network Structure
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MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
II
I
IIIIV
GSM
PLMN Service Area
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MSC/VLR
LA 1 LA 2
LA 6
LA 3
LA 4
LA 5
GSM
MSC Service Area
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MSC/VLR
LA 1 LA 2
LA 6
LA 3
LA 4
LA 5
C1
C5C4
C7
C2
C3
C6
GSM
Cells
C = Cell
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GSM
Relation between areas in GSM
Location AreaCell
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service AreaPLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area
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GSM
Functions of Mobile Station
• Voice and data transmission
• Frequency and time synchronization
• Monitoring of power and signal quality of
the surrounding cells
• Provision of location updates even during
inactive state
• Equalization of multi path distortions
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GSM
Mobile Station
• Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held
• MS identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile Equipment
Identity)
• Shall display at least last ten received, dialled andmissed calls
• Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby
time of 80 hrs
• 160 characters long SMS
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GSM
Mobile Identification Numbers
IMEI
MSISDN
IMSI
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GSM
IMSI• International mobile subscriber’s
Identity
• The IMSI is an unique identity which isused internationally and used within thenetwork to identify the mobile subscribers.
• The IMSI is stored on the subscriberidentity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR andAC database.
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RSS
n BTS n BTS
BSC
BSC
BSC
MSC/VLR
RADIO SUB SYSTEM (RSS)
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GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -I
• Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and
feeds the RF signals to the antenna
• Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality• Time and frequency synchronisation signals
transmission.
• 11 power classes from .01 watts to 320 watts
GSM
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GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -II
• Frequency hopping
• Random access detection
• Uplink radio channel measurements
• BTS mainly consists of a set of transceivers
(TRX).
GSM
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GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-I
• It is connected to BTS and offloads MSC
• Radio resource management
• Inter-cell handover
• Reallocation of frequencies
• Power control
GSM
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GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-II
• Time delay measurement of the received signals
from MS with respect to BTS clock.
• Performs traffic concentration to reduce the
number of lines from BSC to MSC.
GSM
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GSM
MSC-BSS Configurations
BTSBTS
BTS
A-bis
BSC
BSS
Configuration -6 Multi - cell site =multi--BTS site
Many singlecell sites
BSS
MSC
BTS
AA
A
Single - cell siteConfiguration -1
Multi - cell site (sector CellsConfiguration -5
MCC: Mobile Switching Centre
BSS: Base Station System
BSC: Base Station Controller
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
A-bis
BTS BTS
BTS
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GSM MSC ( MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE)
Manages communication between GSM & other
network
Call setup functions, basic switching are doneMSC takes into account the RR allocation in
addition to normal exchange functions
MSC does gateway function while its customersroams to other network by using HLR /VLR
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GSM
MSC Functions - I
Paging, specifically call handling
Location updation
Handover management
Billing for all subscribers based in its area
Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area
to meet heavy demands
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GSM
MSC Functions - II
Echo canceller operation control
Signaling interface to databases like HLR,
VLR. Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and
subscribers
Handle interworking function while
working as GMSC
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GSM
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)-I
It controls those mobiles roaming in its area.
VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR
One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA.
VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area.
VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.
IMSI detach and attach operation
GSM
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GSM
Data in VLR
IMSI & TMSI
MSISDN
MSRN.Location Area
Supplementary service parameters
MS category
Authentication Key
GSM
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GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-I
• Reference store for subscriber’s parameters,numbers, authentication & Encryption values.
• Current subscriber status and associated VLR.
• Both VLR and HLR can be implemented inthe same equipment in an MSC.
• one PLMN may contain one or several HLR.
GSM
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GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-II
Data stored is changed only by man-machine.
IMSI, MS-ISDN number.
Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not )
Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ).
Supplementary services like call forwarding
Permanent data in HLR
GSM
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Temporary data in HLRThe data changes from call to call & is
dynamicMSRN
RAND /SRES and Kc
VLR address, MSC address.
Messages waiting data used for SMS
GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-II
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GSM SERVICES
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GSM Services
Services are defined as anything the end userexplicitly sees as worth paying for.
The primary objective of a mobile telephonysystem is to allow mobile subscribers tocommunicate effectively.
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SERVICE CATEGORIES
Main type of telecommunication services:
☻ Basic services:Available to all subscribers to a mobile network.
e.g. voice telephone calls.
☻ Supplementary services:Additional services that are available by subscription
only.
e.g. Call forwarding.
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Basic Telecommunication Services
Two main categories:
Teleservices
Bearer Services
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Basic Telecommunication Services
Teleservices
Teleservice allows the subscriber to communicate
(usually via voice, fax, data or SMS) with another
subscriber.
It is a complete system including necessary terminalequipment.
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Basic Telecommunication Services
Bearer services
It transports speech and data as digital information
within the network between user interfaces.
e.g.- a bearer service associated with the speech
telephony teleservice is the timeslot assigned to acall on a TDMA frame over the air interface.
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TELESERVICES
Emergency calls
The emergency call function enables a subscriberto make an emergency call by pressing a
predefined button or by using the emergency
number. (like 112 , 911).
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SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)
A text message with a maximum length of
93 characters can be broadcast to allmobiles within a certain geographic area.
traffic congestion warnings
accident reports,weather announcements and
advertisements.
TELESERVICES
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Calling line identification services:
These cover both the presentation and restriction
of the calling line identity.
The presentation part of the service supplies the
called party with the ISDN or MSISDN number of
the calling party. The restriction service enables
calling parties to restrict the presentation of theirnumber on the MSs of called parties
SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES
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Value Added Services
Mobile Messaging
Mobile internet
Mobile intelligent Network Services
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Some Applications
•Internet e.g. WAP
•Messaging Services e.g. MMS•Telemetery
•M-Commerce
•Location Based Service•Games
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Mobile
internet
Sports MTV
Jokes
Grocery
Prepaid,
messaging
GamblingCompany
data
Customer
data
Banking
data
Financial/
Stock news
Other
news
Young
people
Middle aged
Financial
community/trader
Traveling sales/-
business man
Anybody else
Wireless World - there’s something for everyone
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Unified Messaging
Mobile Positioning
Multimedia Messaging
Mobile Banking
Bluetooth:
Location based
Mobile E-mail:
Corporate Lan Access
Wireless World
bring in New Services Mobile Trading
Mobile Shopping
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Mobile Applications
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Mobile Messaging
SMS
EMS
MMS
Instant Messaging
Streaming
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Short Message Services (SMS)The service allows simple text message consisting of a
maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters to be sent to or
from an MS.
If the MS is switched off, or has left the coverage area, the
message is stores in a Short Message Service Center
(SMS-C).
When the mobile is switched on again or has re-entered the
network coverage area, the subscriber is informed that
there is a message.
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Enhanced Messaging System (EMS)
• EMS can support relatively simple pictures,sounds and
animation.
• EMS messages that are sent to devices that do not support
it will be displayed as SMS transmissions.
• It is a 3GPP standard.
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• MMS means a multimedia presentation which consists
of music, voice, image, text, video and graphics all
synchronized across a common timeline.
• “Synchronized Power Point Presentations”.
MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE
(MMS)
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• MMS-enabled mobile phones enable subscribers to
compose and send messages with one or more multimedia
parts. Mobile phones with built-in or attached cameras, orwith built-in MP3 players are very likely to also have an
MMS messaging client -- a software program that
interacts with the mobile subscriber to compose, address,
send, receive, and view MMS messages.
MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE
(MMS)
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Multimedia Messaging - Any combination
of media types
Videoand
Audio
Images
Graphics
Music
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rich content to encourage usageCartoons, Dating, Pop stars, Sports stars, Pets,
Special occasions, Hobbies, Sports results, TV programmes,News, Weather, Holidays, Timetables, Family...
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SMS MMS
Text Based Messagingrich content including text, graphic,
photos etc.
Proprietary Standard Based upon 3 GPP & WAP standards.
Store & Forward system Store & Forward system
Uses signaling links MMS uses main data channel.
SMS & MMS
** 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) **
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Instant Messaging
It enables to communicate with another
individual in real time, analogous to a
telephone conversation but using text based
communication instead of voice-based
communication.
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Streaming• It enables real time or on demand
distribution of audio, video and multimedia
on the internet.
• It is simultaneous transfer of digital media
(video,voice and data) so that it is received as
a continuous real-time stream.
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Movies
Video-clips
Photos
Pictures
Applications Evolution – user perspective
SMS
EMS
MMSText
Streaming
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Where do we fit in ???
• Ringtones and Images over SMS, EMS and MMS
• Games over SMS for single, multi player and as a team
• Gaming servers handling SMS, WAP and Java games
• MMS applications for Imaging and Melodies
• Java applications on handsets
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Content & Application
Fun: Cartoon of the day, Tarot cards, Cocktail recipes, Alcometer, Daily Horoscope,Personality Test,
Games: Hangman, Puzzles & Riddles, Cute’n’clever, Lifestyler, Friends PopStar, PopQuiz, Jewel & Rubin, Amour
Photo & Film: PhotoGallery, Mobile Greeting Card, My SoapOpera,
Chat & date: Mobile Chat, Love Horoscope, Love Matcher
Music: Karaoke, Fan Packages, Hit Lists, Music News
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The Greeting Card solution:
• Send Messages to your friends, familyand loved ones:- Via the web to the mobile phone
• Ease of use – self instructing -Drag ‘n’ drop
• Animations, Sounds, Pictures & Text
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MESSAGING
TYPE
STREAMING
INSTANT
MESSAGING
CONTENT
CARRIED
REAL TIME DISTRIBUTION OF AUDIO, VIDEO AND MULTIMEDIA
REAL TIME TEXT BASED COMMUNICATION
MMS PICTURES, SOUNDS AND ANIMATIONS
EMS RELATIVELY SIMPLE PICTURES, SOUNDS AND ANIMATIONS
SMSSIMPLE TEXT
WIRELESS MESSAGING LADDER
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Location Based Applications
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Location Based Services
Positioning application
Where am I
Yellow Pages
Tracking
Fleet management
Brand Finder
Geo Coding, Content,
Application Integration
Positioning methods:
– Cell/Sector , Time of Arrival
-- Network Based AGPS – Terminal Based EOTD
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• Stickiness : Daily traffic info. pushed during
rush hours via SMS/MMS
• Most people need to know the currenttraffic sitution on their route.
• Hosting: Operator / ISP
• WAP/Web/MMS/SMS: yes/yes/yes/yes
• Devices supported: - All devices
• Commerically used worldwide
This service both collects and distributes traffic information. Traffic informationis very important need for city dwellers. Systems can estimate trafficinformation by sampling mobiles in automobiles on freeways anonymously todetermine average velocity of vehicles. If this is not possible in locataion morestatic information can be collected from city authorities. All this information ismapped and sent to mobile users who request it.
APPLICATION OVERVIEW
Traffic Information
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Positioning based
information,advertisements...
Telecom & backhand ITinfrastructure makes it
possible!
All Trademarks and Registered Trademarks are of respective holders
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Operations
• Dispatchoperationsinterconnected: – Taxi – Field services – Parcel services
• Emergencyservices
Automation
• Vending
machines
• Lotterymachines
• Automatic ticket
machines
M2M –
Services
• Alarm &
supervision
• Point of sales
• Telemetry
• Financial
services
M2M –
Vehicle
• Vehicle tracking
• Electronic maps
• Traffic
telematics
• Car tolls
Vertical applications
Its all about Imagination……...
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Machine to Machine communication (M2M)
Some key technologies for M2M
• Bluetooth
• GSM/GPRS
• GSM/SMS
• WiFi
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I don’t need wires
to connect anymore
Help! I’m almost out of coke bottles…….
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age/status?
attitude?
culture?
interests?
financial situation?
location?
time?
behaviour/mood?
Who are your customers?
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BSNL
Thanks
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