25.1 The Beginnings of 25.1 The Beginnings of IndustrializationIndustrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to England and soon spreads to
other countries.other countries.
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
English author English author Charles Dickens Charles Dickens (1812-1870)(1812-1870)
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
Original cover of Original cover of The The Posthumous Papers Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Clubof the Pickwick Club (commonly known as (commonly known as The Pickwick The Pickwick PapersPapers), the first ), the first novel by Charles novel by Charles Dickens. Dickens.
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
First First edition edition front piece front piece of of A A Christmas Christmas CarolCarol (1843)(1843)
Front Front piece of piece of the first the first edition of edition of Oliver Oliver TwistTwist (1838).(1838).
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
First Edition cover of First Edition cover of David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield (1850)(1850)
Gads Hill Place: Country Home of Gads Hill Place: Country Home of Charles DickensCharles Dickens
Dickens family on their porch at Gads Hill Place
Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases —greatly increases
output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle Revolution begins in England in the middle
1700s.1700s.
Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the The Agricultural Revolution Paves the WayWay EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by —large farm fields enclosed by
fences or hedgesfences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once
owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new Enclosures allowed experimentation with new
agricultural methodsagricultural methods
Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Rotating CropsRotating Crops Crop rotationCrop rotation——
switching crops each switching crops each year to avoid depleting year to avoid depleting soilsoil
Livestock breeders Livestock breeders allow only the best to allow only the best to breed, improve food breed, improve food supply.supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001
Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in Why the Industrial Revolution Began in EnglandEngland IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine —move to machine
production of goodsproduction of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,
rivers, harborsrivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages Expanding economy in Britain encourages
investmentinvestment Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production—
land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital
Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Changes in the
Textile IndustryTextile Industry Weavers work Weavers work
faster with faster with flying shuttlesflying shuttles and and spinning spinning jenniesjennies
Water frameWater frame uses water uses water power to drive power to drive spinning wheelsspinning wheels
Spinning Jenny
““Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.hand using these tools.
carding carding machine-machine-replaces the replaces the hand process hand process of combing out of combing out the fibers the fibers before they before they can be spun can be spun into yarn or into yarn or thread.thread.
Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Power loomPower loom, and , and spinning mulespinning mule (next slide) (next slide)
speed up production, improve quality.speed up production, improve quality.
Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Factories—Factories—
buildings that buildings that contain contain machinery for machinery for manufacturingmanufacturing
Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization
Cotton ginCotton gin boosts boosts American American cotton cotton production production to meet to meet British British demanddemand
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from from Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This , 1869. This carving depicts a roller gin, which carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.
James Watt
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam EngineWatt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient Need for cheap, convenient
power spurs development power spurs development of steam engineof steam engine
James Watt improves James Watt improves steam engine, financed by steam engine, financed by Matthew BoultonMatthew Boulton
Boulton—an Boulton—an entrepreneurentrepreneur—organizes, manages, —organizes, manages, takes business risks.takes business risks.
Matthew Boulton
Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Water TransportationWater Transportation Robert Fulton builds first Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont, steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807in 1807
England’s water transport England’s water transport improved by system of improved by system of canalscanals
Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Road TransportationRoad Transportation British roads are British roads are
improved; companies improved; companies operate them as toll operate them as toll roads. These were roads. These were called “turnpike called “turnpike trusts”.trusts”.
The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation By the early Victorian period By the early Victorian period
toll gates were perceived as toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of being inefficient in use of resources and potentially resources and potentially suffered from petty suffered from petty corruption.corruption.
The railway era spelt The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike disaster for most turnpike trusts.trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew
The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Steam-Driven LocomotivesLocomotives In In 1804, Richard 1804, Richard
TrevithickTrevithick builds first builds first steam-driven steam-driven locomotivelocomotive
Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.
The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.
Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Sir Topham Hatt Sir Topham Hatt (nicknamed “The Fat (nicknamed “The Fat Controller”) was a famous Controller”) was a famous railway administrator on railway administrator on the Island of Sodor the Island of Sodor located between England located between England and the Isle of Mann. and the Isle of Mann. Called by Thomas (the Called by Thomas (the Tank Engine) the father Tank Engine) the father of the Sodor Railway!of the Sodor Railway!
Attention: The previous two slides Attention: The previous two slides were a joke. The Sir Topham Hatt were a joke. The Sir Topham Hatt and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!
April Fool!April Fool!
The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins In 1825, George In 1825, George
Stephenson builds Stephenson builds worlds first railroad worlds first railroad line.line.
He is called the He is called the “Father of Railways”.“Father of Railways”.
His rail gauge of 4 feet His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes mm), sometimes called "Stephenson called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's gauge", is the world's standard gauge.standard gauge.
The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Liverpool-Manchester RailroadLiverpool-Manchester RailroadEntrepreneurs build railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad
from Liverpool to Manchesterfrom Liverpool to Manchester
The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Stephenson’s Stephenson’s RocketRocket acknowledged as the acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)best locomotive (1829)
A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket
Rocket replica
The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobsRailroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many Cheaper transportation boosts many
industries; people move to citiesindustries; people move to cities