THE RED EYERichard A. Jacobs, M.D., PhD.*
*Todd Margolis, M.D., PhD Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of the Proctor Foundation at UCSFCurrently Chair of Ophthalmology at Washington University in St. LouisBrian Schwartz, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases at UCSF
NO DISCLOSURES
Case
• 31 yo male with a h/o HIV with a CD4 319, not on ARV therapy, who c/o blurry vision for 3 months
• Had seen an ophthalmologist 1 month into symptoms and was told that he had ?cataracts
• Over the ensuing 2 months he had decreasing vision and finally presented to urgent care with right eye pain, redness and photophobia
Case
• Should he be referred to an ophthalmologist?
•What is the diagnosis?
Infections of the eye• Ocular infections
• Kerititis• Conjunctivitis• Uveitis• Endopthalmitis• Retinitis
• Peri-ocular infections• Orbital infections
• Preseptal cellulitis• Orbital cellulitis• Subperiosteal abscess• Orbital abscess
• Lacrimal system infections• Dacryoadenitis• Canaliculitis• Dacryocystitis
• Eyelid infections• Hordeolum• Chalazion• Blephiritis
What the @#%&*……
The Eye - 101
sclera
eyelid conjunctiva
eyelidconjunctiva
optic nerveretina
choroid
lensiris
ciliary body
EndophthalmitisUveitis-iritis-cyclitis-choroiditis
Keratitis
Retinitis
Uveal tract
Scleritis
RED EYE DECISION MAKINGRecent Surgery ?; Globe hard ?; White spot on cornea ?Decreased visual acuity?
Is bulbar conjunctival redness >> palpebral conjunctival redness ?YES NO
Is the globe tender ? Tender P.A. Node?
YES NO YES NO
REFER Episcleritis Viral conjunctivitis Itch? Discharge?Subconj. heme Chlamydia
Contact lens wearer ? DISCONTINUE LENSES
Allergy Bacterial
Corneal Abrasion ? Antibiotics often given/patches not effective
REFER
RED EYE DECISION MAKINGRecent Surgery ?; Globe hard ?; White spot on cornea ?Decreased visual acuity?
Is bulbar conjunctival redness >> palpebral conjunctival redness ?YES NO
Is the globe tender ? Tender P.A. Node?
YES NO YES NO
REFER Episcleritis Viral conjunctivitis Itch? Discharge?Subconj. heme Chlamydia
Contact lens wearer ? DISCONTINUE LENSES
Allergy Bacterial
Corneal Abrasion ? Antibiotics often given/patches not effective
REFER
Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage
SCLERITIS
Episcleritis/Scleritis
• Episcleritis• Acute onset/minimal pain
• Self‐limited
• Non‐tender• No work‐up needed
• No Rx needed
• Scleritis
• insidious onset/dull achy pain
• Chronic
• Tender
• Work‐up needed (Rhem/ID)
• Rx needed
Scleritis
• Most often associated with autoimmune or connective tissue disorders
• Infection less common cause (5%‐18%)• Pseudomonas spp ≈ 40%
• Fungi ≈ 15%
• Gram‐negative rods ≈ 8%; S. aureus ≈ 8%; Nocardia ≈ 8%
• Predisposing factors to infection• Ocular surgery
• trauma
Viral Conjunctivitis
• Adenovirus until proven otherwise• ~ 50% were seen recently by eye care provider
• No history, no vesicles = no herpes
• Tender node may take 3-5 days to develop
Management of viral conjunctivitis
• Supportive care (cold AT, vasoconstrictors)
• Antibiotic coverage unwarranted
• Corticosteroids prolong viral shedding
ChlamydiaConjunctivits
Chlamydia Conjunctivitis
• Less common than viral conjunctivitis
• Not an acute conjunctivitis• Chronic, indolent inclusion conjunctivitis
• Diagnosis suspected when patients fail to respond to topical antibiotic therapy
• Can confirm diagnosis by DFA, culture or PCR
• Therapy is doxycycline or azithromycin
Management of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
• Prime suspects:• S. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, H.
influenzae• First line drugs:
• Sulfacetamide (Bleph-10®)• Polymyxin/trimethoprim (Polytrim®)
• 72 hour rule
Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivits
Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivits
• Due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Characterized by:• Acute onset• Copious purulent discharge• Chemosis and eye lid swelling• Rapid progression
• Emergency that requires systemic antibiotics
Management of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Drugs to avoid• Ointments: poor compliance
• Erythromycin: very high rates of resistance
• H. influenza 94%, S. epi. 70%, S. aureus 45%, Strep. pneumo 8%
• Aminoglycosides: coverage & toxicity
• Fluoroquinolones: expense. Save for resistant cases.
Clinical Diagnosis of Bacterial Conjunctivitis(Rietveld RP et al, BMJ 2004;329:206)
• Dutch study of primary care physicians• 184 adults (not contact lens wearers)
presenting with a red eye and discharge• All patients cultured
• 57 with + bacterial cultures• 120 negative cultures
Clinical Diagnosis of Bacterial Conjunctivitis(Rietveld RP et al, BMJ 2004;329:206)
• 3 questions:• Are eyes glued shut in the morning?• Do eyes itch?• Previous history of conjunctivitis?
Clinical Diagnosis of Bacterial Conjunctivitis(Rietveld RP et al, BMJ 2004;329:206)
Symptom Odds Ratio Probability of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Both eyes glued shut in AM
15:1 77%
itching
previous h/o conjunctivitis
4%
Allergic Conjunctivitis
• History of allergies, rubbing or itching
• Typical periocular skin changes• Stringy, mucoid discharge• Eosinophils on Giemsa stain
Management of Allergic Conjunctivitis
• Cold compresses
• Cold artificial tears• Topical antihistamines/vasoconstrictors—Visine A, Naphcon A, Opcon A
• OTC• Use < 2weeks (can cause rebound hyperemia)
• Antihistamines + mast cell stabalizers‐Patanol/Lastacaft
• Refer after 3 weeks if severe symptoms persist
• Steroids—leave to the ophthalmologist
Contact Lens Related Problems
Contact Lens Related Problems
Contact Lens Related Problems
• Dirty lens
• Torn lens
• Lens overwear
• Corneal abrasion
• Drug toxicity/allergies/abuse
• Infections
Contact Lens Users Are Contact Lens Abusers
• 41 million contact lens users > 18 yrs of age
• ≈ 1/3 of wearers reported a red or painful eye requiring a doctor’s visit
• When surveyed, what % of users reported lens hygiene behavior associated with increased risk of infection?
MMWR Vol. 64, No. 32, August 21, 2015
% of Users Admitting Risky Hygiene Behavior
• 25%• 50%• 75%• 100%
MMWR Vol. 64, No. 32, August 21, 2015
% of Users Admitting Risky Hygiene Behavior
• 25%• 50%• 75%• 100% (99%)
MMWR Vol. 64, No. 32, August 21, 2015
High Risk Practices
• Sleeping overnight with lenses in (50%)• Topping off disinfecting solution (55%)• Extending recommended replacement frequency (50%)
• Showering (85%)/Swimming (61%)
• Rinsing lenses in tap water (36%)• Storing lenses in tap water (17%)
MMWR Vol. 64, No. 32, August 21, 2015
High Risk Practices
• Sleeping overnight with lenses in (50%)• Topping off disinfecting solution (55%)• Extending recommended replacement frequency (50%)
• Showering (85%)/Swimming (61%)
• Rinsing lenses in tap water (36%)• Storing lenses in tap water (17%)
Tap wateris notsterile
MMWR Vol. 64, No. 32, August 21, 2015
Management of Bacterial Corneal Ulcer
• Culture• Topical fluoroquinolones(ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levo-, nor-,gati-,moxi-)
• Fortified topical antibiotics (cefazolin, vancomycin, tobramycin)
RED EYE DECISION MAKINGRecent Surgery ?; Globe hard ?; White spot on cornea ?Decreased visual acuity?
Is bulbar conjunctival redness >> palpebral conjunctival redness ?YES NO
Is the globe tender ? Tender P.A. Node?
YES NO YES NO
REFER Episcleritis Viral conjunctivitis Itch? Discharge?Subconj. heme Chlamydia
Contact lens wearer ? DISCONTINUE LENSES
Allergy Bacterial
Corneal Abrasion ? Antibiotics often given/patches not effective
REFER
Back to the Case
HIV + male with decreased vision and a CD4 319
Back to the Case
• Should he be referred to an ophthalmologist?
•What is the diagnosis?
Back to the Case
• RPR was 1:1024• FTA‐ABS positive
Review of ocular syphilis
• Ocular syphilis may occur in secondary or tertiary syphilis
• Uveitis is the most common manifestation, but can also have a keratitis or scleritis.
• Bilateral eye involvement is seen in about 50% of patients
• All patient with presumed ocular syphilis should have a lumbar puncture to exclude concomitiant meningitis.
• Ocular syphilis is often, but not always, accompanied by syphilitic meningitis.
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed.
Back to the Case
• LP done• WBC: 80 (93% L, 4% M), RBC: 6
• Protein 100, glucose 39• CSF VDRL ‐ Reactive at 1:16
• Pt was treated with Penicillin G 4million units IV q4hours x14 days
• He also received Benzathine PCN 2.4 million units x1 at the end of his 2 week therapy
• At last follow up his vision was improved
Orbital septumPeriocular infections
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Preseptal cellulitis
• Clinical Symptoms• Lid swelling/eyrthema• EOMI, no pupillary defect• Normal vision
• Pathogens• S. aureus, S. pneumo, H. flu
• Treatment• Amoxicillin-clavulanate
(Augmentin®) +/- Septra• If not better in 48 hours,
admit for IV abxs
Preseptal cellulitisphoto compliments of Kim Erlich,MD
Preseptal cellulitisphoto compliments of Kim Erlich, M.D.
Orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal/orbital abscess
• Clinical Symptoms• Ophthalmoplegia and pain with
eye movement• Proptosis• Afferent pupillary defect• Subperiosteal +/- orbital –“fixed down and out”
• Pathogens• S. aureus, S. pneumo, H. flu,
anaerobes • Aspergillus, Zygomycoses
• Treatment – IV Abx/surgery
“down and out”
Subperiosteal asbcess
Eyelids (Blepharitis)
• Anterior blepharitis• Staph vs seborrhea
• Posterior blepharitis• Meibomian gland
disease/Rosacea• Hordeola/Chalazia
Infections of the eyelid
Hordeolum
Chalazion
Marginal blepharitis
Management of Blepharitis
• Anterior Blepharitis• Lid hygiene• Topical antibiotic ointment applied to lid margins
(erythromycin, bacitracin)
• Posterior Blepharitis• Lid hygiene• Warm compresses (5-10 minutes, 2-4 X/day)/lid
massage• Topical antibiotics (as above)• 1% azithromycin ophthalmic solution• Oral antibiotics (severe cases)
• Doxycycline (50 mg po bid)• “Z-Pak”
• Chalazia• I&D or steroid injection
• LOW THRESHOLD FOR REFERRAL• Chronic disease with multiple recurrences
Herpes Infections
Herpes Simplex
Varicella Zoster
Management of HSV Eye Disease
• Acyclovir (400mg 5X/day) • Famciclovir 500 mg TID• Valacyclovir 1 gm BID
• If there is corneal involvement —> REFER
• Debridement• Topical steroids
Management of VZV Eye Disease
• Start antivirals early! • Acyclovir (800mg 5X/day), Valacyclovir
(1 gm TID) & Famciclovir (500mg TID) are equally efficacious in preventing vision threatening ocular complications
• Institute aggressive pain management • Refer to Ophthalmologist even if the eye
does not look involved • Neurotrophic cornea precautions
Case Presentation
• A middle-aged gentleman presents with a 3 day history of ear pain and acute onset of facial weakness
Case Presentation
• On more detailed questioning he also subscribed to decrease in taste in the anterior part of his tongue
• YOUR DIAGNOSIS?
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
• VZV reactivation in geniculate ganglion
• Auricular vessicles• VIIth nerve palsey• Loss of taste in anterior two-thirds of
tongue
Case Presentation
•A 10 year old girl brought in by her parents complaining of a red eye with with a foreign body sensation for 2‐3 weeks.
Case Presentation
• A 10 year old girl brought in by her parents complaining of a red eye with with a foreign body sensation for 2‐3 weeks.
Case Presentation
•On PE she was found to have
Case Presentation
•Her parents relate that 2 weeks prior she had lesions on her cheek.
Case Presentation
•Her parents relate that 2 weeks prior she had lesions on her cheek.
Case Presentation
•2 months earlier for her birthday ……………
Case Presentation
•2 months earlier for her birthday ……………
Parinaud Oculoglandular Syndrome
• Tender regional adenopathy of the preauricular, submandibular or cervical glands
•Associated with infection of the conjunctiva• Seen in 2‐8% of cases of CSD (B. henselae)