1
.NET Compact Framework .NET Compact Framework 2.02.0Optimizing For PerformanceOptimizing For Performance
Roman BatoukovRoman BatoukovFUN403FUN403Development LeadDevelopment Lead.NET Compact Framework.NET Compact FrameworkMicrosoft CorporationMicrosoft Corporation
2
.NET Compact Framework.NET Compact Framework
VisualVisualStudioStudio
Windows CEWindows CE
Low level operating system-Low level operating system-specific functionalityspecific functionality
ThreadsThreads MemoryMemory
NetworkingNetworking File I/OFile I/O
CLRCLR
Type systemType system LoaderLoader JIT CompilerJIT Compiler
Execution Engine provides Execution Engine provides typesafe Runtime for managed typesafe Runtime for managed codecode Garbage Garbage
collectorcollector DebuggerDebugger
FXFX
Rich class libraries to make Rich class libraries to make your your life easy!life easy! GUI: Forms GUI: Forms
GUI: Drawing (2D & 3D)GUI: Drawing (2D & 3D) CollectionsCollections IO, Networking, CryptoIO, Networking, Crypto
Native Native interopinterop
Web Web servicesservices
Data & XmlData & Xml
GlobalizationGlobalization
3
.NET Compact Framework.NET Compact FrameworkHow we are different?How we are different?
Memory constraintsMemory constraintsStorage – Flash/ROMStorage – Flash/ROMPhysical MemoryPhysical MemoryVirtual Memory – 32MB per processVirtual Memory – 32MB per process
DesignDesign28% of the surface area in 8% of the size of 28% of the surface area in 8% of the size of full .NET Frameworkfull .NET FrameworkPortable JIT CompilerPortable JIT Compiler
Fast code generation, less optimizedFast code generation, less optimizedMay pitch JIT-compiled codeMay pitch JIT-compiled codeNo NGen, install time or persisted codeNo NGen, install time or persisted code
Interpreted virtual calls (no v-tables)Interpreted virtual calls (no v-tables)Sparse loading of metadataSparse loading of metadata
4
Measuring PerformanceMeasuring PerformanceOverviewOverview
Micro-benchmarks versus ScenariosMicro-benchmarks versus ScenariosBenchmarking tipsBenchmarking tips
Use Environment.TickCount to measureUse Environment.TickCount to measureMeasure times greater than 1 secondMeasure times greater than 1 secondStart from known stateStart from known stateEnsure nothing else is runningEnsure nothing else is runningMeasure multiple times, take averageMeasure multiple times, take averageRun each test in own AppDomain/ProcessRun each test in own AppDomain/ProcessLog results at the endLog results at the endUnderstand JIT-time versus run-time costUnderstand JIT-time versus run-time cost
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.NET Compact Framework .NET Compact Framework
.NET Compact Framework Performance v1-.NET Compact Framework Performance v1->v2 >v2
(Pocket PC 2003, XScale 400MHz) 1.0 1.0 SP3V2
Beta1
V2
current
Method Calls (Calls/sec) 3.7M 7.1M 8.1M
Virtual Calls (Calls/sec) 2.4M 2.7M 5.6M
Simple P/Invoke (Calls/sec) 733K 1.7M 1.8M
Primes (to 1500) (iterations/sec) 562 832 855
GC Small (8 bytes) (Bytes/sec) 1M 7M 7.5M
GC Array (100 int’s) (Bytes/sec) 25M 43M 115M
XML Text Reader 200KB (seconds) 1.7 1.2 0.72 0.69
DataSet (static data)4 tables, 1000 records (seconds) 13.1 6.6 7.3 4.0
DataSet (ReadXml)3 tables, 100 records (seconds) 12.3 6.5 5.2 3.9
Biggeris better
Smalleris better
6
Measuring PerformanceMeasuring PerformancePerformance countersPerformance counters
<My App>.stat (formerly mscoree.stat)<My App>.stat (formerly mscoree.stat)http://http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/enus/dnnetcompmsdn.microsoft.com/library/enus/dnnetcomp/html//html/netcfperf.aspnetcfperf.aspRegistryRegistry
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\.NETCompactFramework\PerfMonitorHKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\.NETCompactFramework\PerfMonitorCounters (DWORD) = 1Counters (DWORD) = 1
What does .stat tell you?What does .stat tell you?Working set and performance statisticsWorking set and performance statistics
More counters added in v2More counters added in v2Generics usageGenerics usageCOM interop usageCOM interop usageNumber of boxed valuetypesNumber of boxed valuetypesThreading and timersThreading and timersGUI objectsGUI objectsNetwork activity (socket bytes send/received)Network activity (socket bytes send/received)
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.stat.statcounter total last datum n mean min maxTotal Program Run Time (ms) 55937 - - - - -App Domains Created 18 - - - - -App Domains Unloaded 18 - - - - -Assemblies Loaded 323 - - - - -Classes Loaded 18852 - - - - -Methods Loaded 37353 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded 730 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded per Definition 730 8 385 1 1 8Open Types Loaded 78 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded 46 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded per Definition 46 1 40 1 1 2Open Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Threads in Thread Pool - 0 6 1 0 3Pending Timers - 0 93 0 0 1Scheduled Timers 46 - - - - -Timers Delayed by Thread Pool Limit 0 - - - - -Work Items Queued 46 - - - - -Uncontested Monitor.Enter Calls 57240 - - - - -Contested Monitor.Enter Calls 0 - - - - -Peak Bytes Allocated (native + managed) 4024363 - - - - -Managed Objects Allocated 1015100 - - - - -Managed Bytes Allocated 37291444 28 1015100 36 8 55588Managed String Objects Allocated 112108 - - - - -Bytes of String Objects Allocated 4596658 - - - - -Garbage Collections (GC) 33 - - - - -Bytes Collected By GC 25573036 41592 33 774940 41592 1096328Managed Bytes In Use After GC - 23528 33 259414 23176 924612Total Bytes In Use After GC - 3091342 33 2954574 1833928 3988607GC Compactions 17 - - - - -Code Pitchings 6 - - - - -Calls to GC.Collect 0 - - - - -GC Latency Time (ms) 279 16 33 8 0 31Pinned Objects 156 - - - - -Objects Moved by Compactor 73760 - - - - -Objects Not Moved by Compactor 11811 - - - - -Objects Finalized 6383 - - - - -Boxed Value Types 350829 - - - - -Process Heap - 1626 430814 511970 952 962130Short Term Heap - 0 178228 718 0 21532JIT Heap - 0 88135 357796 0 651663App Domain Heap - 0 741720 647240 0 833370GC Heap - 0 376 855105 0 2097152Native Bytes Jitted 7202214 152 26910 267 80 5448Methods Jitted 26910 - - - - -Bytes Pitched 1673873 0 7047 237 0 5448
Peak Bytes Allocated (native + Peak Bytes Allocated (native + managed) managed) JIT Heap JIT Heap App Domain Heap App Domain Heap GC Heap GC Heap GC Latency Time (ms) GC Latency Time (ms)
Garbage Collections (GC) Garbage Collections (GC)
Managed String Objects Allocated Managed String Objects Allocated
Boxed Value Types Boxed Value Types
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FXFX
.NET Compact Framework.NET Compact Framework
CLRCLR
Windows CEWindows CE
Globalization GUINetI/OCrypto
System.System.GlobalizationGlobalization
System.System.CryptographyCryptography
System.System.IO.PortsIO.Ports
Microsoft.Microsoft.Win32.RegistryWin32.Registry
System.IO.System.IO.FileFile
System.System.DataData
System.XmlSystem.Xml
SystemSystem
mscorlibmscorlib
Microsoft.Microsoft.VisualBasicVisualBasic
JIT CompilerJIT Compiler& GC& GCDebuggerDebugger
ClassClassLoaderLoader
AssemblyAssemblyCacheCache
NativeNativeInteropInterop
App DomainApp DomainLoaderLoader
ProcessProcessLoaderLoader
Memory and Memory and ThreadingThreading
File MappingFile MappingCert/SecurityCert/SecurityVerificationVerification
System.System.WebServicesWebServices
System.Net.System.Net.Http*Http*
System.Net.System.Net.SocketsSockets
DirectX.DirectX.DirectD3DMDirectD3DM
Windows.Windows.FormsForms
System.System.DrawingDrawing
SSLSSL
SocketsSockets
NTLMNTLM
GDI/GWESGDI/GWES
CommonCommonControlsControls
RegistryRegistry
File I/OFile I/O
EncodingsEncodings
SortingSorting Crypto APICrypto API
CalendarCalendarDataData
CultureCultureDataData
RedistRedist
HostHost
Visual StudioVisual Studio
Debug EngineDebug Engine
ICorDbgICorDbg
Managed LoaderManaged Loader
MSI SetupMSI Setup(ActiveSync)(ActiveSync)
Per Device CABPer Device CABInstall (SMS, etc)Install (SMS, etc)
System.System.ReflectionReflection
CasingCasing D3DMD3DM
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeExecution engineExecution engine
Call pathCall pathManaged calls are more expensive than nativeManaged calls are more expensive than native
Instance call: ~2-3X the cost of a native function callInstance call: ~2-3X the cost of a native function call
Virtual call: ~1.4X the cost of a managed instance callVirtual call: ~1.4X the cost of a managed instance call
Platform invoke: ~5X the cost of managed instance call Platform invoke: ~5X the cost of managed instance call (*Marshal int parameter)(*Marshal int parameter)
Properties are callsProperties are calls
JIT compilersJIT compilersAll platforms has the same optimizing JIT compiler All platforms has the same optimizing JIT compiler architecture in v2architecture in v2
OptimizationsOptimizationsMethod inlining for simple methodsMethod inlining for simple methods
Variable enregistration Variable enregistration
String interningString interning
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeCall path (sample)Call path (sample)public class Shape public class Shape
{{
protected int m_volume; protected int m_volume;
public public virtualvirtual int Volume int Volume
{ {
get {return m_volume;}get {return m_volume;}
}}
}}
public class Cube:Shape public class Cube:Shape
{{
public MyType(int vol) public MyType(int vol)
{ {
m_volume = vol;m_volume = vol;
}}
}}
public class Shape public class Shape
{{
protected int m_volume; protected int m_volume;
public int Volume public int Volume
{ {
get {return m_volume;}get {return m_volume;}
}}
}}
public class Cube:Shape public class Cube:Shape
{{
public MyType(int vol) public MyType(int vol)
{ {
m_volume = vol;m_volume = vol;
}}
}}
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeCall path (sample) Call path (sample) public class MyCollectionpublic class MyCollection
{{private const int m_capacity = 10000;private const int m_capacity = 10000;private Shape[] storage = new Shape[m_capacity];private Shape[] storage = new Shape[m_capacity];……public void Sort()public void Sort(){{
Shape tmp;Shape tmp; for (int i=0; i<m_capacity-1; i++) {for (int i=0; i<m_capacity-1; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<m_capacity-1-i; j++)for (int j=0; j<m_capacity-1-i; j++) if (if (storage[j+1].Volume < storage[j].Volumestorage[j+1].Volume < storage[j].Volume){ ){
tmp = storage[j]; tmp = storage[j]; storage[j] = storage[j+1];storage[j] = storage[j+1];storage[j+1] = tmp;storage[j+1] = tmp;
}} }}}}
}}
callvirt instance int32 Shape::get_Volume()
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntime Call path (sample)Call path (sample)
public class Shape public class Shape
{{
protected int m_volume; protected int m_volume;
public public virtualvirtual int Volume int Volume
{ {
get {return m_volume;}get {return m_volume;}
}}
}}
public class Cube:Shape public class Cube:Shape
{{
public MyType(int vol) public MyType(int vol)
{ {
m_volume = vol;m_volume = vol;
}}
}}
public class Shape public class Shape
{{
protected int m_volume; protected int m_volume;
public int Volume public int Volume
{ {
get {return m_volume;}get {return m_volume;}
}}
}}
public class Cube:Shape public class Cube:Shape
{{
public MyType(int vol) public MyType(int vol)
{ {
m_volume = vol;m_volume = vol;
}}
}}
No virtual call overheadNo virtual call overhead
Inlined (no call overhead Inlined (no call overhead at all)at all)
~ Equal to accessing field~ Equal to accessing field
57 sec57 sec 39 sec39 sec
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntime‘The Memory Bill’‘The Memory Bill’
Shared by all .NET applications runningShared by all .NET applications running.NET Compact Framework CLR DLLs.NET Compact Framework CLR DLLs.NET assemblies (memory mapped).NET assemblies (memory mapped)
Dynamic, per process memory costsDynamic, per process memory costsObjects allocatedObjects allocatedThreads stacksThreads stacksNumber of classes and methodsNumber of classes and methods
Runtime representation of metadataRuntime representation of metadataJIT compiled codeJIT compiled code
Unmanaged allocations (not under control of Unmanaged allocations (not under control of the CLR)the CLR)
Operating SystemOperating SystemNative DLLs called by application via P/InvokeNative DLLs called by application via P/Invoke
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeMemory heapsMemory heaps
Five memory heaps to reduce Five memory heaps to reduce fragmentationfragmentation
App-domainApp-domain CLR dynamic representation of CLR dynamic representation of metadata for the assembly loadermetadata for the assembly loader
JITJIT JIT compiled code buffersJIT compiled code buffers
Garbage Collector Garbage Collector (GC)(GC)
Application and Framework object Application and Framework object allocationsallocations
Short-termShort-term CLR temporary/short lived allocation CLR temporary/short lived allocation heapheap
ProcessProcess Other CLR allocationsOther CLR allocations
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 25 50 75 100 125 150Time (seconds)
Mem
ory
(M
B)
GC Heap
J IT Heap
Managed Bytes Allocated
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 25 50 75 100 125 150Time (seconds)
Mem
ory
(M
B)
GC Heap Usage
Going Into The Going Into The BackgroundBackgroundYahtzee gameYahtzee game
Application goesApplication goesinto background into background or low on memoryor low on memory
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Real World MeasurementsReal World MeasurementsYahtzee gameYahtzee game
WhereWhere What is the memory?What is the memory? PeakPeak‘‘On On MinimizeMinimize’’
Shared,Shared,
RO RO Demand Demand PagedPaged
Code, .NET Code, .NET AssembliesAssemblies
Mscoree.dll, mscoree2_0.dll,Mscoree.dll, mscoree2_0.dll,netcfagl2_0.dllnetcfagl2_0.dll 1MB1MB 500KB500KB
Mscorlib, Yahtzee.exe, system, Mscorlib, Yahtzee.exe, system, System.Drawing,System.Drawing,System.Windows.FormsSystem.Windows.Forms
1.7MB1.7MB 1MB1MB
Process Process MemoryMemory
CLR HeapsCLR Heaps
JIT HeapJIT Heap 220KB220KB 30KB30KB
Process HeapProcess Heap 47KB47KB 11KB11KB
App Domain HeapApp Domain Heap 177KB177KB 177KB177KB
ApplicationApplication GC Heap – object allocationsGC Heap – object allocations 1MB1MB 64KB64KB
TotalTotal 1.5MB1.5MB 282KB282KB
TotalTotal 4.2MB4.2MB 1.7MB1.7MB
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntime Garbage Collector (GC)Garbage Collector (GC)
Managed allocations are FASTManaged allocations are FAST7.5MB per sec (allocating 8 byte objects)7.5MB per sec (allocating 8 byte objects)
GC manages it’s own heapGC manages it’s own heapAllocates 64KB blocks, 1MB cacheAllocates 64KB blocks, 1MB cache
Use VirtualAlloc to enable release of virtual and Use VirtualAlloc to enable release of virtual and physical memory back to systemphysical memory back to system
Compacts heap when fragmentation occursCompacts heap when fragmentation occurs
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeGarbage CollectorGarbage Collector
What triggers a GC?What triggers a GC?Memory allocation failureMemory allocation failure1M of GC objects allocated (v2)1M of GC objects allocated (v2)Application going to backgroundApplication going to backgroundGC.Collect() (AGC.Collect() (Avoid “helping” the GC!)void “helping” the GC!)
In general, if you don’t allocate objects, GC won’t In general, if you don’t allocate objects, GC won’t occuroccur
Beware of side-effects of calls that may allocateBeware of side-effects of calls that may allocate objectsobjectsWhat happens at GC time?What happens at GC time?
Freezes all threads at Freezes all threads at safesafe point pointFinds all Finds all livelive objects and marks them objects and marks them
An object is An object is livelive if it is if it is reachablereachable from from root locationroot locationUnmarked objects are freed and added to finalizer queueUnmarked objects are freed and added to finalizer queue
Finalizers are run on a separate threadFinalizers are run on a separate threadGC pools are compacted if required GC pools are compacted if required Return free memory to the operating systemReturn free memory to the operating system
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeGarbage CollectorGarbage Collector
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 100000 300000 500000
Number of Live Objects
GC
late
nc
y (
ms
)
GC Latency per collectionGC Latency per collection
20
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeGarbage CollectorGarbage Collector
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
400 4000 20000 40000 80000
Object size (bytes)
Allo
cati
on
rate
ite
r/sec
Allocation rateAllocation rate
21
Unnecessary string allocationsUnnecessary string allocationsStrings are immutable Strings are immutable
String manipulations (Concat(), etc.) cause String manipulations (Concat(), etc.) cause copies copies Use StringBuilder Use StringBuilder http://weblogs.asp.net/ricom/archive/2003/12/02/40778.ahttp://weblogs.asp.net/ricom/archive/2003/12/02/40778.aspxspx
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeWhere garbage comes from?Where garbage comes from?
String result = "";String result = "";
for (int i=0; i<10000; i++) {for (int i=0; i<10000; i++) {
result += result +=
".NET Compact Framework";".NET Compact Framework";
result += " Rocks!";result += " Rocks!";
} }
StringBuilder result = StringBuilder result =
new StringBuilder();new StringBuilder();
for (int i=0; i<10000; i++){for (int i=0; i<10000; i++){
result.Append(".NET Compact result.Append(".NET Compact Framework");Framework");
result.Append(" Rocks!");result.Append(" Rocks!");
}}
22
.stat.statcounter total last datum n mean min maxTotal Program Run Time (ms) 11843 - - - - -App Domains Created 1 - - - - -App Domains Unloaded 1 - - - - -Assemblies Loaded 2 - - - - -Classes Loaded 175 - - - - -Methods Loaded 198 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded per Definition 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Types Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded per Definition 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Threads in Thread Pool - 0 2 0 0 1Pending Timers - 0 2 0 0 1Scheduled Timers 1 - - - - -Timers Delayed by Thread Pool Limit 0 - - - - -Work Items Queued 1 - - - - -Uncontested Monitor.Enter Calls 2 - - - - -Contested Monitor.Enter Calls 0 - - - - -Peak Bytes Allocated (native + managed) 3326004 - - - - -Managed Objects Allocated 60266 - - - - -Managed Bytes Allocated 5801679432 28 60266 96267 8 580020Managed String Objects Allocated 20041 - - - - -Bytes of String Objects Allocated 5800480578 - - - - -Garbage Collections (GC) 4912 - - - - -Bytes Collected By GC 5918699036 1160076 4912 1204946 597824 1572512Managed Bytes In Use After GC - 580752 4912 381831 8364 580752Total Bytes In Use After GC - 1810560 4912 1611885 1097856 1810560GC Compactions 0 - - - - -Code Pitchings 0 - - - - -Calls to GC.Collect 0 - - - - -GC Latency Time (ms) 686 0 4912 0 0 16Pinned Objects 0 - - - - -Objects Moved by Compactor 0 - - - - -Objects Not Moved by Compactor 0 - - - - -Objects Finalized 1 - - - - -Boxed Value Types 3 - - - - -Process Heap - 278 235 2352 68 8733Short Term Heap - 0 278 986 0 10424JIT Heap - 0 360 12103 0 24444App Domain Heap - 0 1341 46799 0 64562GC Heap - 0 35524 2095727 0 3276800Native Bytes Jitted 22427 140 98 228 68 1367Methods Jitted 98 - - - - -Bytes Pitched 0 0 0 0 0 0Methods Pitched 0 - - - - -Method Pitch Latency Time (ms) 0 0 0 0 0 0Exceptions Thrown 0 - - - - -Platform Invoke Calls 0 - - - - -
Managed String Objects AllocatedManaged String Objects Allocated 2004020040Garbage Collections (GC)Garbage Collections (GC) 49124912Bytes of String Objects AllocateBytes of String Objects Allocate 5,800,480,5745,800,480,574Bytes Collected By GC Bytes Collected By GC 5,918,699,0365,918,699,036GC latencyGC latency 107128 ms 107128 ms
String result = "";String result = "";for (int i=0; i<10000; i++) {for (int i=0; i<10000; i++) { result += ".NET Compact Framework";result += ".NET Compact Framework"; result += " Rocks!";result += " Rocks!";}}
Run time 173 secRun time 173 sec
23
counter total last datum n mean min maxTotal Program Run Time (ms) 11843 - - - - -App Domains Created 1 - - - - -App Domains Unloaded 1 - - - - -Assemblies Loaded 2 - - - - -Classes Loaded 175 - - - - -Methods Loaded 198 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded per Definition 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Types Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded per Definition 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Threads in Thread Pool - 0 2 0 0 1Pending Timers - 0 2 0 0 1Scheduled Timers 1 - - - - -Timers Delayed by Thread Pool Limit 0 - - - - -Work Items Queued 1 - - - - -Uncontested Monitor.Enter Calls 2 - - - - -Contested Monitor.Enter Calls 0 - - - - -Peak Bytes Allocated (native + managed) 3326004 - - - - -Managed Objects Allocated 60266 - - - - -Managed Bytes Allocated 5801679432 28 60266 96267 8 580020Managed String Objects Allocated 20041 - - - - -Bytes of String Objects Allocated 5800480578 - - - - -Garbage Collections (GC) 4912 - - - - -Bytes Collected By GC 5918699036 1160076 4912 1204946 597824 1572512Managed Bytes In Use After GC - 580752 4912 381831 8364 580752Total Bytes In Use After GC - 1810560 4912 1611885 1097856 1810560GC Compactions 0 - - - - -Code Pitchings 0 - - - - -Calls to GC.Collect 0 - - - - -GC Latency Time (ms) 686 0 4912 0 0 16Pinned Objects 0 - - - - -Objects Moved by Compactor 0 - - - - -Objects Not Moved by Compactor 0 - - - - -Objects Finalized 1 - - - - -Boxed Value Types 3 - - - - -Process Heap - 278 235 2352 68 8733Short Term Heap - 0 278 986 0 10424JIT Heap - 0 360 12103 0 24444App Domain Heap - 0 1341 46799 0 64562GC Heap - 0 35524 2095727 0 3276800Native Bytes Jitted 22427 140 98 228 68 1367Methods Jitted 98 - - - - -Bytes Pitched 0 0 0 0 0 0Methods Pitched 0 - - - - -Method Pitch Latency Time (ms) 0 0 0 0 0 0Exceptions Thrown 0 - - - - -Platform Invoke Calls 0 - - - - -
.stat.stat
Managed String Objects Allocated 56Managed String Objects Allocated 56Bytes of String Objects Allocated Bytes of String Objects Allocated 20977182097718Garbage Collections (GC) 2Garbage Collections (GC) 2Bytes Collected By GCBytes Collected By GC 10816201081620GC LatencyGC Latency 21 ms21 ms
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();for (int i=0; i<10000; i++){for (int i=0; i<10000; i++){
result.Append(".NET Compact result.Append(".NET Compact Framework");Framework");
result.Append(" Rocks!");result.Append(" Rocks!");}}
Run time 0.1 secRun time 0.1 sec
24
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeWhere garbage comes from?Where garbage comes from?
Unnecessary boxingUnnecessary boxingValue types allocated on the stack Value types allocated on the stack (fast to allocate)(fast to allocate)Boxing causes a heap allocation and a copyBoxing causes a heap allocation and a copyUse strongly typed arrays and collectionsUse strongly typed arrays and collections(Framework collections are (Framework collections are NOTNOT strongly typed) strongly typed) class Hashtable {class Hashtable {
struct bucket {struct bucket {Object key;Object key;Object val; Object val;
} } bucket[] buckets;bucket[] buckets;
public public ObjectObject this[ this[Object keyObject key] { get; set; }] { get; set; } }}
25
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeSample Code: Value Types and Sample Code: Value Types and boxing boxing
public struct AccountId {public struct AccountId { public int m_number;public int m_number; public override int GetHashCode() { return m_number; }public override int GetHashCode() { return m_number; }}}public struct AccountData {public struct AccountData {
private int m_balance;private int m_balance;
public int Balance {public int Balance {
get {return m_balance;}get {return m_balance;}
set {m_balance=value;} set {m_balance=value;}
}}
}}public class Accounts {public class Accounts {
public const int num = 10000;public const int num = 10000;
Object[] accounts = new Object[] accounts = new
Object[num];Object[num];
public Object this[Object id] {public Object this[Object id] {
get {return get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}
set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}value;}
}}
}}
public class Accounts {public class Accounts {
public const int num = 10000;public const int num = 10000;
AccountData[] accounts = newAccountData[] accounts = new
AccountData[num];AccountData[num];
public AccountData this[AccountId id] {public AccountData this[AccountId id] {
get {return get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}
set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}value;}
}}
}}
26
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeSample Code: Value Types and Sample Code: Value Types and boxing boxing
Accounts ac = new Accounts(); int i;Accounts ac = new Accounts(); int i;for (i = 0; i < Accounts.num_accounts; i++) {for (i = 0; i < Accounts.num_accounts; i++) {
AccountData rec = new AccountData();AccountData rec = new AccountData();rec.Balance = 100;rec.Balance = 100;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;ac[id] = rec;ac[id] = rec;
}}long iterations = 0;long iterations = 0;long start = Environment.TickCount;long start = Environment.TickCount;do {do {
for (i = 0; i < Accounts.num_accounts; i++) {for (i = 0; i < Accounts.num_accounts; i++) {AccountId id; id.m_number = i;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;AccountData rec = (AccountData)ac[ id ]; AccountData rec = (AccountData)ac[ id ]; rec.Balance-=10;rec.Balance-=10;ac[ id ]=rec;ac[ id ]=rec;
}}iterations += i;iterations += i;
} while (Environment.TickCount - start < 1000);} while (Environment.TickCount - start < 1000);
27
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeSample Code: Value Types and Sample Code: Value Types and boxing boxing
public class Accounts {public class Accounts {
public const int num = 10000;public const int num = 10000;
Object[] accounts = new Object[] accounts = new
Object[num];Object[num];
public Object this[Object id] {public Object this[Object id] {
get {return get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}
set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}value;}
}}
}}
public class Accounts {public class Accounts {
public const int num = 10000;public const int num = 10000;
AccountData[] accounts=newAccountData[] accounts=new
AccountData[num];AccountData[num];
public AccountData this[AccountId id] {public AccountData this[AccountId id] {
get {return get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}
set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}value;}
}}
}}
0.15M iter/sec0.15M iter/sec
Boxed value types 4138460Boxed value types 4138460Garbage Collections (GC) 4 Garbage Collections (GC) 4 Bytes Collected By GC Bytes Collected By GC 41384604138460GC Latency TimeGC Latency Time 132 ms 132 ms
2.5M iter/sec2.5M iter/sec
Boxed value types 2Boxed value types 2Garbage Collections (GC) 0 Garbage Collections (GC) 0 Bytes Collected By GC 0Bytes Collected By GC 0GC Latency TimeGC Latency Time 0 ms 0 ms
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeSample Code: GenericsSample Code: Genericspublic class Accounts<U, V>public class Accounts<U, V>{{
public const int num_accounts = 10000;public const int num_accounts = 10000;private U[] accounts = new U[num_accounts];private U[] accounts = new U[num_accounts];public U this[V id] {public U this[V id] {
get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}
}}}}
Accounts<AccountData, AccountId> ac = new Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>();Accounts<AccountData, AccountId> ac = new Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>();int i;int i;for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {
AccountData rec = new AccountData(); rec.Balance = 100;AccountData rec = new AccountData(); rec.Balance = 100;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;ac[id] = rec;ac[id] = rec;
}}long iterations = 0; long start = Environment.TickCount;long iterations = 0; long start = Environment.TickCount;do {do { for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {
AccountId id; id.m_number = i; AccountData rec = (AccountData)ac[id]; AccountId id; id.m_number = i; AccountData rec = (AccountData)ac[id]; rec.Balance-=10; ac[id]=rec;rec.Balance-=10; ac[id]=rec;
}} iterations += i;iterations += i;} while (Environment.TickCount - start < 1000);} while (Environment.TickCount - start < 1000);
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeSample Code: GenericsSample Code: Genericspublic class Accounts<U, V>public class Accounts<U, V>{{
public const int num_accounts = 10000;public const int num_accounts = 10000;private U[] accounts = new U[num_accounts];private U[] accounts = new U[num_accounts];public U this[V id] {public U this[V id] {
get {return get {return accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}accounts[id.GetHashCode()];}
set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = set {accounts[id.GetHashCode()] = value;}value;}
}}}}
Accounts<AccountData, AccountId> ac = new Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>();Accounts<AccountData, AccountId> ac = new Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>();int i;int i;for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {
AccountData rec = new AccountData(); rec.Balance = 100;AccountData rec = new AccountData(); rec.Balance = 100;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;AccountId id; id.m_number = i;ac[id] = rec;ac[id] = rec;
}}long iterations = 0; long start = Environment.TickCount;long iterations = 0; long start = Environment.TickCount;do {do { for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {for (i = 0; i < Accounts<AccountData, AccountId>.num_accounts; i++) {
AccountId id; id.m_number = i; AccountData rec = (AccountData)ac[id]; rec.Balance-=10; ac[id]=rec;AccountId id; id.m_number = i; AccountData rec = (AccountData)ac[id]; rec.Balance-=10; ac[id]=rec; }} iterations += i;iterations += i;} while (Environment.TickCount - start < 1000);} while (Environment.TickCount - start < 1000);
Untyped Untyped 0.15M iter/sec 0.15M iter/sec
Strongly typed 2.5M iter/secStrongly typed 2.5M iter/sec
Generic Generic 2.5M iter/sec 2.5M iter/sec
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counter total last datum n mean min maxTotal Program Run Time (ms) 11843 - - - - -App Domains Created 1 - - - - -App Domains Unloaded 1 - - - - -Assemblies Loaded 2 - - - - -Classes Loaded 175 - - - - -Methods Loaded 198 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Types Loaded per Definition 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Types Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Closed Methods Loaded per Definition 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Methods Loaded 0 - - - - -Threads in Thread Pool - 0 2 0 0 1Pending Timers - 0 2 0 0 1Scheduled Timers 1 - - - - -Timers Delayed by Thread Pool Limit 0 - - - - -Work Items Queued 1 - - - - -Uncontested Monitor.Enter Calls 2 - - - - -Contested Monitor.Enter Calls 0 - - - - -Peak Bytes Allocated (native + managed) 3326004 - - - - -Managed Objects Allocated 60266 - - - - -Managed Bytes Allocated 5801679432 28 60266 96267 8 580020Managed String Objects Allocated 20041 - - - - -Bytes of String Objects Allocated 5800480578 - - - - -Garbage Collections (GC) 4912 - - - - -Bytes Collected By GC 5918699036 1160076 4912 1204946 597824 1572512Managed Bytes In Use After GC - 580752 4912 381831 8364 580752Total Bytes In Use After GC - 1810560 4912 1611885 1097856 1810560GC Compactions 0 - - - - -Code Pitchings 0 - - - - -Calls to GC.Collect 0 - - - - -GC Latency Time (ms) 686 0 4912 0 0 16Pinned Objects 0 - - - - -Objects Moved by Compactor 0 - - - - -Objects Not Moved by Compactor 0 - - - - -Objects Finalized 1 - - - - -Boxed Value Types 3 - - - - -Process Heap - 278 235 2352 68 8733Short Term Heap - 0 278 986 0 10424JIT Heap - 0 360 12103 0 24444App Domain Heap - 0 1341 46799 0 64562GC Heap - 0 35524 2095727 0 3276800Native Bytes Jitted 22427 140 98 228 68 1367Methods Jitted 98 - - - - -Bytes Pitched 0 0 0 0 0 0Methods Pitched 0 - - - - -Method Pitch Latency Time (ms) 0 0 0 0 0 0Exceptions Thrown 0 - - - - -Platform Invoke Calls 0 - - - - -
.stat.stat
Boxed value types 2Boxed value types 2Garbage Collections (GC) 0 Garbage Collections (GC) 0 Bytes Collected By GC 0Bytes Collected By GC 0GC Latency TimeGC Latency Time 0 ms 0 ms
Closed Types Loaded 1 Closed Types Loaded 1 Closed Types per definition mean=1 Closed Types per definition mean=1 max=1max=1
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Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeGenericsGenericsStrong typing without code duplicationStrong typing without code duplication
Fully specialized implementation in .NET Fully specialized implementation in .NET Compact Framework v2Compact Framework v2
ProsProsAlways strongly typedAlways strongly typed
No unnecessary boxing and type castsNo unnecessary boxing and type casts
Specialized code is more efficient than sharedSpecialized code is more efficient than shared
ConsConsInternal execution engine data structures and JIT-Internal execution engine data structures and JIT-compiled code aren’t sharedcompiled code aren’t shared
List<int>, List<string>, List<MyType>List<int>, List<string>, List<MyType>
http://blogs.msdn.com/romanbat/archive/2005/0http://blogs.msdn.com/romanbat/archive/2005/01/06/348114.aspx1/06/348114.aspx
32
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeFinalization and DisposeFinalization and Dispose
Cost of finalizersCost of finalizersNon-deterministic cleanupNon-deterministic cleanup
Extends lifetime of objectExtends lifetime of object
In general, rely on GC for automatic memory In general, rely on GC for automatic memory cleanupcleanup
The exceptions to the rule…The exceptions to the rule…If your object contains an unmanaged resource that the If your object contains an unmanaged resource that the GC is unaware of, you need to implement a finalizerGC is unaware of, you need to implement a finalizer
Also implement Dispose pattern to release unmanaged Also implement Dispose pattern to release unmanaged resource in deterministic mannerresource in deterministic manner
Dispose method should suppress finalization (FxCop rule)Dispose method should suppress finalization (FxCop rule)
If the object you are using implements Dispose, call it If the object you are using implements Dispose, call it when you are done with the objectwhen you are done with the object
‘‘Objects Finalized’ performance counterObjects Finalized’ performance counter
33
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeExceptionsExceptions
Exceptions are cheap…until you throwExceptions are cheap…until you throw
Throw exceptions in exceptional Throw exceptions in exceptional circumstancescircumstances
Do not use exceptions for normal flow Do not use exceptions for normal flow controlcontrol
Use performance counters to track the Use performance counters to track the number of exceptions thrownnumber of exceptions thrown
Replace “On Error/Goto” with Replace “On Error/Goto” with “Try/Catch/Finally” in Microsoft Visual Basic “Try/Catch/Finally” in Microsoft Visual Basic .NET.NET
34
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeReflectionReflection
Reflection can be expensiveReflection can be expensive
Reflection performance costReflection performance costType comparisons (for example: typeof() )Type comparisons (for example: typeof() )
Member access (for example: Type.InvokeMember())Member access (for example: Type.InvokeMember())Think ~10-100x slowerThink ~10-100x slower
Working set costWorking set costType and Member enumerations (for example: Type and Member enumerations (for example: Assembly.GetTypes(), Type.GetMethods())Assembly.GetTypes(), Type.GetMethods())
Runtime data structures Runtime data structures Think ~100 bytes per loaded type, ~80 bytes per loaded methodThink ~100 bytes per loaded type, ~80 bytes per loaded method
Be aware of APIs that use reflection as a side effectBe aware of APIs that use reflection as a side effect
Override Override Object.ToString() Object.ToString()
GetHashCode() and Equals() (for value types)GetHashCode() and Equals() (for value types)
35
Common Language Common Language RuntimeRuntimeBuilding a Cost Model for Managed Building a Cost Model for Managed MathMathMath performanceMath performance
32 bit integers: Similar to native math32 bit integers: Similar to native math
64 bit integers: ~5-10X cost of native 64 bit integers: ~5-10X cost of native mathmath
Floating point: Similar to native mathFloating point: Similar to native mathARM processors do not have FPU ARM processors do not have FPU
36
FXFX
.NET Compact Framework.NET Compact Framework
CLRCLR
Windows CEWindows CE
Globalization GUINetI/OCrypto
System.System.GlobalizationGlobalization
System.System.CryptographyCryptography
System.System.IO.PortsIO.Ports
Microsoft.Microsoft.Win32.RegistryWin32.Registry
System.IO.System.IO.FileFile
System.System.DataData
System.XmlSystem.Xml
SystemSystem
mscorlibmscorlib
Microsoft.Microsoft.VisualBasicVisualBasic
JIT CompilerJIT Compiler& GC& GCDebuggerDebugger
ClassClassLoaderLoader
AssemblyAssemblyCacheCache
NativeNativeInteropInterop
App DomainApp DomainLoaderLoader
ProcessProcessLoaderLoader
Memory and Memory and ThreadingThreading
File MappingFile MappingCert/SecurityCert/SecurityVerificationVerification
System.System.WebServicesWebServices
System.Net.System.Net.Http*Http*
System.Net.System.Net.SocketsSockets
DirectX.DirectX.DirectD3DMDirectD3DM
Windows.Windows.FormsForms
System.System.DrawingDrawing
SSLSSL
SocketsSockets
NTLMNTLM
GDI/GWESGDI/GWES
CommonCommonControlsControls
RegistryRegistry
File I/OFile I/O
EncodingsEncodings
SortingSorting Crypto APICrypto API
CalendarCalendarDataData
CultureCultureDataData
RedistRedist
HostHost
Visual StudioVisual Studio
Debug EngineDebug Engine
ICorDbgICorDbg
Managed LoaderManaged Loader
MSI SetupMSI Setup(ActiveSync)(ActiveSync)
Per Device CABPer Device CABInstall (SMS, etc)Install (SMS, etc)
System.System.ReflectionReflection
CasingCasing D3DMD3DM
37
Base Class LibraryBase Class LibraryCollectionsCollections
Pre-size collection classes Pre-size collection classes appropriatelyappropriately
Default capacity is small (for example 4 Default capacity is small (for example 4 for ArrayList)for ArrayList)
Resizing creates unnecessary copiesResizing creates unnecessary copies
Avoid unnecessary boxing and type Avoid unnecessary boxing and type casts – use generic collectionscasts – use generic collections
Full support for all generic collections in Full support for all generic collections in the .NET Compact Framework v2!the .NET Compact Framework v2!
38
Windows FormsWindows FormsBest PracticesBest Practices
Load and cache Forms in the backgroundLoad and cache Forms in the backgroundPopulate data separate from Form.Show()Populate data separate from Form.Show()
Pre-populate data, orPre-populate data, orLoad data async to Form.Show()Load data async to Form.Show()
Use BeginUpdate/EndUpdate when it is availableUse BeginUpdate/EndUpdate when it is availablee.g. ListView, TreeViewe.g. ListView, TreeView
Use SuspendLayout/ResumeLayout when Use SuspendLayout/ResumeLayout when repositioning controlsrepositioning controlsKeep event handling code tightKeep event handling code tight
Process bigger operations asynchronouslyProcess bigger operations asynchronouslyBlocking in event handlers will affect UI responsivenessBlocking in event handlers will affect UI responsiveness
Form load performanceForm load performanceReduce the number of method calls during initializationReduce the number of method calls during initialization
39
Graphics And GamesGraphics And GamesBest PracticesBest Practices
Compose to off-screen buffers to Compose to off-screen buffers to minimize direct to screen blittingminimize direct to screen blitting
Approximately 50% fasterApproximately 50% faster
Avoid transparent blitting in areas Avoid transparent blitting in areas that require performancethat require performance
Approximate 1/3 speed of normal blittingApproximate 1/3 speed of normal blitting
Consider using pre-rendered images Consider using pre-rendered images vs using System.Drawing rendering vs using System.Drawing rendering primitivesprimitives
Need to measure on a case-by-case Need to measure on a case-by-case basisbasis
40
XMLXMLBest Practices for Managing Large XML Data Best Practices for Managing Large XML Data FilesFilesUse XMLTextReader/XMLTextWriterUse XMLTextReader/XMLTextWriter
Smaller memory footprint than using XmlDocumentSmaller memory footprint than using XmlDocumentXmlTextReader is a pull model parser which only reads a XmlTextReader is a pull model parser which only reads a “window” of the data“window” of the dataXmlDocument builds a generic, untyped object model XmlDocument builds a generic, untyped object model using a treeusing a tree
Type stored as stringType stored as stringOK to use with smaller documents (64K XML: ~0.25s)OK to use with smaller documents (64K XML: ~0.25s)
Optimize the structure of XML documentOptimize the structure of XML document Use elements to group (allows use of Skip() in XmlReader)Use elements to group (allows use of Skip() in XmlReader)Use attributes to reduce size - processing attribute-centric Use attributes to reduce size - processing attribute-centric documents is fasterdocuments is faster Keep it short! (attribute and element names)Keep it short! (attribute and element names)Avoid gratuitous use of white spaceAvoid gratuitous use of white space
Use XmlReader/XmlWriter factory classes to create Use XmlReader/XmlWriter factory classes to create optimized reader or writeroptimized reader or writer
Applying proper XMLReaderSettings can improve Applying proper XMLReaderSettings can improve performanceperformance
41
DataDataBusiness logicBusiness logicand presentationand presentation
GUI GUI controlscontrols
In-memoryIn-memorydata copydata copy
Custom dataCustom dataStructures Structures
arrays, collectionsarrays, collectionsDataSetDataSet
SerializationSerializationCustom Custom binarybinary XmlSerializerXmlSerializer IXmlSerializableIXmlSerializable
File systemFile system
TransportsTransports Active Active SyncSync HTTPHTTP SocketsSockets ReplicationReplication
Or RDAOr RDA
Remote systemRemote system
XmlDocumentXmlDocument
BusinessBusinesslogiclogic
DataDataAdaptersAdapters
WebWebservicesservices
DataDataReadersReadersBinary orBinary or
text filetext fileXMLXMLfilefile
SQLSQLServerServerMobile Mobile
SQLSQLDBDB
OtherOtherDataData
Sources Sources
MSMQMSMQ
OtherOtherDBDB
42
DataDataBusiness logicBusiness logicand presentationand presentation
GUI GUI controlscontrols
In-memoryIn-memorydata copydata copy
Custom dataCustom dataStructures Structures
arrays, collectionsarrays, collectionsDataSetDataSet
SerializationSerializationCustom Custom binarybinary XmlSerializerXmlSerializer IXmlSerializableIXmlSerializable
File systemFile system
XmlDocumentXmlDocument
BusinessBusinesslogiclogic
Binary orBinary ortext filetext file
XMLXMLfilefile
SQLSQLServerServerMobile Mobile
SqlCEResultSetSqlCEResultSetDataReaderDataReader
43
DataDataBusiness logicBusiness logicand presentationand presentation
GUI GUI controlscontrols
In-memoryIn-memorydata copydata copy
Custom dataCustom dataStructures Structures
arrays, collectionsarrays, collectionsDataSetDataSet
SerializationSerializationCustom Custom binarybinary XmlSerializerXmlSerializer IXmlSerializableIXmlSerializable
File systemFile system
TransportsTransports Active Active SyncSync HTTPHTTP SocketsSockets ReplicationReplication
Or RDAOr RDA
Remote systemRemote system
XmlDocumentXmlDocument
BusinessBusinesslogiclogic
DataDataAdaptersAdapters
WebWebservicesservices
DataDataReadersReadersBinary orBinary or
text filetext fileXMLXMLfilefile
SQLSQLServerServerMobile Mobile
SQLSQLDBDB
OtherOtherDataData
Sources Sources
MSMQMSMQ
OtherOtherDBDB
44
Web ServicesWeb ServicesWhere is a bottleneckWhere is a bottleneck
Are you network bound or CPU bound?Are you network bound or CPU bound?Use perf counters: socket bytes sent / received. Use perf counters: socket bytes sent / received. Do you come close to the network capacity? Do you come close to the network capacity?
If you are network bound - work on reducing the size If you are network bound - work on reducing the size of of the messagethe message
Create a “canned” message, send over HTTP. Create a “canned” message, send over HTTP. Compare performance with the web service.Compare performance with the web service.
If you are CPU bound, optimize the serialization If you are CPU bound, optimize the serialization scheme scheme for speedfor speed
http://blogs.msdn.com/mikezintel/archive/2005/http://blogs.msdn.com/mikezintel/archive/2005/03/30/403941.aspx03/30/403941.aspx
45
Moving ForwardMoving Forward
More toolsMore toolsLive Remote Performance CountersLive Remote Performance Counters
Under constructionUnder constructionAllocation profiler (CLR profiler)Allocation profiler (CLR profiler)Call profilerCall profiler
Working set improvementsWorking set improvementsMore speedMore speed
46
SummarySummary
Make performance a requirement Make performance a requirement and measureand measure
Understand the APIsUnderstand the APIs
Avoid unnecessary object allocation Avoid unnecessary object allocation and copies due toand copies due to
String manipulationsString manipulations
BoxingBoxing
Not pre-sized collectionsNot pre-sized collections
Understand data access performance Understand data access performance bottlenecks bottlenecks
47
Community ResourcesCommunity Resources
At PDCAt PDCILL03 Intelligent Data Synchronization in a Semi-ILL03 Intelligent Data Synchronization in a Semi-Connected EnvironmentConnected EnvironmentILL04 Write Once, Display Anywhere: UI for Windows ILL04 Write Once, Display Anywhere: UI for Windows Mobile DevicesMobile DevicesTLN316 Windows Mobile: New Emulation Technology TLN316 Windows Mobile: New Emulation Technology for Building Mobile Applications with Visual Studio 2005for Building Mobile Applications with Visual Studio 2005
After PDCAfter PDCMSDN dev center: MSDN dev center: http://msdn.microsoft.com/mobility/http://msdn.microsoft.com/mobility/.NET Compact Framework Team Blog: .NET Compact Framework Team Blog: http://blogs.msdn.com/netcfteam/http://blogs.msdn.com/netcfteam/.NET Compact Framework Performance FAQ: .NET Compact Framework Performance FAQ: http://blogs.msdn.com/netcfteam/archive/2005/http://blogs.msdn.com/netcfteam/archive/2005/05/04/414820.aspx05/04/414820.aspx
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Your FeedbackYour Feedbackis Important!is Important!
Please Fill Out a SurveyPlease Fill Out a Survey
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© 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.