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PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth EditionCampbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 24 The Immune System
Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
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Introduction: The Kissing Disease?!?
Mononucleosis (mono)
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
95% of humans infected by adulthood
Infected children show few symptoms
Half of infected adolescents/young adults get mono
Symptoms include
Fever
Sore throat
Swollen lymph glands
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Introduction: The Kissing Disease?!?
There is no vaccine for mono
There is no effective treatment for mono
Rest, fluids, and pain relievers assist recovery
Mono is almost never fatal
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Introduction: The Kissing Disease?!?
Mono is spread by saliva
Kissing
Shared dishes or utensils
EBV infects B cells, weakening the immune system
Infections are life-long but rarely cause symptomsagain
An infected person acquires long-lasting immunityagainst EBV
An infected person can spread the disease
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INNATE DEFENSESAGAINST INFECTION
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24.1 Both invertebrates and vertebrates haveinnate defenses against infection
Innate defensesfirst line of defense
Found in all animals
Includes
Skin Mucous membranes
Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Same response to invaders each time
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24.1 Both invertebrates and vertebrates haveinnate defenses against infection
Invertebrates have only innate immunity Vertebrates have innate and acquired immunity
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Acquired immunity (24.4-15)Innate immunity (24.1-3)
Externalbarriers
Internaldefenses
The lymphatic system (24.3)
Response is the same whether
or not pathogen has beenpreviously encountered
Found only in vertebrates;
previous exposure to pathogenenhances immune response
Antibodies (24.8-10)
Lymphocytes (24.11-14)
Phagocytic cells
NK cells
Defensive proteins
Inflammatory
response (24.2)
Skin/exoskeleton
Secretions
Mucous
membranes
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24.1 Both invertebrates and vertebrates haveinnate defenses against infection
Interferons are proteins produced by virus-infected cells
Interferons help other cells resist viruses
Found only in vertebrates
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Virus
DNA
Makes interferon;is killed by virus
Viral nucleic acid
mRNA
Interferongenesturnedon
Interferonmolecules
1
2
3
Host cell 1
New viruses
Antiviral proteins blockviral reproduction
5
Host cell 24
Interferon stimulatescell to turn on genes
for antiviral proteins
Protected against virusby interferon from cell 1
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24.2 The inflammatory response mobilizes innatedefenses
Tissue damage triggers the inflammatoryresponse
The inflammatory response can
Disinfect tissues Limit further infection
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Pin
1 2 3
SwellingSkin surface
Bacteria
Chemicalsignals
Whiteblood cell
Blood vessel
Phagocytes andfluid moveinto area
Phagocytes
Tissue injury; release ofchemical signals such as
histamine
Dilation and increasedleakiness of local blood
vessels; migration ofphagocytes to the area
Phagocytes(macrophages and
neutrophils) consumebacteria and celldebris; tissue heals
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Pin
1
Skin surface
Bacteria
Chemical
signalsWhiteblood cell
Blood vessel
Tissue injury; release ofchemical signals such as
histamine
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2
Swelling
Phagocytes andfluid moveinto area
Dilation and increasedleakiness of local bloodvessels; migration of
phagocytes to the area
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3
Phagocytes
Phagocytes (macrophagesand neutrophils) consumebacteria and cell debris;
tissue heals
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24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucialbattleground during infection
The lymphatic system is a network of Lymphatic vessels
Organs
Lymphatic vessels Collect fluid from body tissues
Return it as lymph to the blood
Lymph organs
Such as the spleen and lymph nodes
Are packed with white blood cells that fight infections
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24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucialbattleground during infection
As lymph circulates through lymphatic organs it Collects
Microbes
Parts of microbes
Microbe toxins
Transports them to lymphatic organs
Macrophages in lymphatic organs engulf the invaders
Lymphocytes may mount an acquired immune response
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Adenoid
Tonsil
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Right lymphaticduct, enteringvein
Thoracicduct
Appendix Spleen
Thoracic duct,entering vein
Bonemarrow Lymphatic
vessels
Lymphaticcapillary
Interstitial fluid
Blood capillary
Tissue cells
Lymphatic vessel
Valve
Lymph node
Masses oflymphocytes andmacrophages
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Adenoid
Tonsil
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Right lymphatic
duct, enteringvein
Thoracicduct
Appendix Spleen
Thoracic duct,entering vein
Bonemarrow Lymphatic
vessels
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Lymphatic
capillary
Interstitial fluid
Blood capillaryTissue cells
Lymphatic vessel
Valve
Lymph node
Masses of
lymphocytes andmacrophages
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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24.4 The acquired immune response countersspecific invaders
Our immune system Responds to foreign molecules called antigens
The acquired immune system
Reacts to antigens
And remembers an invader
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24.4 The acquired immune response countersspecific invaders
Infection or vaccination triggers active immunity
We can temporarily acquire passive immunityby receiving premade antibodies
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24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
Two kinds oflymphocytes carry out the immuneresponse
B cells
Secrete antibodies
Mount the humoral immune response
T cells
Attack cells infected with bacteria or viruses
Cell-mediated immune response
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Humoral immuneresponse
Cell-mediatedimmune response
Lymph nodes,spleen, and
other lymphaticorgans
Final maturationof B and T cells inlymphatic organ
Viablood
T cellB cell
Viablood
Antigenreceptor
Thymus
Antigenreceptor
Immaturelymphocytes
Stem cell
Bonemarrow
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24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
Millions of kinds of B cells and T cells Each with different membrane receptors
Wait in the lymphatic system
Where they may respond to invaders
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24.6 Antigens have specific regions whereantibodies bind to them
Antigens Not usually part of the host
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides on thesurfaces of
Viruses
Foreign cells
Antigenic determinants
Specific regions on an antigen
To which antibodies bind
A tib d A
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Antigenmolecule
Antibody B
molecule
Antibody Amolecule
Antigen-
bindingsites
Antigenicdeterminants
24 7 Cl l l i d f i f
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24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forcesagainst specific antigens
When an antigen enters the body It activates only a small subset of lymphocytes
Those with complementary receptors
The selected lymphocyte cells multiply into clones ofshort-lived effector cells
Specialized for defending against the antigen that
triggered the response
And into memory cells that confer long-term immunity
24 7 Cl l l i d f i f
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24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forcesagainst specific antigens
The steps ofclonal selection Primary immune response, clonal selection
Produces effector cells
Memory cells that may confer lifelong immunity
Secondary immune response
Memory cells are activated by a second exposure to thesame antigen
This initiates a faster and stronger response
Animation: Role of B Cells
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Primary immune
response
B cells with
different
antigen
receptors
Antigen receptor
(antibody on cell
surface)
1
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Primary immune
response
B cells with
different
antigen
receptors
Antigen receptor
(antibody on cell
surface)
1 Antigen
molecules
2
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Primary immune
response
B cells with
different
antigen
receptors
Antigen receptor
(antibody on cell
surface)
1 Antigen
molecules
2
First exposure
to antigen
Cell activation:
growth,division, and
differentiation
3
Antibody
molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulumFirst clone
Plasma (effector) cells secreting antibodies
4
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Primary immune
response
B cells with
different
antigen
receptors
Antigen receptor
(antibody on cell
surface)
1 Antigen
molecules
2
First exposure
to antigen
Cell activation:
growth,division, and
differentiation
3
Antibody
molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulumFirst clone
Plasma (effector) cells secreting antibodies
4
Memory cells
5
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Second clone
Plasma (effector) cells secreting antibodies Memory cells
6
Antigenmolecules
Second exposure
to same antigen
Endoplasmicreticulum
AntibodymoleculesSecondaryimmune
response (Mayoccur long afterprimary immuneresponse.)
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Time (days)
Second exposureto antigen X,
first exposure
to antigen Y
First exposureto antigen X
Secondary immuneresponse to
antigen X
Primary immuneresponse to
antigen Y
Primary immuneresponse to
antigen X
Antibodiesto X
Antibodiesto Y
5649423528211470
24 8 Antibodies are the weapons of the humoral
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24.8 Antibodies are the weapons of the humoralimmune response
Antibodies Are secreted by plasma (effector) B cells
Into the blood and lymph
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24 8 Antibodies are the weapons of the humoral
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24.8 Antibodies are the weapons of the humoralimmune response
An antibody molecule Is Y-shaped
With two antigen-binding sites
Specific to the antigenic determinants
That elicited its secretion
Antigen
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Antigen
Antigen-bindingsites
Lightchain
Heavychain
24 9 Antibodies mark antigens for elimination
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24.9 Antibodies mark antigens for elimination
Antibodies promote antigen elimination throughseveral mechanisms
Mark invaders
Which triggers mechanisms to neutralize or destroyinvaders
Animation: Antibodies
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Binding of antibodies to antigensinactivates antigens by
Neutralization
Agglutination
of microbes
Precipitation of
dissolved antigens
Phagocytosis Cell lysis
Activation of
complement system
Leads to
Foreign cell Hole
ComplementmoleculeBacteria
Antigen
molecules
Enhances
Bacterium
Virus
Macrophage
24 10 CONNECTION: Monoclonal antibodies are
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24.10 CONNECTION: Monoclonal antibodies arepowerful tools in the lab and clinic
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) Name means all antibody-producing cells come from
one cell
Produced by fusing
B cells specific for a single antigenic determinant with Easy to grow tumor cells
Early pregnancy
(HCG in blood and urine)1st band
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Urine applied
to strip
(HCG in blood and urine)
HCG/mAbcomplex
ControlmAb
HCG HCG
HCG
3rd band
2nd band
24 10 CONNECTION: Monoclonal antibodies are
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24.10 CONNECTION: Monoclonal antibodies arepowerful tools in the lab and clinic
Monoclonal antibodies are useful in Research
Diagnosis
Treatment of certain cancers
24 11 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and
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24.11 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral andcell-mediated immune responses
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells Are primarily responsible for the cell-mediated immune
response
Helper T cells also stimulate the humoral response
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24 11 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and
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24.11 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral andcell-mediated immune responses
The helper T cells receptors Recognize the selfnonself complexes
The interaction activates the helper T cells
The helper T cell can then activate
Cytotoxic T cells and
B cells
Animation: Helper T Cell
Video: T Cell Receptors
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Microbe Macrophage
Self protein
Self-nonselfcomplex
T cellreceptor
Interleukin-2stimulatescell division
Interleukin-1stimulateshelper T cell
Bindingsite forantigen
Bindingsite forself protein
HelperT cell
Antigen-presenting
cellAntigen from microbe(nonself molecule)
1 2
3
4
5 6
7
B cell
CytotoxicT cell
Cell-mediatedimmuneresponse(attack oninfected cells)
Interleukin-2activates B cellsand other T cells
Humoralimmuneresponse(secretion ofantibodies byplasma cells)
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Microbe Macrophage
Self protein
Antigen from microbe
(nonself molecule)
1
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Self-nonselfcomplex
T cellreceptor
Interleukin-2stimulatescell division
Interleukin-1stimulateshelper T cell
Bindingsite forantigen
Bindingsite forself protein
HelperT cell
Antigen-presentingcell
23
4
5 6
7
B cell
CytotoxicT cell
Cell-mediatedimmune
response(attack oninfected cells)
Interleukin-2activates B cellsand other T cells
Humoral
immuneresponse(secretion ofantibodies byplasma cells)
24.12 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
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24.12 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
Cytotoxic T cells Are the only T cells that kill infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Bind to infected body cells
Destroy them
Animation: Cytotoxic T Cells
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1 Cytotoxic T cell bindsto infected cell
Self-nonselfcomplex
CytotoxicT cell
Foreignantigen
Perforinmolecule
Infected cell
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1 Cytotoxic T cell bindsto infected cell
Self-nonselfcomplex
CytotoxicT cell
Foreignantigen
Perforinmolecule
Infected cell
Perforin makes holes ininfected cells membrane
and enzyme enters
Enzyme thatcan promoteapoptosis
Holeforming
2
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1 Cytotoxic T cell bindsto infected cell
Self-nonselfcomplex
CytotoxicT cell
Foreignantigen
Perforinmolecule
Infected cell
Perforin makes holes ininfected cells membrane
and enzyme enters
Enzyme thatcan promoteapoptosis
Holeforming
2 Infected cellis destroyed
3
24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper T
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24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper Tcells, compromising the bodys defenses
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Results from infection by HIV(human
immunodeficiency virus)
Between 1981 and 2007 AIDS killed more than 27million people
In 2006, 4.3 million people were newly infected withHIV, including 400,000 children under age 15
Most AIDS deaths occur in nonindustrialized nations
In some African nations, about 40% of adults are HIVpositive
24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper T
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. 3 CONN C ON: V dest oys e pecells, compromising the bodys defenses
The AIDS virus usually attacks helper T cellsimpairing the
Cell-mediated immune response and
Humoral immune response Opening the way for opportunistic infection
24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper T
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y pcells, compromising the bodys defenses
AIDS patients typically die from Opportunistic infections and
Cancers
That would normally be resisted by a person with ahealthy immune system
Animation: HIV Reproductive Cycle
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24.14 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The rapid
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pevolution of HIV complicates AIDStreatment
HIV mutates faster than any pathogen everstudied
New strains may be resistant to AIDS drugs
Drug-resistant strains now infect new patients
24.14 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The rapid
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pevolution of HIV complicates AIDStreatment
The evolution of the AIDS virus is the number oneobstacle to eradicating AIDS
Current drugs are unable to
Eliminate HIV from a patient
Cure AIDS
24.15 The immune system depends on our
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y pmolecular fingerprints
The immune system normally reacts
Only against nonself substances
Not against self
24.15 The immune system depends on our
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y pmolecular fingerprints
Transplanted organs
May be rejected
Because the transplanted cells lack the uniquefingerprint of the patients self proteins
Donors are used that most closely match thepatients tissues
Transplants between identical twins do not typicallyhave this problem
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DISORDERSOF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
24.16 CONNECTION: Malfunction or failure of
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the immune system causes disease
In autoimmune diseases
The immune system turns against the bodys ownmolecules
Examples include
Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Multiple sclerosis
24.16 CONNECTION: Malfunction or failure of
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the immune system causes disease
In immunodeficiency diseases
Immune components are lacking
Recurrent infections are frequent
The immune system may be weakened by Physical stress
Emotional stress
Students are more likely to be sick during a week ofexams
24.17 CONNECTION: Allergies are overreactions
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gto certain environmental antigens
Allergies
Are hypersensitive (exaggerated) responses
To antigens (allergens) in our environment
24.17 CONNECTION: Allergies are overreactions
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to certain environmental antigens
Allergic reactions typically occur
Very rapidly in response to
Tiny amounts of an allergen
Allergic reactions can occur in many parts of thebody
Nasal passages
Bronchi
Skin
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3
B cell
(plasma cell)
Mast
cell
Histamine
Antibodiesattach tomast cell
Antigenic determinant
B cells makeantibodies
Allergen (pollen grain)enters bloodstream
Sensitization: Initial exposure to allergen
Allergen binds toantibodies onmast cell
Histamine isreleased, causingallergy symptoms
Later exposure to same allergen
1 2 3 4 5
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B cell(plasma cell)
Mast
cell
Histamine
Antibodiesattach tomast cell
Antigenic determinant
B cells makeantibodies
Allergen (pollen grain)enters bloodstream
Sensitization: Initial exposure to allergen
1 2 3
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Allergen binds toantibodies onmast cell
Histamine isreleased, causingallergy symptoms
Later exposure to same allergen
4 5
24.17 CONNECTION: Allergies are overreactions
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to certain environmental antigens
Antihistamines
Interfere with histamines action
Provide temporary relief
Often make people drowsy
Anaphylactic shock
Extreme life-threatening allergic reaction
Can be treated with injections of epinephrine
The humoral immune response
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The cell-mediated immune response
B cell
T cell
Infected
body cell
Self-nonself complex
Antigens in
body fluid
Antibodies
which bind tomakes
Bodys
defenses
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include
(b)(a)
is present found in
at birthvertebrates and
invertebrates
is present found in
vertebratesonly after
exposure
produced by
cells called
Lymphocytes
include
responsible for
(c) (d)
cell-mediated
immune response
include
stimulate
(f)
stimulate
cytotoxic
T cells(e)
secrete responsible for
humoral
immune response
Bodys
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defenses
include
(b)(a)
is present found in
at birthvertebrates and
invertebrates
is present found in
vertebratesonly after
exposure
produced by
cells called
Lymphocytes
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include
responsible for
(c) (d)
cell-mediated
immune response
include
stimulate
(f)
stimulate
cytotoxic
T cells(e)
secrete responsible for
humoral
immune response
Lymphocytes
You should now be able to
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1. Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatments formononucleosis
2. Describe the structure and functions of thelymphatic system
3. Describe the specific nature of an immune systemresponse
4. Define antigen, antibody, passive immunity, andactive immunity
You should now be able to
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5. Distinguish between the humoral immune responseand the cell-mediated immune response
6. Explain how an antigen and antibody interact
7. Compare a primary immune response to asecondary immune response
8. Relate the structure of an antibody to its functions
9. Describe the production of and uses for monoclonalantibodies
You should now be able to
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10. Describe the specific functions of helper T cellsand cytotoxic T cells
11. Explain how HIV infects cells, multiplies, andcauses disease
12. Explain the causes of immunodeficiency diseasesand allergies